Cuban Missile Crisis Brink of Nuclear War

Cuban Missle Crisis Essay
Cuban Missle Crisis
Many agree that the Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the world ever came to nuclear war; but
exactly how close did it come? The Crisis was ultimately a showdown between the United States
and the Soviet Union from October 16 to October 28, 1962. During those thirteen stressful days, the
world's two biggest superpowers stood on the brink of a nuclear catastrophe. The Crisis started as a
result of both the Soviet Union's fear of losing the arms race, and Cuba's fear of US invasion. The
Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev, thought that both problems could easily be solved by placing
Soviet medium range missiles in Cuba. This deployment would double the Soviet arsenal and
protect Cuba from US invasion. Khrushchev ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
did, in fact, have more missiles than the Soviet Union. What worried Khrushchev the most, though,
was that the Soviet missiles were only powerful enough to be launched against Europe, but the US
missiles were capable of striking the entire Soviet Union. He worried that if the Soviet Union lost
the arms race that badly, it would invite a nuclear attack from the US. Khrushchev needed a way to
counter the United State's lead. (May 49) In April of 1962, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev came
up with the idea of installing medium–range missiles in Cuba. Cuba was close enough to the United
States that the Soviet missiles would be an effective deterrent to a potential US attack against either
the Soviet Union or Cuba. Castro accepted Khrushchev's offer, since it would protect Cuba and,
therefore, solve Castro's previous dilemma. In mid–July of 1962, the Soviet Union began its buildup
of offensive weapons in Cuba. The Soviets spent most of the late–summer and early–fall of 1962
ferrying launch equipment and personnel necessary for the preparation of missiles to Cuba. Since
they could not use military ships (for fear of being discovered) the Soviets used civilian vessels.
However, even with this caution, their actions were detected. As the US monitored the suddenly
increased shipping activity to Cuba, rumors started in Washington. On August 10, John McCone,
director of the CIA, sent the President a letter stating his belief that the Soviets were placing
MRBMs in Cuba.
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France's Military Capabilities
In order for military personnel to operate optimally in foreign nations, it is important to comprehend
and understand the culture and capabilities of that country. The Army gives leaders the essential
topics to understand which are; political, military, economic, social, infrastructure, information,
physical environment, and time (PMESIIPT–T). This is intended to give leaders practical
information to use when conducting operations in France, as well as building a framework for
researching what they will need to know for other countries as well. Knowing a friendly country's
military assets and capabilities enables leaders to quickly integrate and optimize combat power.
France has three branches of the military the Army, Navy, and ... Show more content on
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It is not only important to know the type of government of that nation or the branches, but also the
political parties or tribes. France has a semi–presidential government with three branches much like
the United States of America (U.S.A.). The executive branch has both a president as head of state,
elected by a popular vote and a prime minister appointed by the president. The legislative branch,
also similar to the U.S.A., consist of two branches the senate and the national assembly. The
legislative branch plays the same role of proposing bills, laws, and amendments for approval by the
president and to represent the people of France. The judicial branch operates almost identically to
that of the U.S.A.'s judicial branch. France also has a multitude of political parties and groups that
lobby to get their members elected or appointed to roles in the government and to fulfill their
agendas. The military also falls under direct control of the president. This knowledge and
understanding will help leaders know what process are involved in conducting military

The History of Submarines Essay
The History of Submarines
Wouldn't it be fun to ride a torpedo, or drive a nuclear reactor around underwater? In this research
paper I am going to illustrate the ingenius submarine. The submarine is one of the most important
strategic and tactical weapons systems of the 20th Century, and this importance will increase in the
21st Century. The tiny, leaking, creaking, and unsafe submarine boats of the 1890's, displacing under
two hundred tons and carrying a handful of men and a few torpedoes have grown into massive,
sophisticated and deadly weapons systems.
These displacing as much as 26,000 tons, carrying a crew of over a hundred and armed with missiles
which can destroy large areas of the world. Every day hundreds of submarines are ... Show more
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The sail stands about 20 feet high. It holds the periscopes and the radar and radio antennas. The top
of the sail also serves as the bridge, from which the captain directs the submarine when on surface.
Steel fins called diving planes stick out from both sides of the sail or bow and from the stern.
These diving planes guide the ship to different depths. One or two propellers in the stern drive the
submarine, also rudders above and below the propellers steer the craft. The earliest inventors had no
other way but manpower to propel their submarines. Initially, this involved oars, then came
propellers turned by hand, either by a single person, as in David Bushnell's Turtle². Or by several
people turning a crank, as in a Confederate Hunley and the German Brandtaucher (meaning
"Incendiary Diver") in the mid–19th Century compressed–air was used as were electrical
accumulators, both were of limited endurance and required the submarine to return to the port to
recharge, which was tactically unacceptable. There were also a number of attempts to harness steam,
not only for surface propulsion, but also to provide power when submerged, using stored energy
devises, but none worked satisfactorily.Eventually it was realized that the solution was to combine
the efficiency of the batteries for underwater propulsion and some form of power which could be
used on the surface, both to propel the submarine and recharge its batteries.
Steam was used tried several

