Appple

2
SUBMITTED TO,
Dr.N.D POLARE
Assistant professor
Department of
Horticulture
College of agriculture
Junagadh agricultural
university
SUBMITTED BY,
MANJU GEORGE
M.Sc(Horticulture)
Fruit science
College of agriculture
Junagadh agricultural
university
JUNAGADHAGRICULTURALUNIVERSITY
FSC -503(2+1)
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION OF FRUIT
CROPS
ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC:Identification of Species And Varieties Of
Apple(Malus×domestica)
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
JUNAGADH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
JUNAGADH

APPLE(Malus×domestica)
3
Apple undoutbtedly the most important temperate fruit.
It is excel due to its excellent keeping quality and wide variety of
tastes and flavours.
It is the premier table fruit of the world and has been under the
cultivation since time immemorial.
Deciduous fruit tree.
Dry temperate region is most suitable for apple cultivation in India.
Among the fruits apple have long storage life.
H.P is known as the APPLE BOWL OF INDIA.
Apple constitutes 2.7% of the production of major fruits.

4
BOTANICAL
DESCRIPTION
Fruit
Flowers
S.N=Malus× domestica
Family =Rosaceae
Sub family=Pomoideae
Origin=Asia minor to Western Himalayas
Type of fruit=Pome(false fruit)
Edible portion=Fleshy thalamus
2n=2X=34
Main ancestor of cultivated apple is Malus sylvestris.
Flowers are white with a pink tinge( 3 to 4 cm )
 Five petaled with an inflorescence consisting of
a cyme with 4–6 flowers.
The central flower of the inflorescence is called the "king
bloom"; it opens first, and can develop a larger fruit.

5
The original wild ancestor
of Malus×domestica was Malus silvestris,
found growing wild in the mountains of
Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Xinjiang, China.
Cultivation of the species, most likely
beginning on the forested flanks of the Tian
shan mountains, progressed over a long
period of time and permitted secondary
introgression of genes from other species
into the open-pollinated seeds.
ANCESTORAL WEALTH………..

6
WEALTH OF SPECIES……………..!
Two species of malus namely M.baccata var.himalaica and M
.sikkimensis are reported from the Himalayas.
Distinct biotypes of M.baccata growing wild in different agro
climatic regions of the Himalayas have been identified .
M.bacata var.Himalaica(Maximum) Schneid
It is available in wild at an altitude of 3000m amsl in H.P and
1303 m amsl in Meghalaya.
It also grows wild in uttaranchal where it is used as dwarfing
rootstock.
Tree is small producing red coloured fruits,but not worthy for
fruit production.
Partly resistant to collar rot(Phytophthora cactorum) ,root
rot(Dematophera necatrix) and woolly aphid(Leriosoma
lanigerum)

7
M.baccata(Linn.)Borkh(shillong)
It is seen wild in Shillong(Meghalaya)at an altitude of 1300
m amsl.
It is locally called as SOH SHER in H.P.
It forms a small low branching tree,Producing small scarlet
red fruits.It is
also used locally as dwarfing rootstock .
Propagated by mound layering.
It has high degree of resistance to powdery
mildew(Podosphera leucotrica),woolly aphid and field
resistance to apple scab(Venturia inequalis).
M.baccata(linn.)Borkh (Khrot)
It is available wild in hp at an alatitude of 200 m amsl
and locally called BANPHAL.
Trees are a low and spreading type ,produce small
yellow
fruits with red stripes.
It is dwarfing as m-9.
It is easy to propagate .
Having good graft compatability.

