Questions On Mixed Metal Oxides

Questions On Mixed Metal Oxides
2.11.3 Mixed metal oxides
Despite the advantages of individual metal oxides, their CLC performance decreased with the
increase of cycles due to the harsh CLC conditions. Therefore, the pure phase of mixed metal oxides
and its supported form were prepared from the precursors and the selected support to overcome the
limitations of individual metal oxides. The characteristics of individual metal oxides can be retained
or even enhanced by mixing of appropriate individual oxides for CLC application in terms of multi–
cycle CLC performance (cost, activity, stability, mechanical strength, reduction in carbon deposition,
etc.).
The mixed oxide of Fe and Mn has been developed in our lab as a possible candidate for CLC. Fe–
Mn mixed oxide possesses the promise as oxygen carrier for the CLC applications due to availability
of low–cost minerals precursors, relatively high OCC, stability and environmentally benign nature.
Mungse et al. reported the pure phase of iron–manganese oxides (FeMnO3 and Fe3Mn3O8) that
exhibit CLOU property. It was found that Fe3Mn3O8 was reduced into FeMnO3 at higher
temperatures. Fe3O4 and MnO were observed as reduced products after methane combustion
reaction of FeMnO3 [25]. Nickel manganese oxides were also prepared for methane conversion [50].
CoO–NiO oxides were prepared as mixed oxide based oxygen carrier, however, the reaction rate was
lower than that of its individual oxides due to the formation of a solid solution of NiCoO2. However,
carbon deposition was
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Animal Care And Experimental Procedures
Animals: 8–12 week old male C57Bl/J6 mice (Jackson Laboratories) were housed in groups of four
on a 12 hour light/dark cycle with ad libitum access to food and water. All experiments were
performed during the light part of the diurnal cycle. Housing, animal care and experimental
procedures were consistent with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and
approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Scripps Research Institute.
Fear Conditioning: Contextual fear conditioning experiments were performed using a set of four
modified Noldus Phenotyper (Model 3000) chambers (Leesburg, VA) with shock floors (Lattal et al.,
2007). The Phenotyper Model 3000 chamber has a 30 × 30 cm floor and is 40 cm in height. The ...
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During this period of time, the mice were also acclimated to the injection procedure performing
dummy cannula removal and infusers placement using infusion needles (Plastics One) shorter than
the guide cannula, and to the sound of the infusion pump that would be used for intracranial
injections. For those animals that received siRNA injection, after recovery from surgery and three
days before the contextual fear conditioning, animals received 3 days of acclimation to transport
from their home cages to the procedure rooms. Mice were injected during the first day (72 hours
before training) and then handled during the following 2 days. Behavioral data were analyzed using
ANOVA and Student's T test (GraphPad Prism).
Polyribosome isolation and RNAseq analysis: Polyribosomes were prepared as described in Stefani
et al., 2004. 20–50% w/w linear sucrose gradients were prepared in 10 mm HEPES–KOH, pH 7.4,
150 mm KCl 5 mm MgCl2, 1 mM DTT and 0.1 mg/ml cycloheximide using a Hoeffer SG 50
Gradient Maker (Amersham Biosciences) and MINIPULS® 3 peristaltic pump (Gilson Inc.). 5.6 ml
of a 20% sucrose solution was pipetted into the outlet side of the gradient maker, tiled to fill the
connecting passage between the chambers and tapped to remove any bubbles. The valve between
two chambers was closed with the 20% solution filling the passage. 5 ml of a 50%

Software Problems Midsouth Chamber of Commerce Essay
SOFTWARE PROBLEMS MIDSOUTH CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
ERIC D. PFEIFER
REGIS UNIVERSITY
JOHN HOLMES
MSCC610
Abstract
In recent years, board members and staff of the Midsouth Chamber of Commerce (MSCC) have been
trying to update their information system. Their information has steadily required more capabilities
and in pursuit of better more efficient capabilities they have made several missteps that have cost
them a very large sum of money. They have had personnel acquire information systems that did not
meet the requirements of MSCC. The cost of these nonfunctioning systems has been in excess of
$277,000.00 dollars. MSCC is now on their third person to manage the acquisition of an information
system that will meet all the current and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Chamber has made numerous mistakes over the several months following Unitrak's installation
and implementation. Among them:
Failure of MSCC to take care of personnel. Kovecki was not as skilled as he could have been, he was
the only person within the MSCC who knew the Unitrak system. On top of that, he was the only
person who could keep it running and bringing in money to MSCC. Management should have taken
more interest in Kovecki's desire to run the computer operations. If they had, MSCC management
would never have hired Gramen. This probably would have limited the severity of this situation and
may have avoided it entirely.
The hiring Dick Gramen was a huge mistake. Gramen did not have the skills required to be in this
position. He came from a different computing environment (Macintosh), also he had no experience
on the systems in use at the MSCC. He never had had any prior contact with Unitrak or with any
trade associations.
MSCC had the mindset of "we don't look outside our cave." This was clearly eveidenced when
Unitrak's developers found themselves in financial trouble. MSCC should have begun looking at
their options because they were already having problems with UNITRAK. Management should
never wait until problems arise to have a contingency plan in place. Unitrak was a bad choice for
information system, but not planning ahead is even worse perhaps inexcuseable. Also, MSCC did an
inadequate

Wooster Glass Case Study
WOOSTER – Sit down with Greg and Kathy Long and you would never know the couple has been
named to the Wooster Area Chamber of Commerce Wall of Fame.
Greg, managing partner of the Long, Cook & Samsa accounting firm, and Kathy, president of
Wooster Glass, will be honored for a lifetime of achievement at the Chamber's annual dinner meeting
Jan. 18 at GOJO Industries, however, they seemed more focused on those who never made it to the
wall or who should be on the wall.
"For everyone on the wall there are 10 who should have been, but they peaked at the wrong time or
got out of business," Greg Long said.
"There are so many people who do things quietly," Kathy Long said. "I was fortunate every day of
my career to work with my father (Ralph Jones) and for my father to see how things got done."
With the recognition, Kathy Long becomes the first second–generation honoree. Her father, Ralph
Jones, was named to the wall in 2005. Wooster Glass, the company he founded and ran into his 90s
before his death, was the Chamber's Business of the Year in 2002. Long, Cook & Samsa was the
Chamber's Small Business of the Year in 2008 for companies with 15 or fewer employees.
The award typically recognizes an individual for philanthropy and fostering a better business and
social climate. This will be the second time a husband–and–wife team is recognized; the first was
Earl and Betty Hawkins.
The two have been very active in the community with Greg Long being more visible and Kathy
Long preferring to work behind the scenes. She is very involved in the management of the
foundation her parents started, the Ralph and Grace Jones Foundation, the work of Every Women's
House, OneEighty and her involvement with the Wayne County Community Foundation's Women's
Fund advisory committee.
Greg Long has been involved with Wooster Youth Baseball, the Boy Scouts, The College of Wooster,
the Wayne County Chapter of the American Red Cross, The Village Network, the Wayne County
Humane Society and other nonprofit organizations.
"You are not going to find anyone who cares about Wooster more than those two," said Pat Neyhart,
Kathy Long's partner at Wooster Glass. "You can give back to the community three ways: With your
money, with your time or a

