The document outlines the process of respiration, defining it as the release of energy from food through oxidation, with aerobic and anaerobic respiration as its main types. It explains the role of mitochondria in cellular respiration, the differences between burning and respiration, and the importance of oxygen in aerobic processes. Additionally, it covers respiration mechanisms in plants and animals, detailing how different organisms adapt their respiratory systems for efficient gas exchange.

1. RESPIRATION
By: AvinashThappa
Central University of Jammu

2. Contents
1. Definition
2. Types of respiration
a. Aerobic respiration
b. Anaerobic respiration
4. Respiration in Plants.
5. Respiration in Animals
6. Human respiratory system

3. Definition
 The process of releasing energy from food is
called respiration.
Or
It is the process of oxidation of respiratory
substrate (mainly glucose) in the cells
resulting in the release of carbon dioxide,
water and energy.

4. Light
energy
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts
CO2 + H2O
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria
Organic
molecules
+ O2
ATP powers most cellular work
Heat
energy
ATP

5. Mitochondrion
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
ATP
Cytosol
Glucose Pyruvate
Glycolysis
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
ATP
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Oxidative
phosphorylation
ATP
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis

6. Burning of Food
A demonstration of energy released from food
Burning
energy
water
carbon dioxide
oxygen food (sugar)

7. food(sugar) + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water + energy (heat + light)

8. Breathing: It is the process by which organisms
obtain oxygen from the air and release carbon
dioxide is called breathing. It is physical process
and involves movement of muscles and skeleton
in order to increase the gaseous exchange.
Cellular respiration: It takes place inside the living
cells where mitochondria is involved for the
break down (oxidation) of simple food
molecules(mainly glucose
) and Carbon dioxide and energy is released in
the form of ATP molecules.

9. Types of cellular
respiration
 1. Aerobic respiration:
 2. Anaerobic respiration:

10. Aerobic Respiration:
•Takes place in presence of oxygen
reactions are catalyzed by enzymes
main food substance which oxidized in cells is
glucose
C6H12O6 + 6O2
enzymes
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
as it takes place in all living cells, it is called
cellular respiration which is used to produce
energy for cells to use

11. Comparison of Burning
and Respiration
 Similarities
- both involve oxidative processes
- both require the use of oxygen and food and
they produce the same products of carbon
dioxide and water
- both reactions release energy

12.  Differences
Burning Respiration
takes place in air
or oxygen
takes place in cells
a single-step
process
a series of
chemical reactions
no enzymes involved controlled by
enzymes

13. Burning Respiration
 Differences
 energy release is
vigorous and not under
control
 energy release is
slower and under
control
 energy is released in
form of heat and light (a
flame can result)
 energy is released in
form of heat and an
energy-rich compound

14. ATP
 energy is mainly released as heat and ATP
during respiration in cells
 however, during respiration, some ATP should
be consumed first before other ATP can be
formed
 the ATP consumed is used to form other ATP
from ADP and phosphate groups

15. ADP + energy
(from breakdown
of glucose)
+ phosphate ATP
 ATP is a high-energy compound while ADP is a
low-energy one
 ATP can only store energy for a short period
 ATP is made inside organelles, mitochondria,
which is scattered in the cytoplasm of a cell

16. Anaerobic Respiration
respiration in human is mainly aerobic
respiration as oxygen is essential
when oxygen is not needed during respiration,
it is called anaerobic respiration
yeast and muscle cells are examples which
they can respire anaerobically for a short time

17. Alcoholic Fermentation
 without oxygen, yeast cells respire as follows:
C6H12O6 + energy+ 2C2H5OH
(ethanol)
2CO2
enzymes
 amount of energy released anaerobically is
smaller when compared with the aerobic
method

18. anaerobic
respiration
aerobic
respiration
amount of energy
released
large small
oxidation of
glucose completely partly
place of
occurrence
mitochondria cytoplasm

19. IndustrialUseof
YeastFermentation
 alcohol produced is used for:
 brewing beer
 making wine
 carbon dioxide released is used for:
 baking bread

20. Lactic Acid Fermentation
 extra oxygen is required for undertaking
sternuous exercise
people cannot supply enough oxygen to
muscles even they breathe faster and deeper


21.  lactic acid will cause muscle fatigue and muscle
cramps if they are allowed to accumulate
C6H12O6
2C3H6O3
+ energy
enzymes
muscle need to produce energy anaerobically
by breaking down glucose into lactic acid

22.  a large amount of oxygen is needed to break
down the accumulated lactic acid into carbon
dioxide and water or turn to glycogen in liver for
storage so we pant after doing exercise
 the amount of oxygen required to get rid of lactic
acid is called oxygen debt

23. Comparison of Aerobic and
Anaerobic Respiration
 Similarity
 Sugar is broken down to release energy
 ATP is made
 Both are controlled by enzymes

24.  Differences
aerobic
respiration
anaerobic
respiration
complete
oxidation
incomplete
oxidation
oxidation of
sugar
essential
oxygen
requirement
nil
energy
released
large
amount
small
amount

25. aerobic
respiration
anaerobic
respiration
in most
living cells
in lower organisms
(e.g. bacteria and
yeast) and
vertebrate muscles
occurrence
inorganic:
CO2 and H2O
end
products
organic:
ethanol or
lactic acid

26. Differences between
Respiration and Photosynthesis
aerobic
respiration
photosynthesis
energy is
released
energy (light)
is absorbed
produces carbon
dioxide and water
requires carbon
dioxide and water
an oxidative
process
a reductive
process

27. aerobic
respiration
photosynthesis
occurs in all
living cells at
all times
occurs in green
plants only when
light is available
a breaking down
process
a synthetic process
occurs in
mitochondria
occurs in
chloroplasts

28. Respiration in Plants:
•Diffusion
•Day time : oxygen
release
•Night time: C02 release

29. Respiratory Organs
Identify each type
of respiratory
adaptation, and
relate to lifestyle.
Compare (if applicable) ventilation, gas exchange at the respiratory organ, transport of
gases, and gas exchange at the tissues.

30. Tracheal System in Insects
Each cell has a nearly direct means
of gas exchange via the tracheal system
(2-4 spiracles on the thorax, 6-8 on abdomen).
What is the advantage of such a
system for a small, fast animal?
Do insects have respiratory pigments in
their hemolymph? Significance?
p. 984
(May serve as
storage reserve)

31. Challenges of Gas Exchange
related to Environment
Air vs.Water:
 20X more oxygen in air than in water (at the
same temp.)
 Diffusion of gas molecules is more rapid in air
 Air is less viscous than water
 ventilation (air) requires 1/10 the energy of water
breathing

32. Gill Structure in Fish
p. 983
If fish gills are so efficient at gas exchange, why can’t most fish survive out of
water?

33. Mechanics of
Respiration:
positive
pressure
breathing
Do amphibians have
completely separate
pulmonary and systemic
circulatory systems?
What other organ(s) may be
used in respiration?

34. Ventilation in Birds
Compare the size and complexity of the respiratory system in birds and
amphibians (previous slide), and explain any differences.
Compare the direction of airflow in birds and mammals. What does this
imply regarding the pressure gradients at the transport epithelium?
p. 987

35. Mammalian Respiratory System
p. 985

36. Mechanics of Respiration:
negative pressure breathing
How do the serous membranes that cover the surfaces of the lungs
and line the thoracic cavity facilitate breathing?
p. 986

37. Respiratory System
 Function: to provide oxygen gas
need for cellular respiration and
remove carbon dioxide from the
body
 Invertebrate Organs:
 gills and trachae
 MainVertebrate Organs:
 Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, gills,
diaphragm

38. Respiration in animals
 Whether they live in water or on land, all animals
must respire.
 To respire means to take in oxygen and give off carbon
dioxide.
 Some animals rely of simple diffusion through
their skin to respire.
 While others…
 Have developed large complex organ systems
for respiration.

39. Invertebrate respiration
 Invertebrate respiratory organs have
 large surface areas
 Are in contact with air or water
 If require diffusion they must be moist.

40. Aquatic invertebrates
 Aquatic animals have naturally moist respiratory
surfaces, and some respire through diffusion
through their skin.
 Example: jellyfish and anemones
 Some larger aquatic animals like worms and
annelids exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
through gills.
 Gills are organs that have lots of blood vessels that
bring blood close to the surface for gas exchange.

41. Terrestrial Invertebrates
 Terrestrial invertebrates have respiratory surfaces
covered with water or mucus. (This reduces water loss)
 There are many different respiratory specialized organs
in terrestrial invertebrates.
 Spiders use parallel book lungs
 Insects use openings called spiracles where air enters the body
and passes through a network of tracheal tubes for gas exchange
 Snails have a mantel cavity that is lined with moist tissue and an
extensive surface area of blood vessels.
How does respiration in aquatic invertebrates differ from that in
terrestrial invertebrates?

42. Section 29-2
Mollusk
Insect
Spider
Gill
Siphons
Movement of water
Book
lung
Airflow
Tracheal
tubes
Spiracles
Figure 29–9 Invertebrate
Respiratory Systems

43. Vertebrate respiratory systems
 Chordates have one of two basic structures
for respiration:
 Gills – for aquatic chordates
 Example: tunicates, fish and amphibians
 Lungs - for terrestrial chordates
 Examples: adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and
mammals

44. Aquatic Gills
 Water flows
through the
mouth then over
the gills where
oxygen is
removed
 Carbon dioxide
and water are
then pumped out
through the
operculum

45. Vertebrate lungs
 As you move from amphibians to mammals the
surface area of the lungs increases
 Insures a greater amount of gas exchange (or a two
way flow of air).
 Birds, by contrast have lungs and air sacs which
have only a one-way flow of air.
 This allows for them to have constant contact with
fresh air.
 This adaptation enables them to fly at high altitudes
where there is less oxygen.

46. Section 33-3
Salamander Lizard PigeonPrimate
Nostrils, mouth, and
throat
Trachea
Lung
Air sac
Figure 33–10: Vertebrate Lungs

47. Section 37-3
Figure 37-13 The Respiratory System
The Human Respiratory System

48. Section 37-3
Flowchart
Oxygen and
carbon dioxide
exchange at
alveoli
Oxygen-rich
air from
environment
Bronchioles
Nasal
cavities
Pharynx Trachea Bronchi
BronchiolesAlveoli
Pharynx
Nasal
cavities
Carbon
dioxide-rich
air to the
environment
Bronchi
Trachea
Movement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
In and Out of the Respiratory System
BIG
QUESTION… WHY DO ANIMALS BREATHE?