8
M.baccata(linn.)Borkh (Giabung)
Collected from Giabung (H.P)at an altitude of 2060m amsl .
It is locally known as lead producing small scarlet red fruits.
It can be easily propagated by mound layering.
M.baccata(linn.)Borkh (Dhak)
Collected from Dhak at an altitude of 2060m amsl in HP,locally known as
BAMBTU.
Trees are tall and spreading.
It roduces semivigorous apple rootstocks.
It can be propagated by mound layering.
M.baccata(linn.)Borkh (Rohru)
This is collected from Rohru(HP)at an altitude of 2100m amsl.
Trees are small and bushy.
Based on stomatal density it is revealed that ths rootst ocks may be more
dwarfing than M-9.
Under field conditions it is moderately resistant to powdery mildew

9
M.baccata(linn.)Borkh (Srinagar)
This species is available wild in Srinagar at an
altitude of 1390m amsl .
Trees are semi dwarfing in vigour and produce
small yellow coloured fruits.
Malus sikkimensis (Hook f.)
Kochnee×Schneider
It is available wild in sikkim at an altitude of
1970m amsl and locally known as TIPSI
Owing to occurrence of apomixis
it is true to type propagation is possible through
mound layering
It has field resistance to collar ro and powdery
mildew.
Highly sensitive to latent viruses present inscion

10
WEALTH OF SPECIES……………..!
Different species of apple
are:
M.sylvestris
M.siversii
M.sieboldii
M.baccata
M.sikkimmensis
M.floribunda
M.atrosanguinea
M.zumi

11
There are more than 7,500 known
cultivars of apples.
Cultivars vary in their yield and the
ultimate size of the tree, even when
grown on the same rootstock.
 Different cultivars are available for
temperate and subtropical climates.
 Most of these cultivars are bred
for eating fresh (dessert apples),
though some are cultivated
specifically for cooking (cooking
apple) or producing cider.
 Cider apples are typically too tart
and astringent to eat fresh, but they
give the beverage a rich flavor that
dessert apples cannot.
CULTIVARS

12
Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft
but crisp.
 Other desired qualities in modern commercial
apple breeding are a colorful skin, absence of
russeting, ease of shipping, lengthy storage
ability, high yields, disease resistance, common
apple shape, and developed flavor.
Modern apples are generally sweeter than older
cultivars, as popular tastes in apples have varied
over time.
 Most North Americans and Europeans favor
sweet and subacid apples.
Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid
flavor are popular in Asia and especially in Indian
subcontinent.

13
oOldcultivarsare oftenoddlyshaped, russeted,and have a varietyof texturesand colors.
oSome findthemto have a betterflavor thanmodern cultivarsbuttheymayhave other
problemswhich make themcommerciallyunviablefromlowyield,disease susceptibility,poor
tolerance for storage or transport,or just being the'wrong'size.
o A fewoldcultivarsare still producedon a large scale,butmanyhave beenpreservedby home
gardenersand farmersthat selldirectlyto localmarkets.
oMany unusualand locallyimportant cultivarswith their own uniquetaste and appearance
exist; appleconservationcampaigns have sprung up aroundthe worldto preserve suchlocal
cultivarsfromextinction.
o In the UnitedKingdom,oldcultivarssuch as CoxsOrangePippin and Ergamont Russetare
still commerciallyimportant eventhoughby modernstandardstheyare lowyielding and
susceptible to disease

14
CLASSIFCATION OF VARIETIES….
Varities are classified into different groups
based on the season ;
a)EARLY SEASON:Tydesmans early,Irish
peach,Benomi,Fenny,Early shanburry.
b)MID SEASON:Red delicious,Richared,top
red,lord lambourne,red chief,,red
gold,american mother,jonathan,rome
beauty,razakwar,McIntosh,cortland,golden
delicious.
c)LATE SEASON:Yellow newton,winter
banana,granny smith,lal
ambri,rymer,buckingham.