American Aircraft Soviet Union Equipment
Introduction While escorting three B–52s on April 2, 1972 United States Air Force EB–66 navigator
Lt. Col. Iceal "Gene" Hambleton (call sign Bat 21) and crew were shot down by a volley of surface
to air missiles (SAM). By this time in the war, the North Vietnamese had become proficient at
downing American aircraft using Soviet Union equipment. As the only survivor of the EB–66 crew,
Hambleton parachuted to relative safety behind North Vietnamese lines. Due to his rank and prior
held positions, Hambleton had Top Secret information on Strategic Air Command operations and
was an expert in surface to air missile countermeasures. Having this information made Hambleton a
high value target for the North Vietnamese. Due to the large scale American operation to retrieve
just one pilot, the North Vietnamese suspected whatever was in the jungle behind their lines must be
of high value and tried just as hard to prevent the American's from retrieving what was theirs.
Hambleton's rescue became what would be the "largest, longest, and most complex search and
rescue operation during the Vietnam War."1
History
President Richard Nixon's policy on the war in Vietnam by the spring of 1972 had lead to a large
draw down in American combat forces. During this draw down, the North Vietnamese Army was
preparing for their largest attack of the war. On March 30, 1972, the Nguyen Hue Offensive was
launched to take "full advantage of the bad weather typical during monsoon season, offering low

The Issues And Resource Implications For The Private Sector
According to Quote Addicts.com,''The regulatory framework of missiles, much of which is new and
untested, possesses significant challenges and resource implications for the private sector.'' This
quote explains that the making of missiles and the framework of missiles have evolved and are
being constructed in a more advanced way. Missiles are made up of many different parts, which help
them to do many things such as to fly,to navigate,and to communicate with their controller. For
example,the patriot missile has a jet engine with air intake which helps the missile fly through the
air. The patriot is just one missile type. Interestingly, there are many different kinds of missiles
which are designed in different ways for various purposes. Overall, this is what the quote by Quote
Addicts explains.
Nonetheless, the danger related to missile development and use must be recognized. As John F.
Kennedy states,''Nuclear weapons are so destructive and ballistic missiles so swift, that any
substantially increased possibility of their sudden change in their development may well be regarded
as a definite threat to peace.'' This quote explains that if the design of missiles is improved, there
will be more war and military. This is because ninety percent of the time, many nuclear weapons,
especially missiles,end up in the wrong hands. Thus if weapons that can cause a lot of damage fall
into the hands of the wrong people, these people will use these weapons to destroy others. Overall,

Cuban Missile Crisis Research Paper
History is imperative to John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban missile crisis of
1962.
John F. Kennedy happened to be the 35th and the youngest President to be elected in the history of
the United States. After Kennedy took office in 1961, he authorized the "Bay of Pigs" invasion,
which was led by the CIA and exiles from Cuba. Even with this, they were still unable to overthrow
Fidel Castro. The failure and the tensions the Soviet Union had in 1961 about the Berlin Crisis, set
the early events of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962.
Nikita Khrushchev was on the other hand the first Communist Secretary of the Soviet Union in
1953. He later served as the Premier from 1958 to 1964 after the power struggle following Stalin's
death. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Khrushchev eventually made a proposal that stated clearly "no more weapons to Cuba and those
within Cuba withdrawn or destroyed, and you reciprocate by withdrawing your blockade and also
agree not to invade Cuba." (Page 68) He also stated that, the U.S. should not interfere with Russian
ships. President Kennedy and Khrushchev continued to exchange drafts for the resolution of the
crisis and eventually recognised the possibility of a nuclear war, which they later publicly agreed to
deal, in which the United States had to make a pledge not to invade Cuba and the Soviets in return
dismantle the missile

