Cultivation practices of Citrus- mandarin, sweet orange, acid lime, lemon

1. Production technology for fruit and plantation crops-
HT-244 (2+1)
PRESENTED BY:
RAKESH KUMAR PATTNAIK
Asst. Prof. Horticulture
MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Dt- 30-04-20
LECTURE 5. CITRUS

2. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
CITRUS
Botanical Name: Citrus spp.
Family: Rutaceae
Origin: Tropical and Subtropical regions of
south East Asia.
CN: 18
Mandarin Orange Sweet orange
Acid lime Lemon
Grape fruit

3. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Important Citrus Species:
There are 16 species in the genus Citrus as per
Swingle (1943) and 144 species as per Tanaka (1950).
1. Sweet orange Citrus sinensis
2. Mandarin Orange Citrus reticulata
3 Acid lime Citrus aurantifolia
4. Lemon Citrus limon
5 Grape fruit Citrus paradise
6 Pummelo Citrus grandis
7. Citron Citrus medica
8. Sweet lime Citrus limettoides
9 Gaganimma Citrus pennivesiculata
10 Vadlapudi Orange Citrus madaraspatana
11. Sour Orange Citrus aurantium
12 Rough lemon Citrus jamberi
13 Rangapur Lime Citrus limonia

4. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
 Citrus fruits contain considerable amounts of Vitamin C.
Fruits are also good source of Vitamin-P.
 The mild bitterness in juice is due to the presence of
glucoside called Naringin which is said to have a medicinal
value.
 The rind of the citrus fruits is rich in pectin and essential oils.

5. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
(1) Sweet Orange: -Sathgudi, Mosambi and Batavian.
 Malta Blood Red, Jaffa, Hamlin, Washington Navel Orange and Pineapple.
(1) Mandarin Oranges: Nagapur Mandarin, Coorg Mandarin, Khasi Orange, Kinnow Mandarin Kinnow Mandarin
is a hybrid between King Mandarin (C.nobilis) and willow leaf Mandarin (C.deliciosa).
* Ponkan, Satsuma Mandarin, Dancy Tangarin, Darjeeling or Sikkim Orange and Cleopatra Mandarin.
(1) Limes and Lemons: These are acid fruits.(preparing drinks).
 Limes-These include Acid lime, Key lime, Mexican Lime, Tahiti lime, Sweet lime, Coorg lime and Rangapur
lime and sour lime. Among them the mostly cultivated one is acid lime.
 varieties of acid lime are -Vikram, Pramalini, Chakradhar, Balaji etc.
 Lemons: Seed Varieties-Lisbon, Villa Franca, Eureka, Nepali Round, Nepali Oblong and Rajhamundry.
Seedless Varieties- Malta, Lucknow and Italian.
Important citrus cultivars grown in India:

6. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Climate:
 Sub-tropical climate
 Temperature below – 40oc (harmful)
 Soil temperature around 250C seems to be optimum for
root growth
 Rainfall (ranging from 75cm to 250 cm)
 Frost is highly injurious.
 Hot wind during summer results in desiccation and
drop of flowers and young fruits.
 Darjeeling mandarin (khasi orange type) grows in
altitude upto 2000m. (MSL)
Soil:
 Soil reaction,
 Soil fertility,
 Drainage,
 Free lime and
 Salt concentrations, etc.
 Light soils with a good drainage.
 Deep soils with pH range of 5.5 to 7.5
are considered good.
 However, they can grow in pH range of
4 to 9.

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Propagation: Seeds exhibit 45-90% polyembryony.
 Shield budding or T-budding
 Rootstocks:
July-Aug
20-30 days to germinate
3 or 4 months the plants reach 60cm in height
Transplanted to the nursery beds (spaced 20cm apart)
Ready in a 1 year
 Raising of root stock seedlings
 Selecting bud wood:
Collect bud from older growth flushes
Remove undesirable wood and/or growth flush
Bud wood should be trimmed to lengths of 20-25 cm
Leaves should be cut off leaving a stub of the petiole 3-
4mm long to protect the buds
Trimmed bud sticks should be labelled
Placed in plastic bags in a cool place

