The cultivated apple is likely the result of interspecific hybridization and at present the binomial Malus x domestica has been generally accepted as the appropriate scientific name (Korban and Skirvin, 1984). It belongs to the family Rosaceae and subfamily Maloideae and haploid chromosome number is x = 17 and somatic chromosome is 2x =34. The genus Malus has 25 to 30 species and several subspecies of so-called crab apples(Malus baccata). Apple is an allopolyploid, but behaves like a diploid. While diploids are frequent, triploids can occur spontaneously in crosses between diploids. Such triploids have larger leaves and fruit than their diploid relatives but are pollen sterile and cannot supply pollen for fertilization. Many popular cultivars (‘Jonagold,’ ‘Mutsu’) are triploids and prized for their quality and fruit size. Many Malus species have been used and continue to be used in breeding, with the increased recognition of the value of diversity and a means to study genes present in these relatives of cultivated apple. There are over 30 primary species of apple and most can be readily hybridized (Korban 1986, Way et al. 1991). The cultivated apple is likely the result of initial domestication followed by inter-specific hybridization (Harris et al. 2002). Its primary wild ancestor is M. sieversii whose range is centered at the border between western China and the former Soviet Union. Apples are the main forest tree there and display the full range of colors, forms and tastes found in domesticated apples across the world (Forsline et al. 1994, Hokanson et al. 1997). The domesticated apple has been referred to with the epithet Malus x domestica (Korban and Skirvin 1984), although recently Mabberley et al. (2001) proposed that Malus pumila should properly refer to the domesticated apple and its presumed wild relative M. sieversii. Other species of Malus which contributed to the genetic background of the apple likely include: M. orientalis of Caucasia, M. sylvestris from Europe, M. baccata from Siberia, M. mandshurica from Manchuria, and M. prunifolia from China. It is likely that these species hybridized with domesticated apples as they were spread by humans (Harris et al. 2002). Malus has 25 to 30 species and several sub-species, many of which are cultivated as ornamental trees for their profuse blossoms and attractive fruits. Many of the species intercross freely and semi selfincompatibility is common. Trees grown from collection of Malus are frequently inter-specific or inter-varietal hybrids. The cultivated apple is botanically Malus domestica Borkh. Malus baccata (Crab apple) and M. sikkimensis occur wild in India. M. baccata var. himalaica in North Western region and Meghalaya and M. baccata var. dirangensis in Arunachal Pradesh. Seven ecotypes of M. baccata have also been collected from different temperate region. (Randhawa, 1987). Varietal diversity of apple in Indian Himalayas is primarily introduction from Europe and North American

1. By
Mr. Sanjay Chetry
I Ph.D
ID: 2020632001
Dept. of Fruit Science
Term Paper Presentation
On
Advances in Apple Breeding
Course: FSC-601-Advances in Breeding of
fruit crops

2. Common Name: Apple, King of Temperate fruit
Scientific Name: Malus x domestica Borkh.
Chromosome Number: 2n=2x=34
Origin: Asia Minor
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Sub family: Pomoideae
Inflorescence: Raceme
Fruit type: Pome
Edible part: Fleshy Thalamus
Chilling requirement: 1000-1500 hrs
Botanical classification of Apple
Long Day Plant

3. Origin and Distribution
 Although Malus species are found throughout the northern hemisphere
 The centre of origin of apple includes Asia Minor, the Caucasus, central
Asia, Himalayan India and Pakistan and western China, areas where at
least 25 native species of Malus occur.
 The Old Silk Road crossing from the Black Sea region to western China
was important in the evolution of cultivated apple.
 In India, Captain A.A. Lee, an Englishman, established the first Apple
orchard in HP at Bandrole in Kullu Valley in 1870
(Juniper et al., 1998 ; Zhou 1999 ; Luby et al., 2001 )

