5. An ORE is a type of rock that
contains MINERALS with
important elements including
metals. Once mined, metals
must be extracted usually by
chemical or electrolytic
reduction.
9. 1. HARDNESS
- ability of a metal to resist abrasion, penetration, cutting action,
or permanent distortion. Hardness may be increased by
working the metal and by heat treatment and cold working (in
the case of steel and certain titanium and aluminum alloys)
2. BRITTLENESS
- property of metal that allows little bending or deformation
without shattering.
3. MALLEABILITY
- ability of steel to be hammered, rolled or pressed into various
shapes without cracking or breaking or other detrimental
effects.
10. 4. DUCTILITY
- a property that permits the metal to be permanently drawn,
bent or twisted without breaking it.
5. ELASTICITY
-property that enables a metal to return to its original shape.
6. TOUGHNESS
- when a metal can withstand tearing or shearing and may
be stretched or otherwise deformed without b r e a k i n g .
7. FUSIBILITY
- ability of a metal to become liquid by the application of
heat.
11. 8. CONDUCTIVITY
- property that enables a metal to carry heat or electricity.
Governs the amount of heat that will be required for proper
fusion.
9. DENSITY
- weight of a unit volume of a material.
13. 1. STRONG & HARD
2. LUSTER
- metals shine because of its properties which is metallic
bonding.
3. HEAT CONDUCTORS
- able to conduct heat and take it from a high temperature place
to a lower temperature. Heat transfer occurs due to the
combination of vibrations from molecules.
4. ELECTRIC CONDUCTORS
- metals consists FREE electrons which makes is a good
electrical conductor.
5. DENSE
- tightly balance, packed crystals in the metal structure.
15. FERROUS
METALS
• contain IRON
• MAGNETIC
• gives little
resistance to
corrosion.
NON- FERROUS
METALS
• Does not contain
IRON
• not MAGNETIC
• gives more
resistance to
corrosion than
ferrous metals.
16. FERROUS METALS
IRON AND STEEL
IRON
• It is the most abundant metal on Earth.
• The Earth’s outer and inner core is mostly made up of
entirely pure Iron.
• Present in rocky planets like Earth and Mars.
• It is reactive to water and oxygen thus giving it its
distinct reddish color when exposed (result of
oxidation).
• It is also present in some asteroids due to the impacts
of the planets during the formation of the Solar
System.
17. • It is probably the sixth most abundant element in the
universe.
• It oxidizes easily therefore it is rarely found without having
its reddish hue.
• It is also found inside the human body specifically blood.
18. • Iron comes in ores.
• Ore- a mineral-rich rock that is mined for its minerals.
• It is mined around the world due to its abundancy.
19. • To extract the iron from the Ore, smelting is used.
• Smelting is the process of breaking down the ore using
heat and reducing agent to form the base metal. In
ancient times, Charcoal was used as the reducing agent.
• It has been in use since ancient times, but preceding it
were Copper and Bronze.
• Pure Iron is relatively soft, therefore it had to be
strengthened to be of further use.
• Impurities such as Carbon, give pure iron the strength to
be malleable enough to form basic tools.
20. Properties of Iron
• Luster
• Soft
• Malleable
• Ductile
• Strong
Characteristics of Iron
• Easily magnetized
• Very reactive once exposed
• A good conductor of heat and electricity.
21.
22. • Pig Iron- it is the intermediate product of
smelting Iron. It is the molten iron from the
furnace.
• This is newly smelted iron therefore it has high
carbon content at 3.5-4.5% of its composition is
carbon
23. IRON ALLOYS
• Wrought Iron- The after product of pig iron the basic
form of iron alloy with low carbon content.
• It is the most common form of iron. It is tough,
ductile, malleable, corrosion-resistant and can easily
be welded.
• Types of wrought iron-
• Tough iron- for tools
• Blend iron- from variety pig iron
• Best iron- best quality iron
• Marked Bar iron
24. • Cast Iron - It is another by-product of Pig Iron.
• This time, it is heated until it is molten iron
then poured into a mold to solidify thereby
already forming the desired shape needed
while cooling.
25. Galvanized Iron
• it is Iron with a zinc coating to prevent corrosion.
• It is used for plumbing and/or hardware that have to
stay long periods of time under the elements.
• It is applied by dipping the iron in a hot zinc solution, by
dipping it in electrically charged solution and by
tumbling it in a hot drum that will stick the zinc to the
metal.
26. STEEL
• Is an alloy of Iron and Carbon.
• It is a by-product of Iron smelting that has been
reproduced, reheated, and may have added elements
such as copper, bronze or tin.
• It is known to be strong and very durable to work with.
27. • Steel has been around almost as long as Iron has
although not as extensive until improved methods of
producing steel were available.
• Earliest steel products were found in Anatolia
(modern-day Turkey) and are around 4000 years old.