Air Defense Birth
The Birth of Air Defense During post–Cold War Era Air Defense Artillery began the technological
advances and defensive systems in order to protect the United States against any threat foreign or
domestic. The development of air defense capabilities was due to defense vulnerabilities that were
revealed during World War II, also, the Cold War introduced new threats that would change the way
air defense would engage and defeat the enemy in the future. Air Defense Artillery introduced the
guided missile which allowed the Army to specialize and take their combat experience developed in
Vietnam into the Nike missile variants which proved invaluable during the Cuban Missile Crisis and
the cold war, ultimately allowing great soldiers like SGT ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
(Cuban, n.d.) "America needs to be defended. We need missile defense to better police the skies
over the United States." Rudy Givliani The 2nd Battalion 52nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment at
Fort Bliss, Texas deployed to Florida in response to the Soviet Union threat, bringing one of the
original versions of the Nike Hercules missile. (Carter, n.d.) The Nike Hercules missile is a Surface
to Air missile (SAM) which is capable of destroying ballistic missiles and airplanes. Even though
the Nike Hercules was capable of destroying a vast majority of ballistic missiles, its specifications
did not match up to the Soviet Union threat with a distance of only 320 kilometers of travel. The
United States was left with only one option to counteract the new threat; they then began to upgrade
pieces of the Nike Hercules missile to try to compare to the Soviet Union. Thus, creating the Nike
series: Zeus A, B, X, EX to combat a multitude of airplanes, satellites, and ballistic missiles. All of
the Zeus Series missiles proved successful in defense against the ballistic missiles payload, but
performed subpar against the ICBM's speed. In 1968, the Spartan missile finished testing and
proved its mission capability in August 1970 by intercepting one Minuteman intercontinental

The Patriot Missile System: The Persian Gulf War
Scuds on Scope Air Defense had a prominent involvement in The Persian Gulf War. The Patriot
missile system demonstrated its effectiveness in combat in 1990 and United States (U.S.) forces as
well as Iraqi forces utilized the Homing All the Way Killer (HAWK) missile system. Air Defense's
considerable involvement in the Persian Gulf War accredited to the developments and capabilities of
the Patriot missile system along with the HAWK missile system's Iraqi dilemma. First of all, The
Patriot missile system played a vital role during the Persian Gulf War. The Persian Gulf War was a
short war from 2 August 1990 to 28 February 1991. Colonel Joseph G. Garrett, the 11th Air Defense
Artillery (ADA) Brigade Commander was the Air Defense ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Even with these systems at the enemies' hands, they were never able to successfully take down the
coalition aircraft. The system has deployed various times in several conflicts around the globe.
"Although HAWK missile batteries were deployed by the U.S. Army during the conflicts in Vietnam
and Persian Gulf, American troops have never fired this weapon in combat"(United, n.d.). The only
reason that U.S. troops never engaged targets, was because there was a lack of need for it. For
instance, there were many Scud missile launches during the Persian Gulf War, however Patriot
battalions were in place to defend against Scuds. Meanwhile, HAWK is an Air–Breathing target
weapon, which the enemy did not have access to at the time. The HAWK missile system has a fairly
short history compared to many other weapons and Units. At only 35 years of Army service, it was
short lived and underutilized. The missile system spent most of its time in the Army National Guard
(ARNG) rather than active service. This was mainly due to its high mobility and ease of
deployment, making it less cost effective to have active component units. HAWK is a highly praised
Surface to Air Missile (SAM) system, but is no longer in the U.S. Army's arsenal. However,
countries such as Sweden, Japan and several Asian Pacific countries are still utilizing

Operation Cyclone Essay
This paper discusses the United States of America Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) counter to
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 1979 invasion of Afghanistan. Operation Cyclone
was a multinational plan to defeat the Soviet aggression in Afghanistan and halt the advancement of
communism. Through the covert assistance of Operation Cyclone, the Mujahideen fighters managed
over the ten year war to defeat the massive Soviet Army and re–establish their sovereignty. The
lessons learned by the Mujahideen guerillas would later be taken to task following the al Qaeda
attack on America on 11 September 2001. The subsequent decade plus war would eerily resemble
the Russia–Afghanistan conflict but with different results. This research ... Show more content on
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The Mujahideen warlords proved to admirable warriors but ineffective governmental leaders and
massive infighting ensued. A group of Pashtun fundamentalists under the title of the Taliban saw an
opportunity to unite Afghanistan and in 1994 seized Kandahar as a foothold into the country. The
civil war culminated in 1998 with the fall of the United Front in the battle of Mazar–i Sharif. The
Taliban was now the primary ruling party in Afghanistan, supported by the known terrorist group al
Qaeda. This relationship would prove deadly for 3,000 Americans on 11 September 2001, when al
Qaeda conducted terrorist attacks in New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Unfortunately, the CIA
did not have an effective plan on how to retrieve the unused Stingers from the Mujahideen. Bruce's
(2001) report found the following:
When the Russian forces withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989, the CIA offered a $35,000 bounty for
every unused Stinger returned. But by that time, the weapons were selling for up to twice that
amount on the international black market and few found their way back to the U.S. (p.1)
These black market stingers have reportedly been used in conflicts in Chechnya, Lebanon, and as
close to the U.S. as Columbia. Fortunately, there is no historical evidence that any of these missiles
have ever been used against U.S. forces; however, the loss of accountability must be looked on as a
failure for the