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Budding:
 Winter in july or in september in south india and october
and december in north india
 Root stock is generally budded at a height of about 9 inch.
 Sweet Orange: Shield or T- budding.
*The root stocks mainly used are Jamberi and Rangapur lime.
 Acid Lime: It is commonly propagated by seed
* Gajanimma is a prolific stock
 Lemons, Grape Fruit and Pummelo: Italian lemon which is seedless,
*propagated by budding on Jambheri.
 Mandarins: Mandarins are largely propagated by seed
Exception- Nagapur Santhra which the only budded

9. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Planting:
 Preparation of the field:
 Lay out:
Digging of Pits: *½m x ½ m x ½ m
*1mx1mx1m
*Filled with 25kg of FYM, 1kg of bone
meal, 3kg of wood ash and 50g of aldrin dust powder
for control of termites.
 Planting Season: July to December.
 Spacing:
Sweet Orange 6-8 m
Mandarin Orange 6-8 m
Acid lime 5-6 m
Lemon 6-8 m
Pummelo 6-8 m
Grape Fruit 6-8 m
Spacing:

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Irrigation:
 Once in 7-15 days depending on the soil and weather.
 Irrigation water should not directly touch the tree trunk
 Shortage of water during maturity periods causes shrinking of
the fruit and drying up of the pulp.
 Water is very essential during blossoming and fruiting periods
 Irrigation should be given immediately after manuring.

11. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Age of Plant Sathgudi Acid Lime
N P205 gms K20 N P205 gms K20
1 Year 300 70 80 375 150 200
2 Year 600 140 160 750 300 400
3 Year 900 210 240 1125 450 600
4th Year 1200 280 320 1500 600 800
5th Year &
above
1500 350 400 1500 600 800
Manures and fertilizers:

12. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
 Training and pruning:
 Interculture:
 Intercrops: Leguminous crops like soybean, gram, groundnut, cow
peas, french bean, peas etc., may be grown in citrus orchards.
 Bahar Treatment:
Season Blooming Time Harvesting Time
Ambe bahar or Angam January-February September to February
Mrig bahar or Edagam June July to September.
Hastha bahar or
Gairangam
October March to May

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Cropping:
 Budded sweet orange trees give a commercial crop in about 5 years.
 Mandarins may take one or two years more.
 Seedling trees take about 8 years to come to bearing.
 The life of budded tree is about 35 years and of seedling about 60
years.
 The fruit ripens in about 9 months after flowering

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Fruit Drop:
1) Physiological drop
2) Entomological drop and
3) Pathological drop.
Control of fruit drop—
 Maintain balance nutrients in the plants to develop sufficient foliage to support the
developing fruits.
 Prune the plants after harvesting to minimize pest and disease incidence.
 Proper drainage should be made to avoid water stagnation.
 Irrigation should be applied at critical stages viz., flowering, fruit set and fruit
development.
 Spray GA3 10 ppm + urea 1% at the time of flowering
 Spray 2, 4-D 15 ppm + Benomyl / carbendazim 1000 ppm + urea 1% one month
after fruit set when the fruit size reaches pea size (8-10 mm).
 Spray GA3 10 ppm + potassium nitrate 1% two month after fruit set (18-20 mm
fruit size).
 Spray ZnSo4 (0.4%) + MgSo4 (0.2%) + CuSo4 (0.3%) at fortnight interval will
decrease the fruit drop and increase the fruit yield.

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Harvesting:
 Generally, citrus trees start bearing fruits 3 - 5 years
from planting (although economic yields start from the
fifth year and the trees may take 8 to 10 years to
achieve full productivity
Maturity Indices:
 Maturity is measured depending on different characteristics such as colour,
juice content, level of soluble solid (sugar) and solids to acid ratio.
 Normally, citrus fruits are harvested by hand.

16. MITS INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES
Sweet
Orange
600-800 fruits/tree with a maximum of
1200
Mandarins 1000-1500 fruits/tree with a maximum of
5000
Acid Lime 3000-6000 fruits/tree
Melons 600-800 fruits/tree
Pummelo 100 fruits
Grape
fruit
500 fruits
Yield: