Crop Improvenment and recent advances in Apple prodution

1. Crop improvement and recent
advances in APPLE
Presentation
on
SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. M.R. Choudhary
SUBMITTED BY:
Praveen Choyal
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
SKN College Of Agriculture, Jobner
(Jaipur)

2. INTRODUCTION
Botanical name : Malus x domestica
Family : Rosaceae
Origin : Asia Minor to western Himalayas
Chromosome no. : 2n = 34
Type of fruit : Pome
Edible portion : Fleshy thalamus
Photoperiodism : Long day plant
Fruit bearing habit : Axillary bearing on old season growth
Self-incompatibility : Gametophytic SI
Pollination : Entomophilous

3. IMPORTANCE AND USES
 Carbohydrate found in apple consists of sugars, starch, hemi-
cellulose, cellulose and pectic substances.
 The apple fruits have been found to contain appreciable amount
of sorbitol and various sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose).
 The major acids in apple are recorded malic.
 Apple is believed to reduce the incidence of dental problems,
helps to control obesity and supply extra energy for heavy
exercise.

4. The various products like jam, jelly, preserve, slices,
apple butter, apple chips, apple rings, wine, juice, cider and
powder are prepared from apple.

5. NUTRITIONAL VALUE
INGREDIENT QUANTITY
Moisture : 86 %
Carbohydrates : 14.5 %
Protein : 0.3 %
Potassium : 110 mg /100 g
Phosphorus : 10 mg /100 g
Calcium : 6 mg /100 g
Iron : 0.3 mg /100 g
Vit. A : 90-120 IU /100 g
Vit. C : 5-40 mg /100 g
Thiamine : 10 mg/100 g
Energy : 200 calories/100 g

6. PRESENT SCENERIO
 China is leading country in apple production in world
(48.3%).
 Apple ranks forth in area (3,05,000ha) and seventh in
production (22,65000MT) among all fruits in India.
 Jammu & Kashmir leads in area as well as production (66%)
of apple in India followed by Himachal Pradesh.
 Leading importer of Indian apple is Bangladesh (73.94%).

7. CENTRE OF DIVERSITY
 The cultivated apple (Malus x domestica) is originated in
South-Western Asia, in the Caucasus region near Gilan in
Turkistan.
 The first apple orchard in Himachal Pradesh was established at
Bandrole in Kullu Valley by Captain A.A. Lee around 1870.
 The major apple producing countries in the world are china,
USA, India, Polland, Italy, France, Iran, Brazil and Russian
Federation.

8. CYTOGENETICS
 The present cultivated apple (Malus x domestica) originated as
a result of inter-specific hybridization.
 The main ancestor of cultivated apple is Malus sieversii which
is found between Western China and USSR, to the edge of
Caspian Sea.
 It has arisen as a amphidiploid of two primitive forms one
have a basic chromosome number of 8 and the other 9.

9. BOTANY & FLORAL BIOLOGY
 The genus Malus has 25 species and several sub species.
(1) Malus domestica (Cultivated apple) :
• The tree is round headed, grows up to a height of 10 m or
more, deciduous rarely evergreen with spiny branches.
• The flowers are white to pink or carmine in cymes, petals
usually sub or bilocular or obovate.
• Stamens 15-30 with usually yellow anthers.
• Ovary is inferior, 3-5 cells, styles 2-5, connate at base.
• The fruit is pome, usually without grit-cells, persistent or
deciduous calyx with depression at either end.
• Edible portion is fleshy thalamus.

11. continue…..
(2.) Malus baccata (Siberian crab) : It grows wild from Siberia to
Manchuria and the Himalayan region. It is a spreading tree, flowers
are white and showy. Fruits yellow or red, firm and translucent.
(3.) Malus sylvestris (Wild crab apple) : It considered to be native of
Western Asia and South Eastern Europe. Trees are large. There are
several cultivars differing in form, size, colour and taste.
(4.) Malus floribunda (Flowering Crab) : It is native of Japan. Trees
are small and thorny. Flowers are highly ornamental, rose-red
colour. Fruits are small in size and red in colour. Resistant to scab
and good pollinizer.