15
SEASON H.P J&K U.P
Early season Tydesman
early,Michel
molies
delicious,Schlomit
starkrimson
Irishpeach
Benomi
Early shanburry
Fenny
Benomi
Chaubatia
Princess
Mid season Starking delicious
Red delicious
Richa red
Vance delicious
Top red
Lord lambourne
Red chief
Oregon spur
Red spur
Red gold
American mother
Razakwar
Jonathan
Coxs orange
pippin
Red gold
Queens apple
Romes beauty
Scarlet siberian
Red delicious
Starking delicious
Mcintosh
Golden delicious

16
season H.P J&K U.P
Early season Golden delicious
Yellow newton
Winter banana
Granny smith
King pippin
American
apirouge
Kerry pippin
Lal ambri
Sunheri chamure
Golden delicious
Red delicious
Ambri baldwin
Yellow newton
Rymer
Buckingham

17
Buckingham
Golden delicious
Yellow newton
Granny smith
Mcintosh
Coxs orange pippin
Red gold
Jonathan
Red gold
Tydesman early
Early shanburry
Lord lambourne
POLLINIZER
VARIETIES

18
SPUR TYPESAND STANDARDCOLOURMUTANTS
SPUR TYPE STANDARD COLOUR
MUTANT
STAR KRIMSON
WELL SPUR
RED SPUR
OREGON SPUR-2
RED CHIEF
MILLERS STURDY SPUR
HSRDI SPUR
SILVER SPUR
VANCE DELICIOUS
TOP RED
SKYLINE SUPREME
HARDIMAN
BRIGHT-N-EARLY

19
GREEN ENGLISH VARIETIES…..
i. BALDWIN
ii. COXS ORANGE PIPIN
iii. BLACK BENDAVIS
iv. PIPPINS
LOW CHILLING VARIETIES……
i. MICHEL
ii. SCHOLYOMIT
iii. ANNA
iv. TAMMA
v. VARED
vi. NEOMI
vii. TROPICAL BEAUTY
viii.PARLINS BEAUTY

21
 SEEDLING ;Crab apple Malus baccata-most commonly
used rootstock in India.
 CLONAL;
M-9;
dwarf suitable for HDP
M-4,M-7&MM106-
semi dwarf-suitable for HDP and resistant to wooly aphid.
MM-111;
semivigorous; resistant to woolly aphid and resistant to drought
Merton -793;
vigorous.Wooly aphid resistant
M-27;
ultra dwarf(m-13×m-9)
Mm-104;
most winter hardy

22
THROUGH SOME VARIETIES………
A GLANCE
THROUGH
SOME
VARIETIES………

23
GOLDEN DELICIOUS
Clay County, West Virginia, US
In 1914
One of the most popular varieties
in the world. Due to its regular size,
even colour and storage qualities the
fruit is widely sold commercially.
A chance seedling,skin is thin ,the
flesh,firm and crisp and juicy.Flavor
and aroma are unmistakable,without
being particuarely assertive.large ,tall
and conical frui shape.
Uniform light green-yellow
coloration, very sweet.
 A good pollinisor variety
Dessert variety.

24
GALA
In New Zealand1934 by J. H. Kidd.
A small to medium-sized conic apple.
Thin, tannic skin is yellow-green with a
red blush overlaid with reddish-orange
streaks.
Flesh is yellowish-white, crisp and
grainy with a mild flavour.
 Gala is theCross of three of the world's
best known apples:Kidd's Orange Red (a
cross of Red Delicious and Cox's Orange
Pippin) ×Golden Delicious.
One of the most widely available
commercial fruit.

25
GRANNY
SMITH
Developed in Australia in
1868.
This is the apple once used to
represent Apple Records.
A favourite variety, widely
sold in the UK.
Also noted as common pie
apple.
 Lime green colouring.
Extremely tart.
Cooking, Eating

26
HONEYCRISP
Minnesota, US in 1960.
Has excellent eating and
keeping qualities.Mottled red
and yellow colour.
 Very crisp white flesh is
slightly tart with a strong
honey-like sweetness.
 Quality varies from apple
to apple.
Developed by the University
of Minnesota and best suited
to cool climates.
Eating