Failure Analysis And Rectification Of Aero Engine...
TITLE OF THE PROJECT: Failure analysis and rectification of Aero Engine combustion chamber
field temperature measurement system.
OBJECTIVE: To identify the root cause of failure and rectification of Aero Engine combustion
chamber field temperature measurement system.
INTRODUCTION
About HAL
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) was founded way back in year 1940 by a visionary Seth
Walchand Hirachand as Hindustan Aircraft Limited at Bangalore in association with the erstwhile
princely State of Mysore. Government of India became one of its shareholders in March 1941 and
took over the management in 1942. HAL was formed on 1st October 1964 by merging of
Aeronautics India Limited and Aircraft Manufacturing Depot with Hindustan Aircraft Limited.
The present day Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, is a Navaratna Public Sector Undertaking (PSU),
under Ministry of Defence and fully owned by Govt. of India.
AERO ENGINE TEST CELL
AERO ENGINE TESTING INTRODUCTION:
During manufacture, the aero engines are subjected to various tests, which will guarantee reliable
operation of the engines during its service life. Each Aero engine after its final assembly is subjected
to two tests, and every combustion chamber module of engine is subjected to temperature profile
measurement test. The tests are broadly classified as
 INITIAL TEST
 FINAL TEST (acceptance test).
 COMBUSTION

Heating For Heating Building Or House
Many technologies are available for heating building or house. Boilers are pressure vessels intended
to heat water or deliver steam which can then be used to give space heating and additionally benefit
water heating to a building. In most business building heating applications, the heating source in the
boiler is a natural gas fired burner. Oil fired burners and electric resistance radiators can be used too.
Steam is favored over heated water in a few applications, counting absorption cooling, kitchens,
laundries, sterilizers, and steam driven hardware. Boilers have a few qualities that have made them a
typical component of buildings. They have a long life, can accomplish efficiencies up to 95% or
more, give a powerful strategy for heating a building and on account of steam systems, require little
or no pumping energy. Otherwise, fuel costs can be significant, regular maintenance is required, and
if support is deferred, repair can be exorbitant. Boilers are regularly one of the biggest energy users
in a building. For consistently a boiler system goes unattended, boiler expenses can increase around
10%. Boiler operation and maintenance are in this way a decent place to begin when searching for
approaches to reduce energy use and save money.
1.1 How boilers work Both gas and oil fired boilers use controlled burning of the fuel to heat water.
The key boiler components required in

Descriptive Essay : ' My Boots '
Lacing your boots Sweat was dripping down my face. I was readjusting my helmet for the last time
as it broke earlier in the day. The trench almost looked like a vacation spot near the beach. The soft
yellow light reflecting off the sand and the complete silence of the immediate area. My breath got
shallow. I kept trying to practice perfect breathing but almost at the same time afraid that I would not
hear a command. The sound of alternating radio beeps was inconsistent.
Then out of nowhere, a man yells "GO! GO! GO!". In an instant, I flung my way to the top of trench
wall landing flat on my face. I then preceded to crawl using only my right and left leg, face dragging
across the cold sand. Dragging myself in full body armor and M–16 ... Show more content on
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Still, 4th out of some 230 privates is a great confidence booster. Due to my early finish I was put on
a detail to collect the brass that had fallen from the gun nests. me and 7 other private's rangers
walked over to the gun nest. I could only pick out a few of the others soldiers. I ether did not know
them, or our camo Army Combat Uniform (ACU) kept their identity secret on this muggy night. We
took several minutes gathering up the scattered casings, some still hot from firing. NIC was part of
our finale Field Training Exercise (FTX). Its seems like it has been years since I first gave my oath to
serve in the Army. Basic is nothing like I have ever experienced. I was put on a flight and sent to
Fort Benning Georgia for 3 months. I had enlisted in the NC national guard, and while they do their
own training to prepare out for basic training, nothing can ever prepare you. When I had arrived in
the Atlanta airport it was the first time I ever felt alone. This was brave new ground for me. I was
about to embark on a journey that would change my life forever. Basic Training is divided into 4
stages, reception, red, white and blue. Reception is the phase before basic training even begins. It
consists of medical exams, shots, long lines and meaningless tasks. It is considered the most
mentally challenging part of basic training by some. This is where you get your first glimmer of your

Comparing The Superstitious Man's Story And The Call
Comparing The Superstitious Man's Story And The Call
Iam comparing the two stories, The Superstitious Man written by Thomas Hardy and The Call
written by Robert Westall.
The Superstitious Man's story is narrated by a third person. We don't actually find out much about
the narrator because not much is mentioned. However in The Call the story is narrated by the rota–
secretary of the local Samaritans.
Tension in The Superstitious Man is built up in many ways in the story, when Betty finishes her
ironing she decides to go up to their chamber but to her great surprise, on reaching the foot the
staircase she sees Williams boots, standing in the same place as they always stood, when he had gone
to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tension in The Call is built up by the call's Meg and Geoff receives in the story. One of the call's
they received was a woman who sounded very frightened. "A voice spoke through the crackle. A
female voice. He's going to kill me. I know he's going to kill me." The story keeps you in suspense,
and makes you think what is happening to the woman on the other side of the phone.
The appearance of the ghosts in The Superstitious Man's story are described as faint shapes of all the
people who are to die, or to get over their illness within the year going in to the church. "faint shapes
of all the folk in the parish who are going to be at death's door within the year can be seen entering
the church. Those who get over their illness come out again after a while."
However in The Call Meg describes the female who calls them for help as an old lady who is lonely
and frightened. "an old lady who's living in the past. Some old lady who's muddled and lonely and
frightened." As we read on in the story we find out that the female calling Meg and Geoff for help is
actually the sprit of Agnes Todd. She was a lame wife living with Reg Todd the owner of Moresby
Locks, twenty–one years ago. On one Christmas Eve, 1964, she and her little white dog were
reported missing to the police. The body

Chemistry Investigation on Fuels
1.0 Abstract
The purpose of this investigation is to explore how much energy is stored in different types of fuels
and see which one would be better to purchase for a camping trip. The process that was used to find
this was called calorimetery and the results from this were compared to the price per milliliter for
each fuel. The fuel that was the best to purchase over all was deemed to be Ethanol. Ethanol was the
alcohol fuel that held the highest amount of energy compared to the price and had the highest rating
compared with the other fuels. The other fuels tested which were; Pentanol, 4 – methyl – 2 –
Pentanol and Octanol.
1.1 Introduction
A fuel is a substance that can be used to generate energy in a controlled manner. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
SMALL FIRE: Use DRY chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use alcohol foam, water spray or fog.
Cool containing vessels with water jet in order to prevent pressure build–up, auto ignition or
explosion
Toxicity: Acute Oral Toxicity, 3632mg/kg
Inhalation: If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is
difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention if symptoms appear. 1.23 4 – Methyl – 2 – Pentanol
Chemical Properties
Odour: N/A
Colour: N/A
Molecular Weight: 102.18 g/mol pH: 7 Neutral
Boiling Point: 131.8°C
Specific Gravity: 0.81 g/ml (water =1)
Solubility:

The Chemical Formula Of The Cell Hho Generator System
US20070048201A1
John E Sagaser invent An oxygen generation system Which uses three chambers each containing a
chemical for generating oxygen.
The chemicals in the oxygen generation system consist of Water (H2O) in the third chamber, diluted
hydro gen peroxide (H2O2) in the second chamber, granular sodium percarbonate (2Na2CO3
'3H2O2) in the first chamber,
The oxygen generation starts When the valve betWeen the ?rst and second chambers is opened and
the second reactant ?oWs into the first chamber and mixes With the ?rst reactant.
Oxygen can be generated by various chemical reactions. First the liquid hydrogen peroxide reacts
With the catalysts to produce oxygen and Water and then that Water and the sodium percarbonate
and catalysts react to produce additional oxygen. The chemical formula for this reaction is as
folloWs:
Reaction in book
US20120111734 A1
in single cell hho generator, the hydrogen and oxygen producing less hence inventor Edward Kramer
invent the multi cell hho generator system.
As shown in above figure he use the multi anode and cathode plates Results in high production of
hydrogen and oxygen gas.
According to Raees Ahmed Lodhi, Nawaz Ahmad and Rizwan Raheem Ahmed,"The HHO gas
produces result of hydrolysis of distilled water with combination of some electrolyte sodium or
potassium hydro oxides. That Mixture is generally called Hydrogen–Hydro oxide mixture (H–OH) .
With thermodynamics advantages, by hydrolysis of steam and using different

Meridith's Dream Short Story
Meridith's Dream
I was in an ethereal world, where everything and everyone was light and afloat. A place where
responsibilities and duties were meaningless, because we had all the time in the world to just float
and be free. The weightlessness feeling washed over me like waves over the seashore. I was
immersed in a feeling of mild tranquility. It's amazing how the world can be renewed just by getting
rid of gravity. By defying it. I looked around. It looked fairly ordinary, it was a small street in this
small town. It could have been any other day, any other sunset at 5:00 pm. But at the same time, it
looked extraordinary. The people hovered above the ground, some street signs and cars were
suspended in air too. As a girl was walking her dog, they both strolled on the air as if it were like the
flat grey pavement laying on the ground below. I smiled and sighed, for this was a new world. A new
beginning for someplace that was once the most boring town on the Earth. All of the sudden,
darkness quickly flashed across my field of vision, and I woke up, in my bed. I looked around. My
bed laid on the floor, and so did my lamp and my nightstand next to me. Everything was in it's
proper place. How disappointing. I exhaled, a small little sigh escaping from my mouth. It was just a
dream of course, and it was one I wish I hadn't woken up from. Crawling out of my bed, I stood to
look up at my clock, where it showed it was 9:30. I had slept for a full 8 hours, but I couldn't shake
the feeling of the draining tiredness away. Maybe I should rest a little more, I thought to myself at
first. But at that moment, I had remembered something. It was my experiment! I suddenly broke out
into a smile as I realized what I could do. Today, I didn't have any work to do, so that meant I could
start my experiment. This experiment could get me one step closer to my dream of defying gravity.
In a sudden burst of motivation and excitement, I ran from my bedroom and sailed down the stairs to
my lab, where my newest invention awaited. After a few months of extensive research, finding
materials and tinkering around with things, I had finally built my anti–gravity chamber. It was a
long, cylinder–shaped tube, with an opening that could fit

Methods to Reduce Air Pollution Essay
Methods to Reduce Air Pollution
Air pollution is nothing new. Ever since the discovery of fire, less–than–desirable substances have
been vented into the air. One of the first air–pollution regulations dates back to the fourteenth
century, when King Edward I banned the burning of sea coal in lime kilns. U.S. air–pollution
regulations have their roots in British Common Law. But regardless of those efforts, air pollution
continues to be a serious local and world–wide problem. Pollution is the pressure within the air of
one or more substances that are harmful to human health, welfare, animal or plant life, or property.
In the past with air pollution we included mainly the outdoor pollutants, although in recent years this
is not the case. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All these particles are mainly products of combustion. The major sources include industrial
processes, power plants that are both coal and oil–fired, residential heating, and transportation. But
coal burning is the greatest source.
Table 1 below shows estimates of U.S. particulate emissions from various sources.
TABLE 1
National U.S. Emissions Estimates–1990
(Million metric tons/year)
SOURCE PARTICULATES SULFUR OXIDES CARBON MONOXIDES
Transportation
Highway 1.3 0.6 30.3
Aircraft 0.1 0 1.1
Rail&Sea 0 0.3 1.9
Off–Highway equipment 0.1 0.1 4.4
TOTAL 1.5 1 37.7
Stationary fuel combustion
Electric utilities 0.4 14.2 0.3
Indusrial furnaces 0.3 2.3 0.7
Commercial 0 0.4 0.1
Residential 1 0.3 6.4
TOTAL 1.7 17.2 7.5

Industrial processes 2.8 3.1 4.7
Solid waste disposal 0.3 0 1.7
Miacellaneous
Forest fires 1.1 0 8.1
Other burning 0.1 0 0.6
Misc. Organic solvents 0 0 0
TOTAL 1.2 0 8.7
OVERALL TOTAL 7.5 21.3 60.3
Only 13% of the total is generated by transportation. Industrial sources account for nearly three times
as much as 37%. Fires account for just about as much particulate emissions as transportation. That
amount is matched by combustion from sources, which include the generation of all heat and
electricity.
Emissions
When coal was the main source to generate energy, power plants and homes accounted for much
greater

The For Good Quality Cement
The clinker coming out of the kiln is at temperatures of around 1400oC. For good quality cement,
this temperature has to be brought down to around 200oC in a limited period of time. Thus it is
brought in contact with a cross circulation heat exchanging cooler.
The heat of the incoming clinker is recuperated in the secondary air at an efficiency which usually
lies within 65% to 70
The clinker cooler has the following main functions:
1. Recuperate the clinker heat by heating up the combustion air (secondary and tertiary air)
2. Maintain a minimum cooling velocity in order to avoid unfavorable mineralogical clinker phases
and crystal size
3. Facilitate clinker handling and storage.
Three groups of coolers can be defined according to their working principle:
A. On a grate cooler the clinker forms a bed which is transported along the grate by different
mechanisms. The cooling air is blown from below the grate by fans and passes through the clinker
bed in cross current. Only a Dart of this air can be used as combustion air, the rest of it has to be
dedusted and wasted, unless it can be used for another purpose (e.g. raw material or coal drying, fuel
oil preheating, heating of buildings, warm water preparation, etc.).
B. The operating principle of a tube cooler is quite similar to the one of a rotary kiln: the material
and the cooling air are led in counter current through one or more slightly inclined rotating tubes.
Special lifters are installed which increase the active heat

Aqua Silencer
ABSTRACT
Polluted air causes physical ill effect decides undesirable aesthetic and physiological effects. The
main pollutants contributed by automobiles, electric power generating stations, industrial and
domestic fuel consumption, refuse burning, industrial processing etc. are carbon monoxide (CO),
unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Lead. An aqua silencer is an attempt
mainly dealing with control of emission and noise. The noise and smoke level is considerably less
than the conventional silencer, it is cheaper, no need of catalytic converter and easy to install.
Table of Contents ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| Particulars | Page No. | 2.1 | Catalytic converter | 6 | 2.2 | Exhaust gas circulations | 8 | 2.3 |
Conventional muffler | 9 | 3.1 | Perforated tube | 17 | 3.2 | Reducer | 18 | 4.1 | Metal container | 19 |
4.2.1 | Tube without perforations | 20 | 4.2.2 | Cross sectional view of perforated tube with charcoal
layer | 20 | 4.2.3 | Perforated tube | 20 | 4.3 | Cross sectional view of reducer | 21 | 5.1 | Activated
charcoal | 22 | 5.2 | Magnified view of activate charcoal | 23 |
List of Tables
Table No. | Particulars | Page No. | 1.1 | | | 1.2 | | | 1.3 | | | 1.4 | | | 1.5 | | | 1.6 | | | 2.1 | | | 2.2 | | | 2.3 | | |
2.4 | | | 2.5 | | | 2.6 | | | 2.7 | | | 4.1 | | | 6.1 | | | 6.2 | | | 6.3 | | |
1.1 AIR Pollution
Air Pollution can be defined as addition to our environment of any material which will have
detorious effect on life and planet is called as air