• South Indian states exported wootz steel to the
Mediterranean civilizations and also to the Chinese.
• The Romans also used steel for their weapons.
28. • Until the 17th century, steel was made in low quantities
because of lack of improved machinery to help mass-
produce it.
• The Pig Iron is returned to the furnace and by adding
coke (fuel) or Charcoal, it enhances the iron and
imbibes it with more strength and more durability.
• Steel today comprises almost everything we use for
transport, communications, even services.
29. • Almost every major world power has its own
steel production, but lately China has one the
most advanced and productive steel industries in
the world.
30. Properties of Steel
• Luster
• Conductivity
• Malleable
• Ductile
• String
• Durable
Characteristics of Steel
• Its strength gives it advantage.
• The speed to assemble steel into its desired
construction.
31. STEEL ALLOYS
Carbon Steel
• An unalloyed steel wherein Carbon, Manganese,
Phosphorus, Sulfur and Silicon are mixed in a
controlled environment.
• Any increase in the carbon content increases strength
but reduces the welding and ductile capabilities.
32. Stainless Steel
• An alloy containing chromium, nickel, molybdenum,
manganese
• Increased resistance to heat and corrosion
• Does not rust, or stain as ordinary steel, but it can be
stained.
33. Tools Steel
• They are alloys that far more suitable to be used as
tools.
• They are harder, resistant to abrasion and
deformation, and they have cutting edge capabilities.
34. Weathering Steel
• A very strong, low-alloy steel that has an oxide coating
when exposed to moisture and rain.
• Also known as Cor-Ten Steel
35. HSLA (High-strength Low-alloy) steel
• they have less carbon that increases their
strength, ductility, and corrosion-resistance.
• An improved Carbon steel alloy.
36. NONFERROUS METALS
ALUMINIUM
• The aluminium element was discovered 200 years ago.
After an initial period of technological development,
aluminium alloys were used in many structural
applications, including the civil engineering field.
Aluminium is the second most widely specified metal in
building after steel, and is used in all sectors from
commercial building to domestic dwelling.
• This paper contains complete overview of use of
aluminium in building construction. How it is beneficial
in modern age building construction.
37.
38. WHY USE ALUMINIUM?
• Aluminium is the second most widely specified metal
in buildings after steel, and is used in all construction
sectors, from commercial buildings to domestic
dwellings.
• Aluminium is also used extensively in plant, ladders
and scaffolding.The main market sectors are
windows, roofing, cladding, curtain walling and
structural glazing, prefabricated buildings, and
architectural hardware.
39. ALUMINIUM AS A BUILDING MATERIAL
• Modern building and construction is more than
merely erecting buildings as functionally as possible.
In addition to functional and economic criteria,
aesthetic and design considerations together with
ecological demands placed on building projects play
an equally important role. This means the materials
used are of major significance.
40. • Possible applications range from façades and roof
and wall manufacturers of Aluminium building
products systems to interior decoration and the
design of living are world leaders technologically –
not least space, and include windows and doors,
balconies because the companies have furthered the
and conservatories development of modern windows
and façades in the fields of surface treatment,
thermal insulation and soundproofing, air
conditioning and solar heating
41. PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM
• Durability: Aluminium building products are made
from alloys, which are weather-proof, corrosion-
resistant and immune to the harmful effects of UV
rays, ensuring optimal performance over a very long
serviceable lifetime.
• Design flexibility: The extrusion process offers an
almost infinite range of forms and sections, allowing
designers to integrate numerous functions into one
profile. Rolled products may be manufactured flat,
curved, shaped into cassettes, or sandwiched with
other materials. In addition, aluminium can be
sawed, drilled, riveted, screwed, bent, welded and
soldered in the workshop or on the building site.
42. • Hundreds of surface finishes: Aluminium can be
anodized or painted in any colour, to any optical
effect, using any number of surface touches, in order
to meet a designer ’ s decorative needs. Such
processes also serve to enhance the material’s
durability and corrosion resistance, as well as
providing an easy-to-clean surface.
• High reflectivity: This characteristic feature makes
aluminium a very efficient material for light
management. Aluminium solar collectors can be
installed to lower energy consumption for artificial
lighting and heating in winter, while aluminium
shading devices can be used to reduce the need for
air conditioning in summer.
43. • Fire safety: Aluminium does not burn and is
therefore classed as a non-combustible construction
material. Aluminium alloys will nevertheless melt at
around 650°C, but without releasing harmful gases.
Industrial roofs and external walls are increasingly
made of thin aluminium cladding panels, intended to
melt during a major fire, allowing heat and smoke to
escape and thereby minimizing damage.
44. ADVANTAGES OF ALUMINIUM
• Lightweight - Aluminium is one of the lightest available
commercial metals with a density approximately one
third that of steel or copper.
• Excellent Corrosion Resistance - Aluminium has excellent
resistance to corrosion due to the thin layer of aluminium
oxide that forms on the surface of aluminium when it is
exposed to air.