4. Region Malus species
NorthAmerica M. Angustifolia, M. ioensis, M. coronaria M. Fusca
Europe M. Florentina, M. pumila, M. sylvestris
Asia Minor M. pumila, M. trilobata
Himalaya M. sikkimensis
SW China M. prattii, M. yunnanesis
SE China M. micromalus
Central China M. honanensis, M. hupehensis
NW China M. kansuensis,M. sieversii
N & NE China M. asiatica, M. baccata, M. prunifolia
Taiwan M. doumen
Japan M. Halliana, M. sargentii, M. tschonoskii
Korea M. asiatica, M. prunifolia
Distribution of selected Malus species

5. Apple Growing Countries
Major Apple Producing Countries (‘000 MT)
⁕ China (41000)
⁕ European Union (11477)
⁕ United States (4821)
⁕ Turkey (3000)
⁕ India (2370)
⁕ Russia (1714)
⁕ Brazil (1301)
⁕ Chile (1144)
⁕ Ukraine (1076) www.statista.com

6. Apple growing states in
India
0.16 mha
1.80 mMT
0.11 mha
0.44 mMT
0.02 mha
0.06 mMT
NHB (2017-18)

7.  The cultivated apple is likely the result of interspecific hybridization and at present the
binomial
Malus x domestica has been generally accepted as the appropriate scientific name
(Korban and Skirvin, 1984)
 Family Rosaceae
 Subfamily Maloideae
 Chromosome number is x = 17, 2x =34.
 The genus Malus has 25 to 30 species and several subspecies of so-called crabapples
 Apple is an allopolyploid, but behaves like a diploid.
 While diploids are frequent, triploids can occur spontaneously in crosses between
diploids. Such triploids have larger leaves and fruit than their diploid relatives but
are pollen sterile and cannot supply pollen for fertilization. Many popular cultivars
(‘Jonagold,’ ‘Mutsu’) are triploids and prized for their quality and fruit size
 Many Malus species have been used and continue to be used in breeding, with the
increased recognition of the value of diversity and a means to study genes present in
these relatives of cultivated apple.
Taxonomy

8. EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISM
The cultivated apple is likely the result of initial domestication followed by
inter-specific hybridization (Harris et al. 2002)
Its primary wild ancestor is M. sieversii whose range is centered at the border
between Western China and the former Soviet Union
The domesticated apple has been referred to with the epithet Malus x
domestica (Korban and Skirvin 1984), although recently Mabberley et al.
(2001) proposed that Malus pumila should properly refer to the domesticated
apple and its presumed wild relative M. sieversii.
It is likely that these species hybridized with domesticated apples as they were
spread by humans (Harris et al. 2002)
Other species of Malus which contributed to the genetic background of the
apple likely include: M. orientalis of Caucasia, M. sylvestris from Europe, M.
baccata from Siberia, M. mandshurica from Manchuria, and M. prunifolia
from China

9. Many are diploid (2n = 2x = 34) and
self-incompatible, i.e. resemble their
wild progenitors.
Under domestication, triploid (2n =
3x = 51) and tetraploid (2n = 4x =
68) self-compatible apple clones
have evolved as well.
The genus Malus comprises about
30 species. The wild members of
this genus are distributed over the
temperate regions of Europe (a
single wild species), Asia (the
majority of the species) and North
America (several species).
M. sieversii

10. The diversity of temperate fruits in
India is mainly confined to Himalayan
Region. The genus Malus has 30
species, only two, M. baccata and M.
sikkimensis occur in India.
Germplasm resources
Two varieties of M. baccata has also
been identified as M. baccata var.
himalaica in North-Western region and
Meghalaya and M. baccata var.
dirangensis in Arunachal Pradesh.
Malus species Characteristics
M. sylvestris Small astringent and greenish fruits
M. baccata Hardy plant
M. mandshurica Called as Manchurian crab
M. prunifolia Called as Larger Chinese crab
M. sieboldii Moderately resistant to apple canker
M. fusca , M. floribunda Fire blight resistant type
M .halliana, M. hupehensis Woolly Aphid resistant type
East Asia is particularly rich in species diversity