27
GRAVENSTEIN
•Gråsten, Jutland, Denmark
•17th century
•Cooking, Eating.
•A medium-sized early yellow-green
apple, often with red stripes.
•Crisp, sweet, tart flavour. Exceptional
cooking apple, especially for applesauce
and pies. Poor keeper; becomes soft
quickly.
•German immigrants introduced this
variety to California's San Joaquin
Valley in the mid-19th century.
• Has many sports

28
JONAGOLD
•New York in 1968
•Popular in Europe with
its aroma of golden
delicious and the
sprightliness of Jonathan.
• It is the cross of Jonathan
and Golden Delicous
• Several highly coloured
strains are available.
•Widely sold commercially
in the UK.
•Eating and Cooking

29
RED DELICIOUS
The most widely recognized of all apple varieties.
Most popular variety of India.
originated in Iowa(US) in the 1870s.
Striped to solid red in color, with rich, sweet,
mellow taste.
Skin is thick and bitter and has t o be chewed
vigorously.
Its yellow flesh can be juicy and somewhat tart and
highly aromatic.
Suitable for snacks and salads, not recommended for
pies or cooking.
 Most widely available of varieties can be purchased
year-round.

30
A semi-sweet, early season dessert
apple with red flushes on light yellow
skin.
This is the first variety to reach export
markets.
 It is particularly popular in the United
Kingdom.
It is extensively grown in HP .
Fruits are medium sized
,round,oblate,symmetrical.flesh yellow
,firm ,crisp,tender,very juicy,subacidic
taste,aromatic.
skin orange red,deeening to bright red.
Picked in early august keeps well till
late November.
 A regular cropper and a heavy bearer
COX ORANGE PIPPIN

31
McINTOSH
Leading variety of
Canada.
Tree vigorous,fruit
medium,oblate round,skin
smooth,shining carmine
colour on a pale green
background.
Flesh white,develops
red shade after
storage,Tender,crisp,swe
et with a good acid
blend,juicy and mild
flavored,
it is susceptable to
scab.

32
JONATHAN Jonathan is used fresh, in
baking and frozen.
 It has a sweet.-tart flavor, is
juicyand stores for up to 3
months.
It is more susceptible to fire
blight.
Discovered in Woodstock,
N.Y., in the 1920s.
Light red stripes over yellow
or deep red, darkening to
purple in areas.
 Rich semi-tart flavor.
 All-purpose apple.
Available September until
spring, mainly in the Midwest.

33
TYDEMAN'S
EARLY
 Developed in
England in 1929.
Mclntosh ×
Worcester
Pearmain.
 Crimson over
yellow background
colour.
Eating purpose
SPARTAN
Origin is
British Columbia,
Canada
Developed
in1926
Good all-
purpose,
medium-sized
apple.
Has a bright
red blush and
may have
background
patches of
greens and
yellows.
Popular across
border in United
States as well.
Cooking, Eating
SPARTAN

34
FUJI
 Dark red, conic apple.
Sweet, crisp, dense flesh is very
mildly flavoured.
Keeps very well.
 One of the most widely grown
apple varieties in the world.
Developed in japan in 1930s.
RED DELICIOUS×RALLS GENET.
Used for fresh purpose

35
BEN DAVIS
SoutheasternUS.
Notedforkeepingwellpriortorefrigeratedstorage.
Inindiagrowninkuluvalley
Fruitsaremediumtolarge,round,oblong.
Fleshyellowish,white,firm,juicy,aromatic,midly subacidic.skin
tough,yellowishgreen,waxy,brightandredstreaksandsplashes
mingledwithcarmine.
selffruitfullcultivar.

36
MUTSU
Origin IS Aomori
Prefecture, Japan
1930
Eating.
Known as "CRISPIN" in
the UK.
Golden Delicious ×
Indo.

37
NORTHERN SPY
NewYorkin1800Tart,firm,stores
verywell.
Notedforbeingexcellentchoice
formakingAmerican-styleapplepie.
Sometimesusedasarootstock.
usedfor preparationofCider,
Cooking,Eating.
Resistanttowoollyaphid.