A Brief Note On The Diesel Engine Exhaust Gas Emissions...
ABSTRACT
Diesel engine exhaust gas emissions and particulate matters have been a serious environmental
problem for a long time. Many research have been made in order to reduce these emissions since the
usage of diesel engines came into large. Major emissions from the diesel exhaust are NOx, SOx, CO
and Particulate Matters. Amongst these SOx, CO and Particulate matters can be reduced by using
after treatment methods like Catalytic Reduction, etc. Unlike these NOx reduction is a challenging
issue. In this project various types of technologies which are used till now to reduce NOx ¬has been
discussed and the advantages and dis–advantages of each technology is mentioned. Critical analysis
is made of emerging and new technologies is made and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I also extend my thanks to my friends and family for their support and co–operation without which
this task could have been very difficult to achieve.
PRASANNA SEETHARAMAN (M.Sc Automotive Engineering)
OBJECTIVES
Study about combustion in diesel engine.
Investigate production of NOx in CI engines.
Analyse current technologies used in reduction of NOx with respect to combustion process.
Critical analysis of emergent technologies for NOx reduction.
Write a report which explains all the above process.
GANTT CHART
INTRODUCTION
Usage of diesel engine in automobiles is increasing worldwide because of its high fuel efficiency. As
the usage increases, the emissions from the exhaust gases also increases which affects the
atmosphere, thereby causing environmental issues such as global warming, smog and even acid rain.
These emissions are mainly due to non–stoichiometric combustion, dissociation of Nitrogen and
impurities in the fuel and air mixture. Major emissions include Oxides of Nitrogen, Oxides of
Sulphur, unburnt Hydrocarbons, oxides of carbon and other carbon particles or soot. Significant
measures are taken by the automotive industries for several years to reduces the intensity of these
exhaust gases. There are two ways of reducing these exhaust gases are
i) Primary methods in which the exhaust gases are reducing within the combustion chamber. ii)
Secondary methods or after

The Physics Of Combustion Engines
Throughout the life of combustion engines the goal has been to make them more efficient. Higher
efficiency lead to increased engine performance and power output, and a reduction in fuel
consumption. The Weber (We) number, shown in Equation (1), relates a fluid's inertial forces to its
surface tension forces making it useful in analyzing the atomization of fuel in a combustion engine.
We=Dynamic PressureSurface Tension Pressure=⍴U2(/D) (1)
The three main things that are required for combustion are; fuel, oxygen and ignition. For an engine
to achieve higher performance and run more efficiently, it is best to have a fully vaporized fuel. This
leads to a more complete combustion and less waste. For best results the fuel droplets should be
small, this will help them vaporize uniformly. When injecting fuel into combustion engines, a higher
Weber number is desirable and will help produce a clean burning and efficient combustion cycle. By
examining the Weber number more in depth, it is apparent that optimizing the parameters of
Equation (1) will help raise the Weber number significantly and increase the performance of internal
combustion engines.
It is well known that a higher Weber number is better for good atomization of fuel in an internal
combustion engine. The U shown in the Equation (1) is the velocity of the fuel relative to the
surrounding air. A common atomization method for gasoline engines is to spray fuel at high
velocities into the combustion

Lab Report On Brake Thermal Efficiency
Brake thermal efficiency: Graph 7.1 Load Vs Brake thermal efficiency Graph7.2 Load Vs Brake
thermal efficiency For gasoline and gasoline blended ethanol and methanol, the variation of brake
thermal efficiency with Load was shown in Fig 8.1 and 8.2. It indicates the variation in brake
thermal efficiency with Load. Brake thermal efficiency of basic engine and bimetallic piston engine
was found to be comparable for gasoline and gasoline blended ethanol and methanol. At 880W load
brake thermal efficiency of 18.9% was obtained for gasoline with basic engine whereas it was
21.38% and 20.2% using ethanol blended gasoline E20 and methanol blended gasoline M20 with
basic engine respectively. At 880W load brake thermal efficiency of 20.19% was obtained for
gasoline with bimetallic piston engine whereas it was 25.86% and 23.4% using ethanol blended
gasoline E20 and methanol blended gasoline M20 with bimetallic piston engine respectively. Brake
thermal efficiency of bimetallic piston at E20 was maximum for different loads when compared with
gasoline, Brake thermal efficiency of Basic engine at E20 was maximum for different loads when
compared with gasoline. Ethanol blended gasoline produces higher brake thermal efficiency compare
with methanol blended gasoline and pure gasoline due to stoichiometric air requirement of ethanol
blended gasoline is high compare with methanol blended gasoline and pure gasoline. Methanol
blended gasoline air requirement is less and calorific value

Palm Desert Case Study
Experience 2015 – Present Palm Desert Area Regional Chamber of Palm Desert, CA President/CEO
Maintain the metrics as established for the 5–Star US Accredited, Award Winning Chamber.
Work with Board of Directors to establish, implement and maintain the corporate mission and vision
and assist with setting the strategic direction of the organization.
Extensive experience establishing and implementing annual program of work/business plan that is
consistent with achieving strategic goals set with the Board of Directors.
Oversee and manage fiscal resources of the organization including preparation of the annual budget,
and ensuring that all financial records are audited in compliance with established laws. ... Show more
Participate in both chamber and community activities to promote and enhance the image and
relationship for the chamber with all groups and parties within the city and state. This has lead to
stronger more effective relationships with the city as evidenced by the successful negotiations of
securing $35,000 for an annual event and an additional $35,000 for a new event thus taking a risk
and having confidence that the only 5–Star Chamber in the Coachella Valley would be successful.
Coordinate the activities of the chamber staff including recruiting, educating, training, supervising
and regularly assessing performance of staff.
Recruit, orient, and direct the activities of volunteers including committees, workgroups and task
forces.
Recruit new members and retain existing members by directing and participating with appropriate
personnel to ensure adequate membership services.
Selected and participated at the US Chamber Institution of Organizational Management accreditation
at the University of Tuscon site as a Class

Communication In The Movie Arrival
What would happen if alien life forms landed on earth? How would we communicate and cooperate
with them? If there was a conflict, how would we fix it? The movie Arrival, directed by Denis
Villeneuve attempts to answer these questions.
The movie begins with an expert linguist Louise Banks, (Amy Adams) losing her only daughter to
cancer at a young age. This is an important key to the storyline, but it gets set aside as soon as twelve
gigantic unidentified space craft appear in different places around the world. Within a day Louise is
summoned by the United States Military to decipher the language of the aliens. Shortly after arriving
at the base, Louise is sent into the large black "shell" along with a team of men and physics specialist
Ian Donnelly (Jeremy Renner). The door to the shell only opened every eighteen hours. Once inside,
the pod leads to a luminous chamber with a large glass screen like a movie theater. On the other side
of the glass emerged from the fog; two squid–like creatures that were later named Heptapods.
Because the military did not know the language of the aliens, they needed Louise to determine a way
to communicate with these creatures and figure out why they were here. Throughout the movie,
Louise would have memories of the child that died at the beginning of the movie, however, she
seemed to be confused immediately after the flashback.
Although the Heptapods were not showing any signs of aggression, other countries were beginning
to become far more