12. continue…..
(5.) Malus aungstifolia (Narrow-leaved Crab-apple) : Leaves
are small, narrow and lanceolate. Flowers are pink in colour,
fruits small.
(6.) Malus coronaria (American Crab-apple) : Trees are small,
bushy and thorny. Flowers are large with persistent calyx.
Fruits are greenish yellow, fragrant and waxy.
(7.) Malus soulardii ( Soulard Crab-apple) : It is a natural
hybrid of M. pumila X M. ioensis. Trees are small. Fruits are
large with good aroma.
(8.) Malus ioensis : Trees are small, flowers large, fruits are
green with light coloured spots.

15. INHERITANCE OF IMPORTANT TRAITS
 Compact growth habit and cold hardiness controlled by
polygenes.
 Fruit colour is controlled by three independent genes A, B & C.
i. Yellow – dominant gene
ii. Red – two dominant genes
iii. Green – Recessive genes
 Cream yellow flesh colour in Cox’s Orange Pippins is
controlled by single dominant gene.
 Resistance to powdery mildew is controlled by single dominant
gene (Pl2).
 Scab resistance is controlled partial polygenic (Vf)

16. GENETIC RESOURCES
WILD SPECIES : RESISTANCE TO BIOTIC &
ABIOTIC STRESS
M. floribunda,
M. astrosanguinea
: Resistance to scab disease
M. zumi : Resistance to powdery mildew and
codling moth
M. robusta : Resistance to powdery mildew
M. hupehensis : Resistance to wooly apple aphid
M. siversii : Sucker free species
M.sieboldii : Apomixis Species

17. SOURCE OF GENES FOR DESIRABLE TRAITS
S.NO. IMPORTANT TRAITS : VARITIES
1. High Yield : Scarlet Gala, Red Fuzi
2. Colour Strains : Royal Delicious, Vance Delicious, Top
Red, Hardeman, Red Gold, Skyline
Supreme
3. Low Chilling : Vared, Michael, Tropical Beauty, Maayan,
Schlomit
4. Early Maturity : Yandik-oveske, Papisovka Canniaga
5. Scab Resistance : Prima, Priscilla, Liberty, Fordous, Sir Prize,
Red Free, Mac Free, Freedom, Honey
Crisp, Jona Gold,
6. Wooly Aphid Resistance : Northern Spy
7. Flavour Rich : Honey Crisp
8. Green colour : Baldwin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Black
Bendavis, Pippins

18. LIMITATION
 Long juvenile period
 Alternate bearing habit
 Self-incompatibility
 Polygenic control of most of the horticultural traits
 Large population required to recover re-combinations

19. BREEDING METHODS
INTRODUCTION
SELECTION
HYBRIDIZATION
MUTATION

20. INTRODUCTION
 It is an approach of introducing a new genotype or a
group of genotypes into a new environment where
they were not being grown before.
 From USA : Red Delicious, Starking Delicious
 From Israel : Mayan, Michael, Schlomit, Vared

21. SELECTION
 Most of the commercial apple cultivars are chance seedling
selections.
 The ‘Delicious’ apple (Iowa, 1872) and ‘Golden Delicious’
(West Virginia, 1905) still dominates the apple production in
the world.
 In apple, selection had resulted in several spur type varieties
(Red Spur Delicious, Golden Spur Delicious), colour sports
(Royal Red, Vance Delicious), low chilling varieties (Vared,
Michael, Tropical Beauty) and Scab resistant varieties (Prima,
Pricilla, Liberty).

22. HYBRIDIZATION
 Thomas Andrew Knight (1759-1838) pioneered the controlled
crossing in a apple and produced first cultivar of known parentage.
 The systematic work was initiated in kashmir in 1956 with a view
to combine high dessert quality of Delicious group with good
keeping quality of Ambri; at Himachal Pradesh in 1960 and at
Chaubattia in 1970.
 The systemic improvement work in apple in India has been carried
out at FRS, Mashobra (H.P.), FRS, Shalimar (J&K) and HETC,
Chaubattia (Uttaranchal) resulting in release of a number of
improved varieties.

23. INSTITUTE HYBRID PARENTS
FRS, Shalimar Lal Ambri : Red Delicious x Ambri
(J&K) Sunheri : Ambri x Golden Delicious
FRS, Mashobra Akbar : Ambri x Cox’s Orange Pippins
(H.P.) Ambred : Red Delicious x Ambri-57
Ambstarking : Starking Delicious x Ambri-81
Ambryol : Starking Delicious x Ambri-84
Ambrich : Rich-a-red x Ambri-15
HETC,
Chaubattia
Chaubattia Princess : Red Delicious x Early Shanbury
(Uttaranchal) Chaubattia Anupam : Red Delicious x Early Shanbury
Continue…..

24. MUTATION BREEDING
 Richared budsport of Red Delicious
 Vance Delicious bud mutant of Delicious
 Red Elstar natural mutant of Elstar

25. Recommended varieties of apple in different states:
SEASON HIMACHAL PRADESH JAMMU & KASHMIR UTTARANCHAL
EARLY Tydemans Early, Michael,
Molies Delicious,
Schlomit, Starkrimson
Irish Peach, Benoni Early Shanbury, Fenny,
Benoni, Chaubattia Princess
MID Starking Delicious, Red
Delicious, Richared,
Vance Delicious, Top Red,
Red Chief, Oregon Spur,
Red Spur, Red Gold
Jonathan, Cox’s Orange
Pippins, Red Gold, Queen’s
Apple, Rome Beauty, Scarlet
Siberian
Red Delicious, Starking
Delicious, Mclntosh,
Cortland, Golden Delicious,
LATE Golden Delicious, Yellow
Newton, Winter Banana,
Granny Smith
King Pippin, Kerry Pippin,
Lal Ambri, Sunheri, Golden
Delicious, Red Delicious,
Ambri, Baldwin, Yellow
Newton, White Dotted Red
Rymer, Buckingham

26. VARIETIES BELONGS TO YEAR FEATURES
Ambrosia British
Columbia,
Canada
1980s Cream-coloured flesh with a sweet, crisp,
aromatic flavour and low acidity.
Anna Israel 1965 Colour is yellow with a red blush. This
variety does not grow well in the cold and
prefers heat and humidity.
Baldwin Massachusetts
, US
1740 Sweet to subacid flavour. Also known as
"Woodpecker".
Blenheim
Orange
England 1740 Has greenish-yellow to orange skin
streaked with red. Distinctive nutty
flavour excellent for cooking.
Cox's Orange
Pippin
England 1829 Valued for its aromatic "orange" colour
and flavour.
IMPORTANT VARIETIES

27. Empire New York 1966 Lovely white subacid flesh. Tangy taste. Ruby red
colour.
Fuji Japan 1930 Sweet, crisp, dense flesh is very mildly flavoured.
One of the most widely grown apple varieties in
the world.
Gala New Zealand 1970 Thin, tannic skin is yellow-green with a red blush
overlape with reddish-orange streaks.
Golden
Delicious
US 1914 Uniform light green-yellow coloration, very sweet.
A good pollinator.
Granny Smith Australia 1868 Also noted as common pie apple. Lime green
colouring. Extremely tart.
Honeycrisp US 1960 Very crisp white flesh is slightly tart with a strong
honey-like sweetness.
Jonathan New York 1820 Tart taste. Mostly red apple with patches of lime
green. Does well in cooler areas; frost resistance

28. Liberty New York 1978 disease-resistant.
McIntosh Ontario,
Canada
1811 A popular, cold-tolerant eating apple in North
America.
Northern
Spy
New York 1800 Tart, firm, stores very well. Noted for being
excellent choice for making American-style apple
pie.
Pink Pearl California, US 1944 bright pink flesh, Sweet. Possibly has crab apple
in its ancestry. Makes cider have a reddish tint if
pressed.
Red
Delicious
Lowa, US 1870 First marketed as "Delicious" or "Stark's
Delicious," name changed to "Red Delicious" in
1914.
Red Prince Netherlands 1994 White flesh is crisp, sweet and juicy, with hints of
cherry and almond.
Stark
Earliest
US 1938 Does nicely in fruit salads. Red striping on light
background. Ripens in summer.

29. Ambrosia Anna Baldwin
Blenheim Orange Cox's Orange Pippin Empire

30. Fuji Gala
Golden Delicious
Granny Smith Honeycrisp Jonathan

31. McIntosh Northern Spy
Pink Pearl
Red Delicious Red Prince Stark Earliest

32. FUTURE THRUST
Wider ecological adaptability.
Good nutritional and storage quality.
Resistance to diseases (scab & powdery mildew)
and pests (wooly aphid & san jose scale).
Resistance to physiological disorders viz., bitter
pit, scald & internal browning).

33. THANK YOU