11. Today, the largest collection of apple germplasm is held at the Plant Genetics
Resource Unit at Cornell University, Ithaca New York, where there are almost 4,000
accessions being maintained Many of these genotypes were collected from the apples
center of diversity in Central Asia (Hokanson et al. 1997, Forsline 2003).
Malus orientalis Malus sikkimensis
Malus sylvestris
Malus fusca Malus toringoides Malus kansuensis

12. More than 700 varieties have been introduced at various levels but only
four varieties Starking (Royal) Delicious, Red Delicious, Richard
Delicious and Golden Delicious were occupying 94% of the total area
under apple cultivation in Himachal Pradesh, whereas others had only
6% (Singh, 1993)
Some prominent cultivars are
Top Red
Vance Delicious
Hardeman
Skyline
Supreme Delicious
Red Spur
Red Chief
Oregon Spur II
Wellspur
Bright-n-Early
Silver Spur
Gala
Scarlet Gala
Fuzi
Red Fuzi
Jonathan
Rome Beauty
Florina

13. Cytogenetics
The branch of genetics which deals with the study of cell and structure
and function of the chromosomes is called cytogenetics
Studies of cellular aspects of heredity (chromosomes)

14. Malus sikkimensis (Hook). Koehne is a triploid
M. coronaria (L.) Mill., M. hupenhensis (Pamp.) Rehd., M.
lancefolia Rehd. M. platycarpa Rehd., M. toringoides (Rehd.,)
are known in triploid and tetraploid forms.
M. sergenti Rehd is known in diploid, triploid, tetraploid
and pentaploid forms

15. Chemotaxonomy
The classification of plants and animals based on similarities and
differences in biochemical composition is known as
chemotaxonomy.
The phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, and non-protein amino acids
are among the important and widely exploited groups of
compounds utilized for chemotaxonomic classification.

16. Polyphenolic compound
Whole apple
mg/kg dry weight
Hydroxycinnamic acids 50–3000
5-Caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid) 15–2960
p-Coumaroylquinic acid 4–260
Flavan-3-ols/procyanidins 4622–25,480
Procyanidins B2 69–2000
Procyanidins C1 58–970
Epicatechin 69–2760
Oligomeric procyanidins 1374–19,850
Flavonols 80–1660
Dihydrochalcones 49–434
Anthocyanins (red peel) 10–551
Total polyphenols 5230–27,240
Polyphenolic concentration of whole apples (freeze dried)

17. Inheritance Pattern
Character Inheritance
Fruit color and spineless Polygenes
Disease resistant Polygenes
Multiple disease resistant Genetic Marker
Burrnots Genetic Marker
Columnar form Genetic Marker
Branching habit Genetic Marker

18. Constraints in Apple breeding
Most of the quality test like size, shape, cropping are under polygenic control.
When two cultivars are crossed, there will be continuous range of expression of
these characters in the seedlings and will not segregate into discrete categories
Sterility and incompatibility:
It causes unfruitfulness. The sterility is caused by the failure of any
of the process concerned with the development of pollen, embryo sac,
embryo and endosperm. This is common in triploid and some diploid.
Sexual incompatibility is due to the failure of the pollen, although
functional to grow down the style and bring about fertilization is
wide spread in Apple
Apple has gametophytic self incompatibility where
pollen tube growth is arrested in the style

19. BREEDING OBJECTIVES
To breed fruit with good quality and resistant to diseases like powdery
mildew and scab
To breed productivea and regular cropping trees
To breed cultivars with good storability and harvesting period

20. OBJECTIVES
SCION ROOTSOCK
Fruit appearance
Fruit size
Good eating quality
Good yield and keeping quality
Early maturing
Resistant to biotic & abiotic
stresses
Develop wooly aphid resistant
rootstock using Northern Spy as a
source
Good stock-scion compatibility
Adaptation to soil borne pathogen
Winter hardy and (R) to pest and
diseases
Good anchorage root system
Wide range of tree size control
Heavy cropping and precocious