The Advantage And Disadvantages Of Pyrometer
Pyrometer is a touch less type temperature measuring device. In other words, pyrometer is a
transducer that makes use of the visible or invisible radiation emitted by an object to determine its
temperature without any physical contact with it. It is used to measure the surface temperatures of
very hot objects like furnaces and distant objects without actually being in contact with it. It
intercepts and measures the thermal radiation emitted by the object, a process called pyrometry.The
word pyrometer originated from the Greek word for fire, "πυρ" (pyro) and meter meaning to
measure. Due to its speed, accuracy, specific advantages and economy, pyrometer is gaining
acceptance in new fields.
HISTORY
Originally pyrometry was a strictly visual measuring method. In early times the experienced
blacksmiths and steel workers could predict the metal's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also it is not useful for obtaining continuous values of temperature at small intervals. It also depends
on the skill of the user. ADVANTAGES
Pyrometers are widely used these days due the following advantages:
1) Fast response time–Pyrometers have very short response time. In the case of normal thermometers
,the probe must first reach the same temperature of the object and this takes time due to thermal
conduction. But in the case of pyrometers, the radiation is being measured and the temperature is
shown.
2) Affect on temperature and material– As an optical pyrometer uses a portion of the energy radiated
by the target object, it does not affect the temperature of the target in the act of measuring .Also the
life of contact–free measuring devices is more in comparison to the thermo elements as the latter gets
damaged due to wear and tear.
3) Measuring moving objects–Due to its short response time, pyrometers can be used to measure the
temperature of fast moving

A Brief Note On The And Its Effects On The Environment
CHAPTER–4
POLLUTION DUE TO EMISSIONS
IC engines generate undesirable emissions during the combustion process. The emissions exhausted
into the surroundings pollute the atmosphere and causes following problems.
Global warming
Acid rain
Smog
Odors
Respiratory and other health hazards.
The major causes of these emissions are non–stoichiometric combustion, dissociation of nitrogen,
and impurities in the fuel and air. The emissions of concern are unburnt hydro carbons (HC), oxides
of carbon (COX), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), oxides of sulphur (SOX) and solid carbon particulates.
It is the dream of engineers and scientists to develop engines and fuels such that very few quantity of
harmful emissions are generated, and these could be let into the surroundings without a major impact
on the environment. However with the present technology this is not possible, and after treatment of
the exhaust gases as well as in cylinder reduction of emissions is important.
4.1 AIR POLLUTION DUE TO IC ENGINES
Until the middle of the 20th century the number of IC engines in the world was so small that the
pollution they caused was tolerable. During that period the environment, with the help of sunlight,
stayed relatively clean. As world population grew, power plants, factories, and an ever–increasing
number of automobiles began to pollute the air to the extent that it is no longer acceptable. During
the late 1940s, air pollution as a problem was first recognized in the Los – Angeles basin

Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Green Engine
Direct air intake
Direct air intake means that there is no air inlet pipe, throttle and inlet valves on the air intake
system. Air filter is directly connected to the intake port of the engine, and together with the less
heating effect of air intake process, benefited from lower temperature of independent intake
chamber, a highest volumetric efficiency which makes engine produce a high torque of output on all
speed range is achieved . The pump loss which consumes the part of engine power is eliminated
.Also fuel measuring facilities are built–in,and parts are saved.
Strong swirling
As a tangential air duct in between combustion chamber and compression chamber, a very swirling
which could lost until gas port is opened, can be formed while air is pumped into the ... Show more
Hence, vibrations are eliminated.
Advantages of a green engine :
As obvious from the technical features which include effective innovations, the advantages of the
Green engine over the contemporary piston engines are many. Small Size and Light Weight
As Green engine is very compact with multi–power pulses, the size and weight could be 1/5 to 1/10
of the conventional piston engines on same output. Its power to weight ratio could be more than 2 hp
per pound without supercharge or turbo charge.
Limited Parts
There are only some dozens of parts easy to be manufactured in the engine structure.
High Efficiency
Because many great innovations are being employed in the engine design such as: direct air intake,
sequential variable compression ratio, super mixing process, constant volume combustion,
controllable combustion time, high working temperature of the burner, high expansion ratio and self
adapting sealing system etc., the thermal efficiency of the engine could be potentially as high as 65
%, even more if water add–in technology is to be

Disadvantages And Disadvantages Of Solid Waste Incineration
University of Sharjah
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department
Solid Waste Incinerators May 23, 2016
Student Name Student ID
Mohammad Ahmed U00028201
Abdalmounem Ali U00036374
Group 3B
Instructor: Mohamed Abdallah
1–summary
This research paper will discuss and will review the solid waste and its management detention also it
will define the Incineration method and will discuss the types of Incinerators the technology and the
advantages and dis advantages of this method which is considered an important method in the
combustion process
2–Introduction
2.1 Solid waste and management
Solid waste was a problem even before air and water pollution issues attracted the notice of human
civilization, problem related with solid waste are due to the invention of new ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
* Minimum of the lands are need compare with the dimensions of the waste disposal places.
* The mass of waste is reduced up to 85% of the initial value of the waste.
* The volume of the waste is reduced to 10% of the initial value of the waste.
* The gas produce by flue contain heavy metals with harmful substances followed the incineration
process so it is cleaned and become friendly form to the environment but , If the waste dumped in the
untreated form will pollute underground water also poisoned the environment.
* the Incineration plants located close to the residential areas , this is the centres of production of the
waste so this help to reduce traffic , pollution , noise and also the costs of the transportation.

* All waste disposal decompose organic materials into other simple carbon molecules like (carbon
dioxide) and also to (methane).
* also this system contains sanitization process to destruct any harmful

The Physics Of The Gas
3. The size of the flame depends on the gas–air mixture. If a high proportion of primary air enters the
flame would be much smaller and concentrated giving higher flame temperatures. This gives rise to
carbon dioxide because of unburned gases. For this the injector was again the great solution. As the
gas comes out of the injector air enters into the stream and is mixed in the mixing tube with the gas
before it comes out of the burner port. Combustion zone is where the gas burns in the primary air and
generates heat in the flame and combustion is completed with the aid of the secondary air that is
drawn into the air from the sides. Fig 7: Injector pin [3]
4. The amount of gas emerging out of the injector enters into the mixing chamber ... Show more
Therefore, most burners are designed to have a throat that gives an aeration greater than optimum
and also with a device for restricting the air flow so that the optimum aeration can be set for any
given situation.
5. If the mixing chamber is small good mixing of gas air mixture cannot be done. So, a lot of energy
will be wasted. Therefore, there are many ways of improving the gas air mixture:
By providing a long mixing chamber serves in good mixing of gas air mixture. But the mixing tube
will be very long.
By using a venturi, with a pipe that tapers into the throat and then again tapers out smoothly. In this
the air flow can be adjusted by screwing the injector into or out of the throat or by moving the throat
relative to the injector. Fig 8: Throat or Diffuser [3]
The air flow in the venturi can also be controlled with the help of a throttle valve which can be
screwed to block the throat. Fig 9: Throat with Throttle [3]
The venturi can be smaller than the cylindrical mixing tube. Therefore, it can be used in any place
even if the space is limited.
6. Equivalent supply of heat to cook anything is the main necessity for high efficiency and reduce the
energy consumption. Therefore, burner ports were designed. So, the flame can be directed effectively
where it is needed. It is possible for the flame of the burner to travel back to the