The Air Defense Of France
AIR DEFENSE OF FRANCE
SGT Garza, Mikeal L.
Class 002–16 Advanced Leadership Course
AIR DEFENSE OF FRANCE There are many small countries out there, but France is one of the
most powerful small countries there are. Even though France is smaller than the state of Texas it still
ranks in the world's top ten power rankings. In order to understand a countries true power you have
to know the terrain, history of the country. You also have to know about their military and defense
systems. You cannot defeat a country if you do not know their full capabilities. You cannot expect to
rank in the world's top power rankings and not be able to defend your country against all enemies.
France first became a country in 987, known as the Kingdome of France. When the Kingdom of
France became a country, it faced many wars, fighting over land with the English monarchs, and
even more so when Latter inherited Spain that surrounded the country of France. It was not until the
1700s that France started playing a major role in the European and world events. In the 20th century,
France has experienced numerous crises, including the devastation of two world wars, political and
social upheavals, and the loss of large empires Indochina, Algeria, West and Equational Africa
(Mills, C. 1993). France survived and overcame the devastation of World War II to be one of the
world's top suppliers of agricultural and industrial products and a major partner in the European
Community

Patriot Missile Crisis
Intro Ballistic missile defense became a necessity after World War II when Germany developed and
launched several missiles at targets around Europe. During the Cold War, the United States and
Russia began developing technologies to build and use long range missiles at a moment's notice.
Before the Gulf War and Desert Storm there were no systems to defend against theater ballistic
missiles or TBM's. The Patriot missile system had been developed in the 1970's to counter threats
from enemy aircrafts. Shortly before the Gulf War, testing and production of the first PAC1 missiles
had begun to be used against Short range missiles. The use of the Patriot system had a huge impact
to the success of the Gulf War and Desert Storm by defending US and coalition assets in Saudi
Arabia and Israel from Scud Missile attacks by Iraqi Forces. Before World War II a German
engineer, Wernher von Braun, had begun working on rocket designs that eventually led to the
development and launch of over 3000 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The impact only caused relatively small amounts of injuries and deaths but Israel was inclined to
retaliate. On 18 January 1991, the first interception of tactical ballistic missiles in combat occurred.
Alpha Battery, 2–7 ADA successfully intercepted Iraqi Scuds. The interceptions strengthened the
trust in the Patriot system. On 21 and 22 January, Patriot crews engaged more tactical ballistic
missiles. As Patriot successfully engaged more tactical ballistic missiles, there were fewer Scud
launches. Air Defense became a key component in collation planning. Air Defense units were
attached to the majority of ground units on the front lines moving into Iraq. Patriot proved their
mobility while attached to the 3rd Armored Cavalry and the XVIII Airborne during the "Hail Mary"
sweep into Iraq. Patriot moved and provided air defense during one of Desert Storm's most intense

Unit's Preparedness Training At The Mobilization Training...
Furthermore, each unit is required to balance tasks and benchmarks selected by their respective
Adjutants General along with those prescribed by First Army. Generally, deploying units undergo
four to eight weeks of medical, administrative, and classroom preparation on top of technical and
tactical skill refresher training spanning the year prior to mobilization. Once activated, Soldiers
conduct immersive, training scenarios before receiving individual training certification. Meanwhile,
theater specific mobilization training and validation of unit's preparedness occurs at the
mobilization–training center and commonly concludes following a 60 to 90 day demonstration of
those abilities. Avenger battalions (BN), including each assigned battery (BTRY), obtain validation
by First Army Division West which confirm the integrated, collective capabilities of their air defense
wartime mission essential tasks at Fort (Ft) Bliss, Texas (TX). Operation Per Diem Throughout the
National Guard community those familiar with the national capital region's air defense mission,
often jokingly refer to it as Operation Per Diem. Once a unit receives mobilization orders, Soldiers
initiate a scramble to secure an assignment on the deployment–manning document (DMD).
Competition for one of the roughly 190 coveted spots is aggressive, because of the financial benefits
provided to individual Soldiers. Finally, each rotation in support of Operation Clear Skies
experiences an overlap of six months