21. Category Rootstocks Features
Ultra Dwarf M27 (M13 x M9) Resistant to drought, HDP
Dwarfing M9
Chance seedling selection, HDP, can be
used as an interstock
Semi dwarf
M26
Suitable for all type of soil, resistant to
collar rot
M4, M7, MM106, M24 Resistant to Apple wooly aphid
Semi Vigorous
MM104 Most winter hardy, susceptible to crown rot
MM111
Resistant to drought and Wooly aphid,
adapted to wide range of soil and climate
Vigorous Merton 793 Resistant to Wooly aphid
Very Vigorous M12, M16, M25
M16-Most vigorous rootstock
M25 (Precocious)- Northern Spy x M2
Special features of rootstock and its characteristic
EMLA (East Malling Long Ashton) series of rootstocks are resistant to virus
MM series are resistant to Wooly aphid
MI (Merton Immune) series are release from EMRS, Kent, England
MM (Malling Merton)series are released from John Innes Institute, England

22. Chada et al., 2016
Advances in Apple improvement in USA and Canada

23. Country Research Institute Breeding Objectives Important Varieties Developed
Australia
Western Australia Long storage
Cripps Pink (Pink Lady) (1985),
Cripps Red (Sundowner) (1985)
Queensland
Horticultural Institute
High quality red apples,
scab resistance
Applethorpe Earlidel (1988),
Applethorpe Summerdel (1989)
Heverlee
Transformation, haploid
induction, molecular
breeding
Merlijn (King Jonagold x Liberty)
Braz
Empressa de Paequisa
Agro. Ext. Rural
Santa Catarina
Low chilling, disease
resistance
Scab resistant: Princesa (1986),
Primicia (1986); low chill:
Catarina (1996), Imperatiz (1997),
Baronesa (1997), Condessa (1997),
Eva, Anabela, Caricia
New
Zealand
DSIR, Havelok North
Long shelf life and fruit
quality
Gala, Splendour, Braeburn Gala,
Joy, Festival, Pacific Rose,
Southern Snap, Sci Early, Sci Red
Apple Varietal improvement in Australia and New Zealand
Chada et al., 2016

24. Country Research Institute Breeding Objectives Important Varieties Developed
China
Hebei Changli Fruit
Res. Institute
High quality
Yanshanhong (Ralls Janet x
Richared Delicious (1989)
Zhengzhou Fruit Res.
Institute
High quality
Huaguan (Golden Delicious x Fuji)
(1988), Huashuai (Fuji x
Starkrimson) (1988)
Liaoning Fruit
Research Institute
High quality
Golden Delicious 463 (russet
resistant)
India
SKUAST(K), CITH
J&K, YSPUHF, H.P.
HETC, Uttarakhand
CITH, R.S.
Mukteshwar; IARI,
RS, Shimla
Fruit quality, shelflife,
high colour, early ripening
and scab resistance
Lai Ambri, Sunehari, Akbar,
Firdous, Shireen, Ambred, Ambrich,
Ambstarking, Ambroyal, Chaubattia
Anupam, Chaubattia Princess,
Swarnima, CITH Lodh Apple 1,
Pusa Gold, Pusa Amartara Pride
Japan
Aomori Apple
Experiment Station
Self-compatibility
Megumi (1950), Mutsu (1949),
Sekaiichi (1974), Hokuto (1983),
Natsumidori (1983), Mellow (1990);
Self thinning: Aori 9
NIFTS, Marioke
Fruit quality, storage,
disease resistance
Fuji (1962), Akane (1970), Iwakami
(1985), Sansa (1986), Kizashi
(1991)
Apple Varietal improvement in Asian Countries
Chada et al., 2016

25. Floral biology
Anthesis time: 8 am to 2 pm
Anther dehiscence increased from 8 am to 12
noon, thereafter it decreased slightly upto 2 pm
Decline rapidly after 2 pm
Stigma remain receptive from 2 days prior to and upto 3 days after the
anthesis
Most receptive on the day of anthesis

26. BREEDING METHODS
1. Introduction
2. Selection
3. Hybridization
4. Mutation breeding
5. Biotechnology

27. Introduction and Selection
Spur type cultivars
At Regional Fruit Research Station,
Mashobra, spur varieties introduced
through the NBPGR, New Delhi during
the eighties are under evaluation.
Red Spur Delicious
Golden Spur Delicious
Miller’s Sturdeespur
Oregon Spur
Red Spur Delicious has found to be
promising.
In UP, cultivars Red Spur and Oregon
Spur were introduced from Italy and are
being multiplied for evaluation
Color Sports
Royal Red, Vance Delicious, Top Red,
Skyline Superme and Red Delicious
were introduced in HP
Early varieties
EC 32221, EC 38683. Yandik-Ovskoe
and Papisovka Canniaga are promising
(NBPGR Regional Station, Phagli,
Shimla)
Low Chilling varieties
 Vered, Michael, Maayan, Schlomit,
Hybrid-1 & Tropical Beauty (Mid
and Low Hill conditions)
 Mid Hills of HP (Tropical Beauty
and Parlins Beauty)

28. Scab resistant varieties
Prima, Priscilla, Sir Prize, Jonafree, Liberty and Coop.12
introduced from USA are under evaluation at Regional Fruit
Research Station, Mashobra and Bajaura in HP
Coop-12 has shown better performance as an early sub-acidic
varieties
Florina holds promising as a colored sweet variety
CITH Lodh Apple 1 is a clonal selection of Red Delicious
Pusa Seb Moolvrant-1 (PSM 1) is a selection of Malus baccata
(Shillong)

29. Hybridization
Apple improvement work has been going on at the Regional Fruit Research Station,
Mashobra, HP; FRS, Shalimar, J&K and Horticulture Experiment and Training Centre,
Chaubattia, UP resulting in the release of number of varieties.
Initiated in Kashmir in 1956
to combine dessert quality-
Delicious group and good
keeping quality- Ambri
Two hybrids, Lal
Ambri and Sunehri
were released
Work on similar lines
was started in
Himachal Pradesh in
1960
As a result Ambred, Amstarking and
Ambrich have been selected.
Subsequently hybrid Ambroyal was
also selected.
Work on Apple improvement was started in
Chaubattia in 1970 to develop early early-
maturing cultivars with good dessert quality.
Two promising hybrids,
Chaubattia Princess and
Chaubattia Anupam were
evolved
Some crosses were also made to develop scab
resistant cultivars and 2 outstanding hybrids Firdaus
and Shireen have been released for adoption

30. Hybrids Parentage Feature (s)
Ambred Red delicious x Ambri Low incidence of PM and Scab
Ambstarking Starking delicious x Ambri Tolerant to Apple Scab
Ambroyal Royal delicious x Ambri Semi dwarf
Ambrich Rich-a-red x Ambri Semi spur and drooping type
Sunheri Ambri x Golden delicious Quality of Ambri and color of GD
Chaubattia Princess Red delicious x Early shanburry
Early ripe (last week of June),
Good keeping quality
Chaubattia Anupam Red delicious x Early shanburry Fruit skin with shiny red streaks
Shalimar Apple 1 Sunheri x Prima
Shalimar Apple 2 Red delicious x Ambri
Yellow (Golden) Delicious
Ambri Lal Ambri Chaubattia Anupam

31. Hybrids Parentage Feature (s)
Akbar Ambri x Cox orange pippin
Firdous
Golden delicious x Rome beauty x M.
floribunda Scab resistant varieties grown
in J&K
Shireen Lara Lambourne x Melba x R12740-7A
Fuji (Japan) Ralls Janet x Delicious
Mutsu (Japan) Golden delicious x Indo cross Triploid
Tydmans early
Worcester
McIntosh x Worcester Pearmain
Good pollenizer for delicious
group
Fuji
Red delicious Akbar
Firdous Shireen

32. Mutation
Natural mutation plays an important role in the evolution of new varieties
Sudden heritable change in characteristic of the plants is termed as mutation. It
may be spontaneous (without any treatment by man) or induced (artificially
induced by a treatment with certain physical or chemical agents) in plant
population
Vance Delicious Bud mutant of ‘Delicious’
Top red Bud sport of ‘Shot Well Delicious’
Skyline Supreme Delicious Bud mutant of ‘Starking Delicious’
Chaubattia Agrim Mutant of ‘Early Shanburry’
Golden Spur Delicious Bud mutant of ‘Golden Delicious’
Red Chief Bud sport of ‘Delicious’
Red Elstar Natural mutant of Elstar

33. High coloring and Early Maturing Sports of
Apple
Spur type Standard type
Starkrimson
Well spur
Redspur
Oregon spur-II
Red chief
Miller’s Sturdy Spur
Hardi Spur
Vance delicious
Top red
Skyline Supreme
Hardiman
Bright-n-Early
Starkrimson
Vance delicious
Red chief Oregon Spur
Miller Sturdy Spur

34. THE GENETICALLY MODIFIED “NON-BROWNING”
APPLE
The “non-browning” apple is genetically engineered to keep from going
brown after being cut.
BC company-Okanagan Specialty Fruits (OSF)
When apple flesh is cut and exposed to oxygen, it begins to brown. But the
GM apple or “Arctic Apple,” as the company calls it, “will decay naturally just
like any other apple, but it will not turn brown from bruising, cutting or biting
not in minutes, hours or days”. In fact, the company says the GM apple will
not brown for 15 to 18 days
Fig: Traditional Golden Delicious apple (left)
versus the Arctic variety (right)
Arctic Apple Varieties:
Arctic Golden and Arctic Granny-2015
Arctic Fuji-2018

35. 1. A regulatory gene switch from a plant virus (Cauliflower Mosaic virus
promoter: CaMV 35S)
2. A terminator sequence from a bacterium (Agrobacterium tumefaciens taken
from its Nopaline synthase gene: nos)
3. An antibiotic resistance marker gene from a bacterium (Streptomyces
kanamyceticus) which confers resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin.
HOW DID THE COMPANY ENGINEERED THE APPLE?
The company silenced a gene in the apple (that controls browning) by inserting
modified apple DNA along with genetic sequences from three different species:
The technology was developed in Australia and licensed by Okanagan
Specialty Fruits

36. Fig: The Molecular-level science behind Arctic Apples. PPO enzymes (red ovals),
polyphenols (purple hexagons), and oxygen (orange circles) must all be present for
browning to occur

37. Cloning of full length rol b gene (Agrobacterium rhizogenes) in pCAMBIA 2300, a
plant expression vector, after colony PCR, presence of 1.5kb with its promoter and
terminator was confirmed. Presence of transforming vector containing the rol B gene
was confirmed in A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404. Regeneration from rol b gene
cocultivated leaves of apple Merton793 (transformed) was achieved and putative
regenerants developed (BT, Nauni)
Source: Annual Report 2016-17
Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University
of Horticulture & Forestry Nauni,
Solan (Himachal Pradesh)

39. On their transfer to soil containing pots after six weeks, 100% plants survived.
rooting results showed that ex vitro soaking of shoots in low IBA in dark before their
transfer to potting mixture is better (62-85% rooting) as compared to high auxin dip
(BT, Nauni).
Rooting response of crab apple was tested
at IBA concentrations of 0.3,0.5,0.7 and 1
mg/l without and with dark treatment
which resulted in highest root induction
(71%) in dark treated shoots, though little
callus was found
On supplementing activated charcoal, all the
treatments resulted in more than 54% rooting,
and highest rooting efficiency (95%) was
found at 1mg/l IBA and 1g/l activated
charcoal
While testing different levels of NAA (0.2-
0.5mg/l), 63-89% rooting response was
obtained.
However, basal stem portions revealed profuse
callogenesis and roots seemed to emerge from
callus. To counter this problem, these levels of
NAA were supplemented with 1.5g/l AC
which resulted in 70-90% rooting efficiency
and inhibited callus formation
During hardening of in vitro plants, it was found that rooted plantlets without callus survived
more i.e.77% in peat pots

40. The warming climate's influence on red apples was detected as
long ago as 2002, the culprit of a profound effect on the color
and texture of the world's most popular apples.
HOT84A1
The apples never quite colored up right; they didn't have the
crunch we would normally expect.
Mid-season, partial red-skinned sweet apple with a lightly
crisp and very juicy texture
New Zealand-Spain collaborative Hot Climate Programme 10 Jul 2020
The first commercial plantings of trees will begin early
next year (2022) in Spain.
Dr Richard Volz
Apple breeder at Crown
Research Institute Plant &
Food Research
So Plant & Food Research, NZ working with Spanish
counterparts, developed the Hot Climate Programme (HCP)
Developed by Interbreeding trees
Initiated in 2002 by Plant & Food Research in New Zealand,
the Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA) in
Spain, and Fruit Future, an association of fruit producers in
Catalonia, Spain
T&G Global, NZ joined as the strategic commercialization partner in Feb.2019.

41. HRMN-99
Apple variety for low Altitude by Shri Hariman Sharma
4th March, 2017
 Grows in low altitude at 1800 ft (550 m) above
the sea level.
 Chilling hours-150-200 hrs.
 Can be grown up to 40-45oC temp.
 Ready to harvest in early June (after three years
of transplanting)
 Tolerant to scab disease
Salient features of HRMN-99
National Innovation Foundation- India
(NIF)
Transplanted around 10,000 saplings
1190 farmers’ field
25 organizations
29 states and 5 union territories (2015-2017)

42. Successful fruiting in these states were
reported which led to increase in the demand
of saplings on very large scale by the
farmers through out the country
Manipur
Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
Gujarat
Dadra and Nagar haveli
Karnataka
Haryana
Rajasthan
Jammu
Kerala
Uttarakhand
Telangana
Himachal
Delhi
Molecular study confirms its diversity and superiority
over other low chilling varieties Anna and Dorsett
golden
(Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Gandhinagar)
Fruiting in 2 year old plant in
Manipur

43. Season Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Uttar Pradesh
Early Season
Tydeman’s Early (P),
Michael, Molies
Delicious, Schlomit
Irish Peach,
Benoni,
Starkrimson
Early Shanburry (P),
Fenny Benoni,
Chaubattia,
Mid Season
Starking, Delicious
Red Delicious,
Richared,
Vance Delicious
Top Red,
Red Chief,
Oregon Spur,
Redspur,
Red Gold (P)
American Mother,
Razakwar,
Jonathan (P),
Cox’s Orange Pippin
(P),
Red Gold (P),
Queen’s Apple,
Roma Beauty,
Scarlet Siberian
Red Delicious,
Starking Delicious,
McIntosh (P),
Cortland,
Golden Delicious
Late Season
Golden Delicious (P),
Yellow Newton (P),
Winter Banana,
Granny Smith (P)
King Pippin,
American Apirouge,
Kerry Pippin,
Sunhari Chamure,
Ambri, Baldwin
Rymer,
Buckingham (P)
Recommended Varieties of Apple in different States

44. Chilling requirements and Days taken to Bloom of Cultivars and
Rootstocks of Apple

45. Picturesque Journey To
Different Varieties of
Apple

47. Jonagold Apple Rome Apple Winesap Apple Braeburn Apple
Envy Apple Ambrosia Apple Sweetie Apple Jazz Apple
McIntosh Apple Gala Apple Pink Lady
Honey crisp Apple

48. Granny Smith Apples Opal Apple Red Gold
Golden Spur Parlin’s Beauty
Starking Delicious
Tydeman’s Early
Benoni

49. RHRSS and KVK, Tabo
Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar
University of Horticulture & Forestry,
Solan (Himachal Pradesh)

51. THANK
YOU