38
STARKING DELICOUS
Fruits are oblong conical with red stripes,juicy
It ripens during the first fortnight of august
 It requires 115-120days from full bloom to
maturity
GOLDEN RUSSET
A medium-sized heavily russeted
light green apple, occasionally with a
reddish blush.
Crisp, fine-grained flesh is rich,
sugary and very sweet.
Excellent dessert apple, keeps very
well.
Makes extraordinary cider, known as
the "Champagne of cider apples.“
Cider, Eating
GOLDEN RUSSET

39
AMBRI
 Indigenous variety of Kashmir.
Have long shelf life.
Its fruits are ovate –oblong with prominent red stripes.
it is a regular bearing variety with a high yield.(but late
bearing)
The fruit is sweet with firm flesh and exceedingly good
transport quality.
It has an attractive aroma and practically no acidity.
FLORINA
Anger, France.
scab resistant.
Fresh purpose.

40
ROME BEAUTY
Discovered near Rome Township, Ohio.
Red and red-striped skin.
Firm with medium-tart to sweet taste.
Best for baking and cooking.
Available nation wide from October
until July.
CRIMSON GOLD
A golf ball sized apple crab hybrid developed
by Albert Etter who named itLittle Rosybloom for
its cute size and attractive ruby red flush.
 He died before completing the patent papers.
Fruit was later rediscovered and renamed.
Very crispy and keeps texture in backing.
Eating, Baking etc.

41
LORD
LAMBOURNE
Origin is England
1921
James Grieve
apple × Worcester Pearmain.
Round shape.
Orange flush with hint of
russet.
Strong acid flavour.
 Good for domestic
cultivation.
Eating

42
BALDWIN
Origin is Massachusetts, US.
Sweet to subacid flavour.
Also known as "WOODPECKER".
 Very old variety for North America.
Makes lots of juice.
Cooking, Eating

43
WINTER
BANANA
Lemon yellow,waxyskin
Its taste like a banana
Firmfleshis mild,crispy and
juicy
It makes good ciderapple
STAR
CRIMSON
Fruits are conical,red
,hard but sweet and
juicy,ripens within 100
days after full
bloom(third week of
july)
It gets dark when
harvesting is delayed

44
ROME
BEAUTY
Origin is Rome, Ohio,
United States
19th century
Rounded, deep red,
and very glossy.
Crisp, juicy white flesh
is mild as a dessert
apple, but develops an
extraordinary depth and
richness when cooked.
Good keeping quality
Cooking purpose

45
Liberty
New York
1978
Eating
Very disease-
resistant.
Very similar
appearance to
McIntosh,
relatively.
short storage life
in air.
Irish Peach
Kilkenny, Ireland
19th century
Excellent for
baking.
Early harvest.
More difficult to
find within land of
origin due to primary
use for export to UK.
Hardy, tastes very
good straight off tree.
Cooking, Eating

46
CITH-LODH-
SELECTION
Selected from Red Delicious
 It is a regular , precociuous, self
fruitful, high yielding and high quality
variety
Tree is intermediate in vigor,
drooping and spreading .
Fruits are medium to large ,
globosely , oblong, conical shape.
Very firm and fine in texture, sweet
and juicy with TSS (12.5-13.6) Brix.
Variety is early to mid maturing
suitable for mid hills of North-Western
Himalayan region.

48
Institute/University Dr. Y.S. Parmer Univ. of Hort. And Forestry,
Solan, HP.
Variety AMBRICH
Year of Release 2001
Breeding Method Hybridization
Pedigree/Parentage Rich-a-Red x Ambri 15
Important Traits Semi dwarf trees with spreading and drooping
canopy.
Semi spur type.
Fruit maturity in second week of September.
Fruit medium in size. Shape is round conical.
Crisp, sub-acidic and juicy flesh.
Moderately susceptible to powdery mildew
and sooty blotch .Mainly grown in J&k.
AMBRICH

