The document introduces science and discusses the importance of science in daily life. It also covers scientific attitudes, the scientific method, laboratory safety rules, common laboratory equipment and how to use a Bunsen burner properly. Safety is emphasized when working in the laboratory.

1. Introduction to Science

2. Do you know what science is all about? The influence of science is all around us. For example, a homemaker needs to know science to cook well-balanced and nutritious meals for his or her family.

3. Many devices that we used, such as the telephone, cassette player and fluorescent lamp, are based on scientific discoveries . Fight against diseases such as AIDS has been largely carried out by scientific research.

4. Scientists are also making new discoveries to solve global problems such as air and water pollution. From such findings, they are able to warn us about new hazards to our health so that certain precautions can be taken. Hazy weather

5. Attitudes - Science encourages man to develop positive attitudes. The attitudes important to the learning of science are Attitudes of a GOOD Scientist… Curiosity Perseverance

6. Cooperation with others Tolerance Positive approach to failure Open-mindedness

7. Impartiality Healthy scepticism Integrity Refusal to believe superstitions

8. How Scientist Work? Refer to notes The Scientific Method

9. In the Science Laboratory…

10. Science experiments are usually performed in laboratories. Although performing experiments is fun, it can be dangerous if we are not careful. For our safety as well as the safety of others in the laboratory, we must follow laboratory safety rules. Safety Rules in the Laboratory…

11. - Do not enter the laboratory without the teacher’s permission. General safety rules - Open all doors and windows unless otherwise instructed by your teacher . - Do not carry out any test or experiment without the teacher’s permission. - Read the instructions first and understand them before starting any experiment. If in doubt, always ask your teacher.

12. - Handle all apparatus and chemicals carefully and correctly. Always check the label on the container before using the substance it contains. - Do not pour any unused chemicals back into its container to avoid contamination. - Do not taste any chemicals unless otherwise instructed by the teacher. - Do not eat, drink or play in the laboratory. - Do not tamper with the electrical mains and other fittings in the laboratory.

13. - Work tidily. Wash up all used apparatus and dispose of the waste correctly. - Return the apparatus to their proper storage places after cleaning. - Do not remove any apparatus or chemicals from the laboratory. - Wash your hands after all laboratory work.

14. - Wear goggles when mixing or heating chemicals. Safety rules when heating or mixing chemicals - Place flammable substances away from a naked flames. - Point the mouth of a test tube or boiling tube which is being heated away from yourself or your friends.

15. - Report all accidents, injuries, breakage and spillage to your teacher immediately. When accidents occurs - Should a chemical get into your mouth, spit it out into a basin and rinse your mouth with plenty of water. - If any chemical comes into contact with other parts of your body or clothing, wash thoroughly with water and report to your teacher.

16. Sleeping in the laboratory Playing in the laboratory Hair may catch fire if not tied up The chemicals in the pipette may enter the mouth Tampering with faulty electrical components Pointing the mouth of the test tube which is being heated towards herself Spillage of liquids on the bench Susan Shamala Ali Alice Meng Tat Mike

17. Containers of dangerous chemicals are labelled with special symbols to warn others about the hazardous nature of the chemicals. Symbol Type of Proper handling hazardous substances Hazard Symbols… Flammable substances Example: petrol, kerosene, alcohol Keep flammable substances away from fire or heat.

18. Explosive substances Example: mixture of hydrogen and oxygen Explosive substances usually explode when heated or lit. Use them according to the instructions given. Corrosive substances Example: strong acid and alkali Avoid direct contact with the corrosive substances which can cause burns. Wash off any spilled acid or alkali on your skin or clothes with plenty of water.

19. Poison or toxic substances Example: mercury, cyanide, chlorine gas Do not eat, drink or taste these poisonous substances. Use them according to the instructions given. Irritating or stimulative substances Example: chloroform, alcohol, bromine vapour Avoid inhaling the vapour of stimulative substances. Use them in a fume chamber.