Abdul Kalam
President Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
"Dreams float on an impatient wind, A wind that wants to create a new order. An order of strength
and thundering of fire." –– from a poem written by Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is the undisputed father of India's missile program. He has breathed life into
ballistic missiles like the Agni and Prithvi, which put China and Pakistan well under India's missile
range. It is too exhausting to track Dr Abdul Kalam's achievements to date. In the '60s and '70s he
was a trail blazer in the space department. In the '80s he transformed the moribund Defence
Research and Development Laboratory in Hyderabad into a highly motivated team. By the '90s
Kalam emerged as the czar of Indian science and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After that, he undertook a preliminary design study on Human Centrifuge. He designed and
developed a vertical takeoff and landing platform, and Hot Cockpit. Three years later, the
Aeronautical Development Establishment(ADE) was formed in Bangalore and he was posted there.
At ADE, Kalam served as a senior scientific assistant, heading a small team that developed a
prototype hovercraft. Defence Minister Krishna Menon rode in India's first indigenous hovercraft
with Kalam at the controls. But for reasons never explained, the project which would have been a
considerable international achievement in those days, was not encouraged. This was probably one of
the reasons why he moved out of ADE in 1962 and joined India's space program.
During 1963–82, he served the Indian Space Research Organisation(ISRO) in various capacities.
Here Kalam initiated Fibre Reinforced Plastics(FRP) activities, then after a stint with the
aerodynamics and design group, he joined the satellite launch vehicle team at Thumba, near
Trivandram and soon became Project Director for SLV–3. As Project Director, he was responsible
for carrying out the design, development, qualification and flight testing of 44 major sub systems.
The project managed to put Rohini, a scientific satellite, into orbit in July 1980. He was honoured
with a Padma Bhushan in 1981. Agni intermediate range ballistic missile
In

Jerry Mcilmoyle And The Cuban Missile Crisis
Jerry McIlMoyle had a strange feeling. Something in the back of his mind, niggling away, said "You
need to get out of here." That premonition was right. McIlmoyle (pilot) was toward the end of a
mission flying over Cuba in the middle of the Cuban Missile Crisis (dates). He piloted his U–2 plane
over the lush island, in search of the sites of surface–to–air missiles the Soviets were suspected
install. He heard the whir and click of the camera on his plane, so he turned around. In the sky, he
saw two condensation trails–contrails–from what looked like (missles). "Was I shot at?" he
wondered, as he banked the plane around for a better look. His camera caught the shot of the two
contrails. The answer two his question was, frightening, "yes." One ... Show more content on
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Within three hours, all of the photographs McIlmoyle secured were under review at (where). The
next day, a three–star general paid a visit to the base. "Nothing showed up on the film. You were not
fired upon," the general told McIlmoyle. He couldn't believe his ears. McIlmoyle knew he'd seen the
contrails, seen the missiles explode. "General, missles were shot at my plane," McIlmoyle said.
Again, the response was the same: The cameras on McIlmoyle's plane caught only the sites of the
(surface to air missiles)–nothing more. (political implications quote/cover–up) McIlMoyle's mission
came in the midst of the Cuban Missle Crisis, a 13–day, Cold War standoff between the United
States and the Soviet Union that put both nations within a hair's breadth of nuclear war. His story is
among several told in the book Above and Beyond, by (authors names). (Little–known facts) During
an infamous thirteen–day stretch of October 1962, America faced the prospect of imminent nuclear
war with the Soviet Union. Two things saved humanity: the strategic wisdom of John F. Kennedy,
and the U–2 aerial spy program. Above and Beyond tells the story of the Cuban Missile Crisis
through the eyes of the pilots that launched out of McCoy Air Force Base in

Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 ( Mh17 ) Crash
Introduction The following report comments on the circumstances surrounding the Malaysia
Airlines Flight 17 (MH17) crash on 17th July 2014 and its after effects. It also takes into account the
responsibilities of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as well the roles of non–
ICAO agencies such as the Dutch Safety Board (DSB) and the Trilateral Contact Group. The
purpose of this report is to provide the reader with a clear view of the events that unfolded during
and after the crash of MH17 including the subsequent investigation, results and possible
consequences on the industry. All the information presented has been collected through credible
sources, including news archives, ICAO and government publications. First, the crash will be
outlined with all major details known at this point. The roles of all agencies involved will be put
forth as well. Second, results from the preliminary report released by the DSB, the primary
investigation agency, will be defined along with future steps that remain to be taken. Third, current
progressions related to the event will be discussed. Next, the crash and investigation will be
examined with respect to ICAO standards, namely the ICAO convention, Annex 12 (Search and
Rescue) and Annex 13 (Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation). Finally, a personal response is
included that reviews the major issues related to the event and subsequent consequences from the
writer's perspective. For the purpose of this report,

Arms Trade In The Arms War
being transported from the Middle East to the European market. With these two large investments
and the oppoortunity for Russia to expand its oil power. That is why Russia has invested it's self
economically in the current civil war that is ripping Syria apart.
Weapons of War The top Russian exported item is oil, but in the realm of diversity the next major
export is Arms or war. According to Stockholm International Peace Research Institute the chart
below show how big of a market the arms trade is for Russia. And according to President Putin in
2015 Russia's arms exports surged to around $56 billion dollars in revenue. The reason that Russia's
arms trade is so vast is because it is in competition to the United States which is the ... Show more
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Even though Russia is gaining revenue by a constant war it will prosper more in the reconstruction
phase. Once the civil end Russia will have the sole rights for future arms to fill the void caused by
the war. Russia will have the opportunity to send military advisors and trainers. Also, Russia will be
locked in with maintenance contract and parts to fix the military equipment that Syria has bought.
The Russians have taken the chance to grow it arms trade in the Syrian conflict by selling to the
both side increasing its income. The market in Syria does boost Russian arms exports but in the
global market the conflict in Syria is greatly advancing the arms trade in another way. Since the cold
war Russia and the United States haven't clashed in any major conflict. When Syria's civil war
erupted Assad forces bought Russia made arms and the opposition forces acquired U.S. made arms.
The "whole episode was a chance to see what happens when state–of–the–art hardware from two
major world powers violently collide in the Middle East" (Mirovalev 2016). An example that
Mirovalev uses in T–90, which is one of Russia's most advanced tanks was hit by a US –made
BGM–71 TOW missile. The after effect was the tank withstood the explosion without igniting
allowing the crew to exit without any injuries. This example is

Cuba And The United States
Cuba is a nation that formed from a history of colonial and imperial domination. Formal colonial
status under Spain ended during the invasion by the United States in 1898, when military and
corporate interests made the island a de facto colony of the United States. However, Cuba and the
United States have had a long history of both political and military ties; both good and bad.
Nevertheless, these ties have played a vital role in the current relationship the United States
maintains with Cuba. In the recent years, both countries have continued to work toward a better
diplomatic relationship; possibly enhancing the overall success of both Cuba and the United States.
The Island of Cuba is located in between the Caribbean Sea and ... Show more content on
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Cuba's narrow configuration and its close proximity to the Tropic of Cancer give the Island a mild
subtropical climate. Since the Island is generally, facing east to west this allows the refreshing trade
winds and marine breezes to flow right through Cuba. Temperatures throughout the year average
between 68 and 95ºF, lowering sometimes to 50°f. The Eastern region maintains a warmer climate
than the western region, both in the summer and winter months. By its geographic situation, Cuba is
affected between June and November by the cyclone season. They can affect the island in hurricane
form with winds that guest up to 200 km/h and heavy storms. A serious hurricane does not threaten
the Island every year. However, in the last few years there have been several severe storms that
caused flooding and damage.
The communist Political system adopted in 1952, remains in effect today. Under Cuba's communist
state every citizen has the right to participate in discussions of political, social, and economic issues,
but that participation is constrained by the chain of command structure of society and government.
The Cuban Communist Party (PCC) plays a key factor in the selection of everyone voted into the
legislative bodies. Even though Cuba has legislative bodies, their decisions must meet the President
needs for his approval. Since Raul Castro is currently President of the Republic, First Secretary of
the Cuban Communist Party,

Army Observation Essay
Arriving on base Tank reported to Command Ops. They recalled him from leave for a mission in
Syria. From his platoon the eight–man team selected consisted of sniper units and Arabic language
qualified people with Tank in command. They are to go in by way of a HALO jump at night.
At the briefing, they learned they would be going into support, the Northern Storm Brigade. They
are an Islamist FSA unit that controls an important border crossing between Syria and Turkey. There
had been deadly clashes between the Northern Storm Brigade and the Islāmic State of Iraq and the
Levant (ISIL) after the Jihadist group stormed their positions.
Their mission was to light up specific ISIS targets for Air Ops. Secondary was to kill or capture any
and all insurgents. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Insurgent fighters were converging on them with rapid speed. Joker dropped the M110. Ducking out
of the OP he dropped a grenade on it. It was too cumbersome to run with and he was not leaving it
behind. He would be better with his M249 Light Machine Gun at close range. He opened up laying
down covering fire as the squad headed for the old trail. Leapfrogging along, from rock to boulder
they made their way closer to the L.Z.
"Come on," Brooks shouted into an empty sky. To the squad, he issued a warning.
"Keep your eyes open for Razor and the Straight–man, no blue on blue fatalities for our team."
Then, in the distance, a chopper rolled in with weapons blazing. They fired rockets towards the
fighters advancing on the squad's position.
A well–aimed shot from a shoulder fired missile hit the chopper causing it to explode, disintegrating
in a ball of fire.
"Get on the horn, Joker. Tell them our chopper is down and we are digging in 100 meters from the
L.Z. Tell them to send air support with it. We may have to report a possible overrun situation."
"Roger that."
"Everybody get your ass down. Dig in. We are going to have to hold until the Calvary gets here,"
shouted