49
Solan, HP.
Group -
Variety AMBSTARKING
Pedigree/Parentage Starking Delicious x Ambri 81
Important Traits Vigorous tree with open canopy. Fruit
matures in second week of September. Fruit
medium in size. Shape round conical. Red
streaks over chrome yellow ground colour.
Crisp and juicy. Tolerant to scab. Mainly
grown in H.P.
AMBSTARKING

50
Institute/University Dr. Y.S. Parmer Univ. of Hort. And
Forestry, Solan, HP.
Group -
Variety AMBROYAL
Pedigree/Parentage Starking Delicious x Ambri 84
Important Traits Semi dwarf trees with spreading canopy.
Fruit matures in third week of September.
Fruit size is medium, shape is conical.
Red streaks on yellow ground colour.
Soft and juicy flesh. Mainly grown in
H.P.
AMBROYAL

51
Institute/University SKUAST(K), Srinagar
Group -
Variety AMRED
Pedigree/Parentage Red Delicious x Ambri 157
Important Traits Tree tall, spreading and open, maturity in
second week of September, fruit medium in
size, shape is conical, bright red strips over
colour on barium yellow ground. Aromatic,
crisp and juicy. Keeping quality is good.
Low incidence of powdery mildew. Mainly
grown in H.P.
AMRED

52
Institute/University Directorate of Horticulture and food
processing, Chaubattia, Uttarakhand.
Group -
Variety LALAMBRI
Pedigree/Parentage Red Delicious X Ambri
Important Traits Upright tree with moderate vigour; Free
from incidence of scab. Mainly grown in H.P.
LAL AMBRI

53
Group -
Variety SUNHERI
Pedigree/Parentage Ambri X Golden Delicious
Important Traits Upright tree with moderate vigour; Free
from incidence of scab. Mainly grown in
J&k.
SUNHERI

54
Group -
Variety
AKBER
Pedigree/Parentage Ambri X Cox’s orange Pippin
Important Traits Upright, good yielding resistant to scab
& powdery mildew.
AKBER

55
Institute/University Directorate of Horticulture and food
processing, Chaubattia, Uttarakhand.
Group -
Variety CHAUBATTIA PRINCESS
Pedigree/Parentage Early Shanburry x Red Delicious
Important Traits Trees are medium in vigour with upright
canopy. Medium in size and conical in shape.
Deep red streaks on pale back ground. Flesh
crisp and juicy. Keeping quality good.
CHAUBATTIA PRINCESS

56
Solan, HP.
Group -
Variety CHAUBATTIA ANUPAM
Pedigree/Parentage Early Shanburry x Red Delicious
Important Traits Vigorous trees with upright canopy. Somewhat
early maturing. Fruits are medium to large.
Somewhat conical in shape. Bright red streaks
with red blush on pale ground colour. Crisp and
aromatic flesh. Good keeping quality.
CHAUBATTIA ANUPAM

57
CONCLUSION
Delicious groupoccurs more than 83% of the total are in
H.P ,45% in J&K and 30% in U.P.
Ambri is the indegineous vriety having long shelf life.
Red Delicious is the most popular variety of India
Delicious group of varieties are self incomapatable and
cross pollinated.English varieties are self pollinated and acts as
suitable pollinizer for Delicious group.Red gold act as a
pollinizer for Red Delicious and Starking Delicious
Northern Spy is resistant to wooly aphid.
Scab resistant Varieties;prima,priscilla,sir
Prize,jonafree,florina,liberty,freedom,firdous,florina .
Tablepurposevarieties;goldenDelicious,bareburn,mongendy,fu
ji,pink lady,granny smith
Processingvarieties;red delicious,mcintosh,redfree,rome
beauty,northern spy.

58
REFERANCE
Fruits by Ranjit Singh
Official website of CITH.
Horticulture at a glance by Dr.B.S Salaria
Biodiversity of horticultural crops vol .I.&2
by K.V Peter
Wikipedia

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