20. This danger sign warns you to be careful. When smelling unknown gases, fan a small part of the gas towards your nose. ! Radioactive substances Example: radioactive carbon, uranium, plutonium Strictly adhere to all safety precautions when handling radioactive substances.

21. There are many types of apparatus, especially glassware, in your school laboratory. Some common laboratory items are test tubes, beakers, conical flasks, measuring cylinders, test tube holders, gas jars, balances, tripods and retort stands. You must know how to use these apparatus and draw each of them in outline only and in their correct proportions. (sectional diagram) Laboratory Equipments…

22. For containing or heating small amount of substances For containing or heating small amount of liquids

23. For containing chemicals or collecting liquids

24. For preparation of gases if the process requires heating For containing chemicals when preparing gases if the process requires no heating

25. For measuring a volume of liquid For measuring a volume of liquid

26. For measuring very accurately a specific volume of liquid, such as 10.0 cm 3 , 25.0 cm 3 and 50.0 cm 3 For transferring liquids into a flask

27. For separating an insoluble solid from a liquid with the help of a piece of filter paper For displaced liquid to flow out through its spout

28. For collecting gases For separating an experimental set-up from the outside environment

29. For evaporating a liquid from a solution For heating solids directly over a flame

30. For containing water when collecting gases For supporting apparatus during heating

31. For supporting apparatus during experiments

32. To allow the distilled vapour to condense in order to collect the liquid Liebig Condenser For containing the liquid mixture which would distill the component liquid when heated Distilling flask

33. 3-D of a Bunsen burner

34. 2-D of a Bunsen burner

35. Gas tap: to control the flow of gas to the Bunsen burner Parts of a Bunsen burner and their functions… Barrel: to raise the flame to a suitable height for burning Collar: to regulate the amount of air entering the burner through the air-holes Air-holes: to allow air to enter the burner Base: to support burner so that it will not topple Jet: to enable the gas to rush out of the gas supply and to draw in air

36. To Light the Bunsen burner: 1. The steps are: (i) Close the air-holes. (ii) Put the lighter above the barrel . (iii) Turn on the gas tap . (iv) Strike the lighter to ignite the gas. (v ) Open the air-hole until a non-luminous flame is obtained. Types of flame Luminous flame - Produced when the gas does not burn completely (when air hole closed) Non-Luminous flame - Produced when the gas burns completely (when air-hole is partially opened) Strike back - Produced when there is too much air (air-hole too big or air-hole opened too fast)

37. - Occurs when the air-holes are closed , insufficient air is allowed to mix with the gas therefore gas does not burn completely . - Carbon particles are produced. - Orange in colour. - Appear flickering and unsteady. - Not very hot. Luminous flame

38. Luminous flame Must learn how to draw and label the parts dark zone of unburnt gas blue zone of partial combustion almost colourless zone of complete combustion orange zone of incomplete combustion Bunsen burner

39. - Occurs when the air-holes are opened , allowing sufficient air into the burner therefore gas is burn completely . - Blue in colour. - Burns steadily. - Hotter than Luminous flame . - Hottest part of the flame is just above the tip of the dark blue zone. Non-Luminous flame

40. Non-Luminous flame Must learn how to draw and label the parts dark zone of unburnt gas blue zone of partial combustion almost colourless zone of complete combustion hottest part Bunsen burner

41. - Occurs when there is too much air . - There is a large supply of air because the air-holes are fully opened. - Instead of burning at the mouth of the barrel, the gas burns at the jet. - When a Strike Back occurs, turned off immediately. - Very hot. Strike Back

42. How to Heat a liquid in a beaker ? - The beaker is placed on a tripod stand. - A piece of wire gauze is placed between the beaker and the tripod stand. - The Bunsen burner is then placed under the tripod stand and lighted. - The beaker is removed from the flame when the liquid starts to boil.

43. How to Heat a liquid in a test-tube ? - Refer to notes