• Strong at Low Temperatures - Where as steel becomes
brittle at low temperatures, aluminium increases in
tensile strength and retains excellent toughness.
45. • Easy to Work - Aluminium can be easily fabricated into
various forms such as foil, sheets, geometric shapes,
rod, tube and wire.
• Easy Surface Treatment - For many applications,
aluminium requires no protective or decorative coating;
the surface supplied is entirely adequate without
further finishing
46. DISADVANTAGES OF ALUMINIUM
• 1. Thermal insulation was almost definitely
insufficient: aluminium being a good thermal
conductor.
• 2. Poor water proofing due to the inadequately
designed/executed joints between the roof
aluminium sheets
• 3. General noise caused by rain or hail falling on
aluminium roof and wall sheets.
47. TIN
• A crystalline, silvery metallic element obtained
chiefly from cassiterite, and having two notable
allotropic forms. Malleable white tin is the useful
allotrope, but at temperatures below 13.2°C it slowly
converts to the brittle gray allotrope. Tin is used to
coat other metals to prevent corrosion and is a part
of numerous alloys, such as soft solder, pewter, type
metal, and bronze.
48. CHARACTERISTICS OF TIN
• Silvery-white metal-
• Non-magnetic-
• Fairly resistant to corrosion
• Non-combustible
• Lightweight
• Durable
• Soft
• Ductile
49. • Malleable-
• Expensive, but can last long time when properly
maintained-
• Low maintenance material consisting primarily of
routine inspection and periodic painting.
50. HEALTH EFFECTS OF TIN
• Tin is mainly applied in various organic substances.
The organic tin bonds are the most dangerous forms
of tin for humans. Despite the dangers they are
applied in a great number of industries, such as the
paint industry and the plastic industry, and in
agriculture through pesticides. The number of
applications of organic tin substances is still
increasing, despite the fact that we know the
consequences of tin poisoning.
51. • The effects of organic tin substances can vary. They
depend upon the kind of substance that is present
and the organism that is exposed to it. Triethyltin is
the most dangerous organic tin substance for
humans. It has relatively short hydrogen bonds.
When hydrogen bonds grow longer a tin substance
will be less dangerous to human health. Humans can
absorb tin bonds through food and breathing and
through the skin.The uptake of tin bonds can cause
acute effects as well as long-term effects...
52. Acute effects are:
• - Eye and skin irritations
• - Headaches
• - Stomachaches
• - Sickness and dizziness
• - Severe sweating
• - Breathlessness
• - Urination problems
Long-term effects are:
• Depressions
• Liver damage
• Malfunctioning of
immune systems
• Chromosomal damage
• Shortage of red blood
cells
• Brain damage (causing
anger, sleeping disorders,
forgetfulness and
headaches)
53. LEAD
• It is a soft, malleable poor metal, also considered to be
one of the heavy metals. Lead has a bluish white color
when freshly cut, but tarnishes to a dull grayish color
when it is exposed to air and is a shiny chrome silver
when melted into a liquid.
• Very easy to cut and work, enabling it to be fitted over
uneven surfaces.
• Used for roofing, flashing and spandrel wall panels.
54. COPPER
• Ductile, malleable and bright reddish brown color with
high thermal and electrical conductivity.
• Has high tensile strength
• Available in a wide variety of shapes
55. • Used as electrical wiring, piping, flashing and roofing
material.
• is a common type of flashing due to its strength,
appearance, malleability and high resistance to the
elements.
.
56. DEFECTS IN METAL STRUCTURE
• Dislocations – undermines the integrity of the structure,
occurs when metal ions in each layer are missing and
cause the other layers to weaken. The less grain
boundaries, the more likely dislocation in the structure
of the metal is to occur, and this weakening of the metal
itself creates movement and causes the metal to lose
shape as well as weaken.
• Corrosion/Rusting – this means electrochemical
oxidation of metals in reaction with an oxidant such as
oxygen.
57. DEFECTS IN METAL STRUCTURE
• Point Defects – point defects are a single atom defect
found in the grains of the metal’s lattice structure. Point
defects can and do affect the integrity of the metal,
affecting the ability of the metal to resist corrosion and
other environmental factors.
• Volume defects – while equally connected to the atomic
structure of the metal, also occur during and after
processing. This form of defect can be broken down into
three major categories:
58. DEFECTS IN METAL STRUCTURE
1. Voids – result when there are holes in the materials.
2. Cracks – that occur during the process of the metal.
3. Inclusion of foreign particles – that become implanted
in the structure of the metal.
59. WHY USE ?
Energy commercial efficiency, low maintenance
and durability. Increasingly, however, metal’s
other key attributes - its striking beauty, clean
look, and versatility in both new and retrofit
construction – are helping to firmly establish it
as the material of choice for institutional and
commercial building projects.
