Digital image processing involves performing operations on digital images using computer algorithms. It has several functional categories including image restoration to remove noise and distortions, enhancement to modify the visual impact, and information extraction to analyze images. The main steps are acquisition, enhancement, restoration, color processing, compression, segmentation, and filtering using techniques like pixelization, principal components analysis, and neural networks. It has applications in medical imaging, film, transmission, sensing, and robotics. The advantages are noise removal, flexibility in format and manipulation, and easy storage and retrieval. The disadvantages can include high initial costs and potential data loss if storage devices fail.

1. DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

2. Meaning of digital image processing Digital :Information represented in discrete (digits) form. Image :A reproduction of the form of a person or object . Processing :performing a series of actions or operations on data to convert into information DIP: The Digital image processing is the use of computer algorithms to perform image processing on digital images.

3. Functional Categories of Image Processing Image Restoration: used for data errors, noise, and distortions introduced during the scanning, recording. I mage Enhancement : Enhancement is the modification of an image to alter its impact on the viewer Information Extraction : utilize computers to provide corrected and improved images for study by human interpreters.

4. Steps in image processing Image Acquisition Image enhancement Image Restoration Colour image Processing Wavelets Compression Segmentation

5. Need of image processing The digital image is “invisible” .it must be prepared for viewing on one or more o/p devices(laser printer, monitor etc) The digital image can be optimized for the application by enhancing for altering the appearances of structures within it.

6. Application of digital image processing Medical applications Restorations and enhancements Digital cinema Image transmission and coding Color processing Remote sensing Robot vision Image processing architectures Video processing

7. Filtering in image processing The filtering used to eliminating noise. This filter performs spatial filtering on each individual pixel in an image using the grey level values in a square or rectangular window surrounding each pixel. For example: a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 3x3 filter window a7 a8 a9 The average filter computes the sum of all pixels in the filter window and then divides the sum by the number of pixels in the filter window: Filtered pixel = (a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 ... + a9) / 9

8. Technologies Pixelization Principal components analysis Independent component analysis Hidden markov models Self organizing maps Neural networks Wavelets

9. Advantages Digital image proseeing made digital image can be noise free . It can be made available in any desired format. (X-rays, photo negatives, improved image, etc) Digital imaging is the ability of the operator to post-process the image .It means manipulate the pixel shades to correct image density and contrast . Images can be stored in the computer memory and easily retrieved on the same computer screen . Digital imaging allows the electronic transmission of images to third-party providers

10. Disadvantages The initial cost can be high depending on the system used . If computer is crashes then pics that have not been printed and filed into Book Albums that are lost. Digital cameras which are used for digital image processing have some disadvantages like: Memory Card Problems Higher Cost Battery Consumption