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Biomass
Cooking Using Biomass Energy Biomass refers to living and recently dead biological materials that
can be used as fuel or for industrial production.
Moreover, Biomass Energy is one of the most reliable alternative energy sources in the present and
the future as well. According Adria and Bethge (2013, p.9), more than 2.5 billion people still depend
on biomass such as wood, waste or drug for cooking, In Nepal about 88% percent of total energy
consumption is traditional biomass resources and out of the bio mass resources nearly 78% is met by
wood. The majority of the wood resources are used for cooking purposes but combusted in the
traditional wood stoves which causes major health and environmental impacts. Therefore, to use this
limited source of energy in a more sustainable manner more efficient devices and technologies have
to be promoted.
Types of Biomass stoves promoted in Nepal Mud brick stove This is the most widely used
technology in Nepal. 1 The mud brick is made of clay, rice husk, cow and few metal rods. Moreover,
the Mud brick is available in different models such as one pothole, two pothole and three pothole.
Advantages of Mud brick It's cheap in cost Can be built very easily More than 15% of efficiency
Suitable in the mid–hills as in the northern part of Terai ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4 Millennium Development Goals (MDG) is eight goals to be accomplished by 2015 that relates to
the world's main development challengers (United Nations, 2000). Implementation of improved
biomass stoves like Save80 Stove in Nepal is a crucial factor to obtain the MDGs. The use of energy
sufficient and cleaner stoves helps on achieving MDG such as environmental sustainability; improve
maternal health and eradication of extreme poverty and hunger from improving health conditions
and reducing the cost associated with the energy for

A Report On The Fire
INTRODUCTION
This is a report compiled by Musawenkosi Nkabinde a student at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan
University while conducting practicals in the kingdom of Swaziland at a company called Montigny
Forest Products. It is a company of about plus minus 75 000 hacters where a variety of species are
planted e.g. Pinus elliote, Patula, Taeda, Pexq, Eucalyptus Smithii, dannai etc. All these are planted
for different products dominating one being the production of planks which means the company
keeps many of its trees for many years till they mature.
The main purpose of this report is to give clarity on the fire, to determine the origin, determine
causes of the fire, damages caused by the fire and to develop ideas on how can unwanted fires like
these can be prevented from reoccurring in our plantations like the one occurred in compartment C22
on the17 of JULY 2015 at 17:00pm till 23:00pm. A number of plus minus 600 pinus Elliote trees
were affected by this fire.
HISTORY OF THE AREA
It had been known for years that the belt dividing C22 and C14 has a problem with smoldering
materials, usually when that belt is burnt a tanker and two labourers are left behind extinguishing the
smoldering woods ensuring nothing lights up, but on this day the tanker had a breakdown two days
ago so it was unavailable and the was no other resource to take up its place it. Nearby these
compartments are wattle jungles which are always feared when burning fire belts knowing that once
they

Corrosion And Erosion Of Coal Combustion Chamber
 This review article focuses on corrosion and erosion of coal combustion chamber.
 Coal fire power plant
 Fluidized bed combustion chamber
 Mechanism of fluidized bed combustion chamber
 Effect of corrosion and erosion on fluidized bed combustion chamber
 Preventive measure solutions against hot corrosion and erosion problem
 Different types of systems for coal power plant installation.
__________________________________________________________________________________
K E Y W O R D S
__________________________________________________________________________________
Hot corrosion , erosion , chlorine , Chemical vapor deposition , Physical vapor deposition , super
heater , water wall , Boiler , Thermal spraying , Nanostructured ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The problems create by the emission and corrosion can be solve by changing the material, Spraying
& coating with use of different types material, altering the territory or by separating the component
surface from the atmosphere. The reason behind this paper is to present a literature review of current
explanations on parameters which effect on the erosion–corrosion of combustion bed coil like coal
properties, air flow velocity, tube material, nozzle diameter, thickness and pitch of bed coil, size and
shape of the boiler tubes etc. Furthermore, several different hypotheses based on experimental
studies, analytical studies, and numerical studies have been put forward to describe the Optimization
of coal combustion process.
1. INTRODUCTION
Now a days in all over the world majority of electricity is generated in coal–fired thermal plants, in
which the coal is used for burned to boil water and the steam produced is expanded through a
turbine, which turns a generator [2]. And at the same time low pressure steam exit at the end of the
turbine and it is condensed by the condenser and returned to the boiler.
Erosion and corrosion in coal combustion chamber is a major problem faced by coal fire power
plant. Coal is a very complex and relatively pollutant fuel that contains huge amount of S02 and
substantial fraction of noncombustible mineral constituents, commonly called ash And majority of
coal used in coal power stations has

A Short Note On Rocket Engine Combustion Instability
Rocket Engine Combustion Instability
Naveen Penmetsa
University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309
C ombustion instability has long been an area of research in the design of both aircraft and rocket
engines. Specifically in terms of rocket engines, combustion instabilities occur in every type of
engine including solid rocket motors, cryogenic engines, hyperbolic engines, and hydrocarbon
engines. Although combustion oscillations tends to exist in almost every engine, the goal is to
minimize these variations in combustion such that any pressure oscillations are below the ambient
noise of the engine itself. In order to reduce the linear and nonlinear coupling that causes these
instabilities, it is important to identify not only the types of oscillations that occur but also the causes
for each of these oscillations.
In liquid engines there are three main types of instabilities. These are chugging oscillations which are
low frequency, buzzing oscillations which are of an intermediate frequency, and screeching which is
a high frequency oscillation. Additionally, instabilities can oscillate in three different direction, due
to the three dimensional nature of combustion. These directions are longitudinally, radially, and
transversely.
Flow States' Effect on Liquid Engine Combustion Instability
Overview
The various forms of combustion instability in liquid rocket engines are directly and indirectly
affected by the state of the flow from the inlet of the injector to the throat of

Reduction Of Carbon Diesel Engines And Catalytic Converter
REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS IN DIESEL ENGINES AND CATALYTIC CONVERTER IN
GASOLINE ENGINES Uppu.Nagaraju1, M.V. Sirisha2
1M.Tech Student, 2 Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
DR.SAMUEL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MARKAPURAM–523316, PRAKASAM DIST, ANDHRA PRADESH
ABSTRACT
The main concern of today's automobile industry is to reduce the amount of emissions (HC, CO,
NOx) to meet stringent emission norms. These emission norms can be obtained by modification in
in–cylinder combustion process or after treatment process. It's not possible to achieve the emission
norms by in–cylinder process alone. So, in this project, we make an attempt to reduce the emissions
by the after treatment process. The scope of our project is to reduce emissions in both gasoline and
diesel engines. In the after treatment process, Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology
dominates the heavy duty diesel engines and catalytic convertor plays an important role in the
current era of gasoline engines. In this an attempt made to reduce NOx emissions by SCR
technology. In this work, we used Zeolite ZSM–5 as catalyst which was assisted by urea injection in
the exhaust tail pipe. It has been observed that 10 to 12% of NOx was reduced compared to existing
engine set–up.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The rise in civilization is closely related to improvements in transportation. In the development of
transport the internal combustion engines, both petrol and diesel engines, occupy a very

