2. Section 26-1
have are carry out
with such as
What do animals do to survive?
All
Animals
Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Movement Reproduction
Eukaryotic
cells
Heterotrophs
Essential
functions
No cell walls
3. Invertebrate feeding and digestion
Invertebrates can either have intracellular or
extracellular digestion:
Intracellular meaning that food is digested within each
individual cell of the organism.
Examples: Sponges
Extracellular means that digestion occurs inside a
digestive tract or cavity, then absorbed into the body.
Examples: mollusks, worms, arthropods, echinoderms
5. The digestive systems of many vertebrates have
organs that are well adapted for different feeding
habits.
Carnivores, such as sharks have short digestive
tracts that produce fast-acting digestive enzymes.
Herbivores have long intestines that have large
colonies of bacteria that help in digesting the
cellulose fibers in plant tissues.
Vertebrate Digestive Systems
7. Aquatic invertebrates
Aquatic animals have natural moist respiratory surfaces, and some
respire through diffusion through their skin and others use gills.
There are many different respiratory specialized organs in terrestrial
invertebrates.
Spiders use parallel book lungs
Insects use openings called spiracles where air enters the body and
passes through a network of tracheal tubes for gas exchange
Snails have a mantel cavity that is lined with moist tissue and an
extensive surface area of blood vessels.
Terrestrial Invertebrates
Respiration in animals
9. Vertebrate respiratory systems
Chordates have one of two basic structures for
respiration:
Gills – for aquatic chordates
Example: tunicates, fish and amphibians
Lungs - for terrestrial chordates
Examples: adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
10. Aquatic Gills
Water flows through the mouth then over
the gills where oxygen is removed
Carbon dioxide and water are then pumped
out through the operculum
Section 33-3
Salamander Lizard Pigeon
Primate
Nostrils, mouth, and throat
Trachea
Lung
Air sac
Vertebrate Lungs
11. Open circulatory systems
Blood is pumped through a system of vessels BUT is only partially contained in
these vessels. Most of the time the blood is pumped through open cavities.
This system is beneficial to arthropods and mollusks because the blood comes into
direct contact organs and tissues.
A closed system forces blood through vessels that extend throughout the body
of the organism. Since the system is “closed” the blood never leaves the vessels.
This system is beneficial to larger organisms because the blood is kept at a higher
pressure which allows for more efficient circulation within the organism.
Closed circulatory systems
Invertebrate circulatory system can range from a system
where cells simply do diffusion to take in oxygen or systems
with many hearts and even systems with one heart.
Invertebrate Circulatory systems
12. Section 29-2
Insect:
Open Circulatory System
Annelid:
Closed Circulatory System
Heartlike
structures
Blood
vessels
Heartlike structure
Small vessels in tissues
Blood
vessels
Hearts
Heart
Sinuses
and organs
Invertebrate Circulatory Systems
13. Vertebrate circulatory systems
Chordate circulatory systems range from a single loop system (found in
organisms with gills) to double loop systems.
Double-Loop Circulatory System
Single-Loop
Circulatory System
FISHES
MOST REPTILES
CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,
AND MAMMALS
14. Aquatic Invertebrate excretion
Some aquatic invertebrates simply diffuse ammonia out their bodies
into the surrounding water where it is diluted and carried away.
Example: sponges, cnidarians, and some round worms.
Other aquatic invertebrates swell up with water, dilute the wastes and
excrete the wastes through tiny pores in their skin.
Terrestrial Invertebrate excretion
Many terrestrial invertebrates convert ammonia into urea.
Urea is a simpler nitrogenous compound that is much less toxic
than ammonia.
This urea is eliminated from the body in urine
16. Vertebrate Excretion
Aquatic vertebrates kidneys and
rely on gill slits to release
excretory wastes into
surrounding water for dilution.
Terrestrial vertebrates rely on the
kidney’s to filter out the
ammonia and change it into urea
and send it to be released in
urine.
17. Nervous system
All animals respond to their environment through
specialized cells called nerve cells.
In most animals nerve cells hook together to form
the nervous system.
Nervous systems can range from fairly simple to
extremely complex.
The arrangement of nerve cells from phylum to
phylum can be dramatically different.