The Components Of The Gas Suspension Preheater
The key component of the gas–suspension preheater is the cyclone. A cyclone is a conical vessel into
which a dust–bearing gas–stream is passed tangentially. This produces a vortex within the vessel.
The gas leaves the vessel through a co–axial "vortex–finder". The solids are thrown to the outside
edge of the vessel by centrifugal action, and leave through a valve in the vertex of the cone.
Cyclones were originally used to clean up the dust–laden gases leaving simple dry process kilns. If,
instead, the entire feed of rawmix is encouraged to pass through the cyclone, it is found that a very
efficient heat exchange takes place: the gas is efficiently cooled, hence producing less waste of heat
to the atmosphere, and the rawmix is efficiently heated. This efficiency is further increased if a
number of cyclones are connected in series
The number of cyclones stages used in practice varies from 1 to 6. Energy, in the form of fan–power,
is required to draw the gases through the string of cyclones, and at a string of 6 cyclones, the cost of
the added fan–power needed for an extra cyclone exceeds the efficiency advantage gained.
ROTARY KILN :THE HEART OF CEMENT MANUFACTURING
The kiln is a cylindrical vessel, inclined slightly to the horizontal, which is rotated slowly about its
axis. The material to be processed is fed into the upper end of the cylinder. As the kiln rotates,
material gradually moves down towards the lower end, and may undergo a certain amount of stirring

What Is The Stoichiometric Mixture In A Carburetor
Any combustion engine needs air with fuel and heat. The carburetor allows the internal combustion
engine to 'breath' in the right mixture of air and fuel. This mixture consists of air and a fine spray of
fuel flowing in rapid velocity. To understand how a carburetor works one must need to know how it
prepares the stoichiometric mixture. Air first enters its intake. It sounds so simple until one realizes
the pressure difference between the inside of the engine and the atmospheric pressure. The pressure
inside a carburetor is low which allows it to suck air needed by the engine cylinders. This draft of air
enters the venturi tube and creates a pressure drop in this area and main fuel jet. The decrease of air
pressure in the jet creates a suction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To understand how it works one must recall how a person draws juice from its container. The
pressure drops in the straw as air flows in a particular speed toward the person. It causes the juice to
flow towards the mouth of the person. The same thing happens inside the fuel jet. The fuel will enter
the venturi, as it does it expand to make a fine spray. It expands due to the change in the cross–
sectional area it transverse. What happens here is akin to what happens with a spray gun or a flexible
hose. The liquid passes through a narrow pathway with a low fluid pressure and high fluid velocity.
As it comes out the opening the fluid the pathway broadens; thus, its pressure rises and its velocity
drops. The force it exerts on the side of the pathway causes it to expand once it's out the nozzle
creating a fine spray. The fuel jet creates the same spray at the side of the venturi. This fine spray
mixes with the air flowing into the venturi. As the mixture flows past the venturi the pressure rises
and the fuel and air get better mixed in a wider cross–section of the tube. The stoichiometric mixture
would flow past the throttle valve and then enter the intake manifold of the

Linda Thomas Brush Fire
Those who have lived through natural disasters view them differently than those who have not.
Experience helps us understand circumstances in a new way. In the essays "Brush Fire" by Linda
Thomas, and "The Santa Ana" by Joan Didion, the authors perceive the mysterious Santa Ana winds
that blow through California, and the deadly brush fires that it creates. Through the use of imagery,
word choice, tone, and description the authors depict the beauty and destruction that they see from
the point of view of a native or an outsider.
Thomas, a California native, describes the Santa Ana brush fires in a more excited and astonished
tone. Since she is a native, she decides not to display her experiences to the reader in a factual way.
Instead, she writes more informally, and uses techniques such as word choice and imagery to display
the beauty that she sees. "The condition is perfect for fire that can rush up a canyon like a
locomotive, roaring and exploding brush as it rages." While describing a particularly hot and dry
spring, Thomas uses both imagery and simile to depict the fiery winds as a train rushing over the
brush. She does not only make this comparison for dramatic effect to entice the reader, but she also
does it because she sees the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"On November 24 six people were killed in automobile accidents...On November 26 a prominent
Pasadena attorney, depressed about money, shot and killed his wife, their two sons and himself."
Didion uses vivid imagery and description to portray saddening deaths around the time of the winds,
therefore increasing the fear that both the reader and the outsider feel toward the Santa Ana winds
without ever experiencing them. Since Didion uses second hand accounts, the writing is given a
distant and almost fearful tone. This is because the writing is no longer personal, therefore it impacts
the way that the reader perceives the message that the writing is trying to

The De Pere Area Chamber Of Commerce
I started my internship with the De Pere Area Chamber of Commerce in the first week of June.
Beginning my internship I wasn't sure what to expect. I had ideas about what I was going to be
doing, but wasn't sure. Whether the task was big or small I knew I wanted to contribute. At the De
Pere Area Chamber of Commerce I tend to work Monday through Friday. On Monday through
Thursday I usually work 10am to 3pm. However, I work a second job bartending at the Hyatt in
Green Bay. Sometimes the hours overlap and I am forced to leave my internship early. On Fridays I
go into my internship, but for limited time. Normally, I go to work for 10:30am to 12pm or longer,
depending on what my director needs from me. On average I work at the Chamber 20–22 hours a
week. The average can be less or more depending on what is being worked on. So far my work has
been diverse at the Chamber of Commerce. In the beginning I wrote on press releases (announcing
my hiring at the Chamber), I wrote a intern description and worked on improving their website. As
time went on, I worked with them to help organize certain events. The De Pere Chamber hosted Art
in the Park and is currently hosting their annual charity golf outing. With the events I did things like,
call sponsors, follow–up with people, pick up posters for the events and met up attendees and collect
their payments. Other times, I did simple things for the Chamber like, order up to date brochures,
painted a wall and organized the

Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel Essays
Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel
What is Hydrogen?
The simplest and lightest fuel is hydrogen gas (H2). Hydrogen is in a gaseous state at atmospheric
pressure and ambient temperatures. Hydrogen is being explored for use in combustion engines and
fuel cell electric vehicles. On a volumetric basis, the energy density of hydrogen is very low under
ambient conditions. This presents greater transportation and storage hurdles than for liquid fuels.
Storage systems being developed include compressed hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, and physical or
chemical bonding between hydrogen and a storage material (for example, metal hydrides).The ability
to create hydrogen from a variety of resources and its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hydrogen burns in air at concentrations in the range of 4 to 75 percent by volume (methane burns at
5.3 to 15 percent concentrations by volume). The highest burning temperature of hydrogen is 2,318
degrees Celsius and is reached at 29–percent concentration by volume in air.
Hydrogen Benefits
Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Greenhouse gases are thought to be responsible for changes in global climate. They trap excess heat
from the sun's infrared radiation that would otherwise escape into space, much like a greenhouse is
used to trap heat. When we drive our cars, and light, heat, and cool our homes, we generate
greenhouse gases. But if we used hydrogen in very high efficiency fuel cells for our transportation
and to generate power, we could significantly reduce the GHG emissions – especially if the
hydrogen is produced using renewable resources, nuclear power, or clean fossil technologies.
Reduce Air Pollution
The combustion of fossil fuels by electric power plants, vehicles, and other sources is responsible for
most of the smog and harmful particulates in the air. Fuel cells powered by pure hydrogen emit no
harmful pollutants. Fuel cells that use a reformer to convert fuels such as natural gas, methanol, or
gasoline to hydrogen do emit small amounts of air

Vacuum Pump And Pumping System For Operation
Safety Information
Vacuum pump and pumping system for operation in chemical environments
I. Introduction 3
A. Scope of the publication 3
B. Hazard sources 4
II. Hazardous pumped gases 6
A. Flammable material 6
a. Operation below the lower explosive limit (LEL) 7
b. Operation above the upper explosive limit (UEL) 7
c. Operation below the minimum oxygen concentration (MOC) 7
B. Pyrophoric material 8
C. Oxidizing agent 9
D. Explosive material 9
E. Corrosive material 10
F. Toxic 11
III. Vacuum system design 12
A. Risk analysis 12
B. Leak tightness 12
a. Ingress of air 12
b. Ingress of water 12
c. Exhaust gas back streaming 13
C. Overpressure in vacuum systems 13
a. Overpressure from exhaust blockage 13
b. Overpressure from purge systems 13
c. Design pressure 14
D. Temperature 14
a. Thermal cycling 14
b. Ambient operating temperature 14
c. Exhaust line heat tracing 14
E. Chemical reactions 14
a. Purges before and after the process 14
b. Cross–contamination of vacuum systems 15
c. Phase change 15

F. General considerations 15
a. Back streaming of exhaust gases 15
b. Formation of deposits in pipework 15
c. Liquid flushing 16
d. Inlet valve 16
e. Condensers 16
f. Cold traps 16
IV. Vacuum system operation 16
V. Vacuum system maintenance and modification 16
VI. Contact 16
Introduction
Scope of the publication
Busch vacuum solutions have been used in many different applications for many years. However,
using a Busch vacuum solution with hazardous process gases/vapours carries

Combustion In A Furnace Essay
i) Combustion in the furnace (for heating): Most furnaces burn fuel oil or natural gas as fuel. During
this combustion process, oxygen combines with fuel molecules to produce water, carbon dioxide and
heat. The heat is what is passed through combustion chamber and provides heating. To maximize the
efficiency of fuel burning furnaces, it is important that the right amount of products are used so there
is no excess product remaining after the combustion reaction. In the combustion reaction, in
furnaces, the air to fuel ratio is used. It is the ratio of the mass of air required to completely combust
a given mass of fuel. The use of chemical calculations and quantities in this process allows
maximum performance of furnace for heating, while saving money.
ii) Anesthesia: The dosage of anesthetic necessary for a person to undergo a painful surgery,
successfully, varies by person. Each patient needs a specific amount and type of anesthetic which
depends on age, body type and the length of the surgery. An anesthesiologist has to work through
percentages, ratios and metric conversions to figure out how much anesthesia a patient needs, while
keeping the three factors in mind. Formulas are used to calculate the maximum allowable volume
based on the weight/age of the patient and the type/concentration of the anesthesia. Precise
calculations of anesthetic are required, as they can determine the outcome of a surgery. If too much
anesthesia is given to a person, it can lead to serious

America Burning: Review Essay
While all three of the documents listed numerous similarities between them, they also went into
depth about some issues that the others did not. Among the similarities noted all three of the
documents mentioned fire prevention & education, training, and being accountable. These
documents listed the ways that we can educated the public, both young and old on how to prevent
fires, in and around the home, school, and office. They stressed the need for fire drills, educational
seminars, and site safety programs. At some point all of the documents addressed the need for
sprinkles in buildings, both large and small, or wherever you will have a congregation of people.
Since these documents have been made public, many communities across the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Agreed that you can make data say anything that you want, but if your not preventing fires, if you
not training, if you don't have enough staffing and if your not getting the latest and greatest fire
equipment you know it! These things need to be pushed from the fire chief, city or town mayor,
county Board of Supervisors, or whom ever is in charge. Be proactive instead of reactive with all of
the knee jerk reactions. All three of these reports listed a number figure that fires took away from us,
all three listed ways to keep it from happening again, but yet the same fires are burning, the same
outdated fire trucks are going out the door with one or two people on them. Its time to do something
with the statistics that we have for 50 years or more.
As far as the individual priorities for these three documents, the American Burning went in depth on
the design and types of material that are burning. Things like plastics, synthetics, and fabrics all give
off toxic gasses. Most of the materials that are in our home, and according to the American Burning
document 7 out of 10 fires occurred in a residence in 1971, are made up of these materials. When
these materials burn they give off toxic gasses, deplete the oxygen

Air Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment
1. Introduction
With the growth of number of factories, transportation and various exhaust gases today, a level of air
pollution has significantly increased in the environment. The smog enveloping the city is the most
visible and obvious sign of urban pollution. However, even invisible harmful particles can have a big
impact on the quality of airspace. In general, any substance released into the environment and having
an adverse effect, is an air pollution. Hazardous substances present in the air, not only affect the
environment but to a greater extent on the person who breathes it.
Nitrogen dioxides and carbon monoxide are two wildly known factors of global polluting of Earth.
CO, a greenhouse gas, is widely considered to be pollution caused by cars, planes, different human
activities including burning coal and fuels such as natural gas. In the last century, people 's actions
have led to a significant increase in the concentration of oxide in the atmosphere, much more then it
was hundreds years ago. With poisoning, molecules block the process of transporting oxygen and
cellular respiration. Thus, the concentration in air of more than 0.1% leads to death within one hour.
Nitrogen dioxide in its turn, is highly toxic. Even in small concentrations, it irritates the respiratory
tract and in large concentrations causes pulmonary edema. Thereby, air pollution has a high impact
on a human being.
Harmful effect is rising with high level of noise. It is pretty obvious, that airport

Reflective Essay On Social Work
As a senior, I thought this was the perfect time to get an in–depth look at a career field that I was
considering. The main reason I decided to take a career internship was to be exposed to a side of
business that I had not been previously and to see if it is something I may want to pursue. The spring
semester included interning at the Yadkin Valley Chamber of Commerce. The Chamber of
Commerce is located on East Market Street in Elkin, North Carolina. The time of the internship
period was mid–day from 11:30 A.M to 1:00 P.M. This time frame allowed me to be exposed to
many lunch meetings that took place. My mentor, Myra Cook, is the president of the Chamber of
Commerce. Her role is to help businesses succeed and to promote them to the town of Elkin. At the
Yadkin Valley Chamber of Commerce, many valuable skills were learned such as: filing, how to
make contacts with different businesses, and planning different community events. In the future, I
want to major in non–profit management and social work with hopes of opening my own non–profit
someday. My non–profit organization would focus on teaching people who did not receive a proper
education learn job and interview skills and help them enter the workforce.
When first arriving at the Chamber of Commerce, the first thing that is done is filing the new
paperwork, bills, and receipts. Throughout the day, typical duties include answering phone calls and
helping travellers that come in to the chamber. These travellers typically ask

Questions On Mixed Metal Oxides

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