B-36 Essay
The first plane that I chose to use for my final exam is the Boeing B–52 bomber. The B–52 saw
action in the Cold War, Vietnam War, and the Gulf. This bomber began entering service in the mid–
1950s, and by 1959 had replaced the remarkable but obsolete B–36 as the backbone of Strategic Air
Command's (SAC) heavy bomber force. Its principal mission was nuclear deterrence through
retaliation. This plane was designed to go to very high altitudes but was later redesigned for lower
altitudes because of the surface–to–air–missiles (Sams) that were a major threat. During its service
in the cold war these bombers would fly around the borders of the soviet union in case of a nuclear
war breakout. They also performed many airborne patrols under code names such as head start,
chrome dome, hard head etc. However their primary focus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This stands for Surface–To–Air–Missiles. They missles caused a major problem for B–52 bombers
that were initially intended to fly higher altitudes. They had to be redesigneded and would fly lower
altitudes to avoid these missiles.
The B–52's electronic countermeasures help it protect itself against a full range of air defense threat
systems by using a combination of electronic detection, jamming and infrared countermeasures. The
B–52 can also detect and counter missiles engaging the aircraft from the rear. These systems are
undergoing continuous improvement in order to enable them to continue to counter emerging threat
systems. All B–52s can be equipped with two electro–optical viewing sensors, a forward–looking
infrared and advanced targeting pods to augment targeting, battle assessment, and flight safety, thus
further improving its combat ability. B–52s are currently upgrading from the Litening Advanced
Targeting Pod to the Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod.
I found all of the B–52's specifics on the site linked below so I copied and pasted the link to give
credit for the below

Nimitz Group
Aircraft Carriers – Nimitz Class Most Navy ships have a name and a designator to identify the
specific naval vessel. In the case of CVN 68–77, the ships being identified are the 68th through 77th
approved Aircraft Carriers (CV), unique because they are equipped with a nuclear propulsion system
(N). These carriers are considered Nimitz Class, and this designation was unknown prior to 1975.
These carriers are considered Nimitz class because the lead ship of the class – CVN–68 – is named
after Chester W. Nimitz, the U.S. Navy's last fleet admiral (Polmar 88). Through CVN–77 George
H.W. Bush, these supercarriers are considered to be the most powerful warships in the world.
Throughout this essay, the platform's history, current roles, and future, ... Show more content on
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To start off, there are three main weapons systems aboard the Nimitz carriers. Most important are
the NATO Sea Sparrows, a surface to air missile system. This radar guided weapon is short range
and uses a homing system to readjust its path mid–flight. Although the range and speed are
classified, it is known that the missile is 12 feet long and has a cylindrical body with four mid–body
wings and tail fins. This system is mainly used for self–defense against a variety of surface and air
threats. Next, are the RIM 116 Rolling Airframe Missiles, designed to destroy anti–ship cruise
missiles and other various air or surface threats. These missiles are lightweight and have a quick
reaction, all the while traveling at supersonic speed. Finally, CVNs carry the Phalanx CIWS. This,
too, is radar guided, fast paced, and protects against anti–ship missiles. It can fire 3000–4500 rounds
per minute and can fire at small or close targets due to its Electro–Optic sensor ("Fact File").
Continuing on with the assets of the ship, it is essential to cover the sensors, or electronics, of the
carriers. There are four main components of the platforms electronics. First are the various
underwater torpedo systems including SLQ–25A, SLR–24, and LEAD, and more. These systems
perform activities ranging from Acoustic Decoy to alerting and diverting. Next is the air search
technology, combining

How Did The Cuban Revolution Dooms Day?
Millions and millions of ago, the universe as we know it was created. It then took thousands of years
for all of the planets to take form, including planet Earth. Life was then established and through the
millennia of days, technology has indeed advanced. In fact, technology is so advance that in a span
of 14 days, the world as we knew it was hanging in the balance of two superpower countries trying
to establish themselves in the world, the Soviet Union, and the United States of America. Before I
can describe what happened in these fourteen days, I first have to explain the sequence of events that
lead up to doomsday. Lets start with the Cuban revolution. The Cuban revolution took place in
January of 1959 when the guerilla army under the control of Fidel Castro overthrew Fulgencio
Batista. Batista was supported by the United States but only because of the fact that he believed in a
democratic run government. However, the president at the time, President Dwight D. Eisenhower,
let the revolution play out because he believed that Batista was making Cuba an "embarrassing,"
ally towards the United States, he would later realize that he made a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The president in retaliation expanded the nation's ICBM bases. Then, in 1962, the American's
stationed "Jupiter," missiles in Turkey, which was alarmingly close to Soviet bases. So the Soviets
believed that in order to protect themselves, they should do the same thing, in Cuba. Khrushchev's
main goal was to completely rid Eastern Europe of Western influence because he was against the
spread of democracy, since he was trying to increase a communist rule. His plan was to send his
missiles to Cuba, and if Cuba was willing to accept them, then it was perfectly safe to send the
surface–to–surface

Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Air Force, And Canada
Canada's large geographic size, the existence and fortitude of a significant number of native people,
the conquest of one European language population by another and moderately open immigration
policy led Canada into thriving as an very diverse and successful nation. Though Canada does not
have the best military, Canada possesses a very strong economy, and Canada has successfully
capitalized on its physical environment filled with vast and rich amounts of natural resources lead
the nation to be one of the world's richest nations. Overall the Canadian Forces consist of the
Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, and Canada Command. All the
forces together as a whole are currently ranked 14th worldwide. Canada's military history stretches
as far back as the early 1600's, which was made up of mainly French settlers. It began when Samuel
de Champlain shot and killed two Iroquois chiefs in 1609 at Ticonderoga, near the lake that now
bears his name. The Iroquois possessed a strong military organization. Through skillful use of
ambush and knowledge of the land. The Iroquois nearly destroyed New France in the first half of the
1600s. These battles were constant for a whole century involving a lot of wounded and loss of life.
The Treaty of Montreal in 1701 established peace between the Iroquois and New France. Canada's
military has played a vital role through the years in helping NATO Forces with overpowering
communism and genocide. In August 1914 Britain

Radar During World War I
During World War I battles were fought using ears and eyes. This was due to the fact that there was
no such thing as radar. By the late 1940s, Britain and United States researched and developed radar
systems for themselves to use during World War II . Today, radar is one of the most prevalent
equipment devices used in the military, especially on naval ships. Radar is so detrimental to the navy
because it detects invisible or distant objects by means of reflected radio waves and is capable of
locating them accurately in space . Using this method, radars are able to scan for and, or track
targets that, again, are too far for the human eye to see. With the AN/SPQ–9B, a ship is able to do
both; in fact it can track while scanning. The track while

The American Interests At Risk
Threat Assessment Analysis
The American interests at risk
Since the post–occupational period of Japan in 1952, United States troops and military bases
throughout the Okinawa Prefecture, and parts of mainland Japan, have been essential to assure peace
and stability within Japan as well as East–Asia. Located in the East China Sea,
Okinawa Prefecture is Japan's southernmost prefecture, comprised of 160 islands of which 50 are
inhabited by ~1.5 million residents. The island of Okinawa is 68 miles long and 19 miles wide.
The geostrategic location of Okinawa makes it the favored location to stage United States military
bases to reassure Japanese security as well as provide a platform for United States force projection
in Asia. Located ~454 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Intent
Over the last decade, the People's Republic of China have taken an aggressive military approach to
reclaim the Senkaku Islands from the Japanese.
In 1971, the PRC claimed the Senkaku Islands, colloquially known in China as the Diaoyus,
In 2003, Chinese officials initiated a territorial dispute with the Japanese government questioning
the sovereignty over the Ryukyu Islands. The territorial dispute was first announced in the
communist party newspaper, the People's Daily, where Li Guoqiang and Zhang Haipeng, prominent
academics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, challenged the Japanese sovereignty over the
Ryukyu Islands, most notably Okinawa. Specifically, Guoqiang and Haipeng argued that the Ryukyu
Islands had previously been a Chinese vassal state, that had been conquered by the Japanese Empire
due to the Qing Dynasty's inferior military capabilities and are therefore the inherent territory of the
PRC. Similarly, this sentiment was echoed by Luo Yuan, a Lieutenant General in the People's
Liberation Army, stating that the Ryukyu Kingdom had paid tribute to the Chinese empire in 1372,
half a millennium before they were annexed by the Japanese government.
In 2016, the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) announced that it would organize regular
exercises throughout the western Pacific, including the Ryukyu

Cultural Differences Between Australia And The United States
Upon deploying military assets to any country, there must be an understanding of the operational
variables, such as the host nations populations appeal to having said force occupy their territory and
understanding how it will factor into achieving those goals in order to meet the mission
requirements. Australia and the United States (U.S.) have had a long–standing robust relationship
supported by shared democratic values, common interests, and cultural similarities. Both countries
have now shared diplomatic relations for 78 years, proving to be one of our longest standing allies
behind the French (U.S. Department of State, 2017). Australia has shared dual responsibility with
the U.S. through mutual combat support in every major conflict ... Show more content on
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Queen Elizabeth the II is the head of state and federal governments, a government that identifies
itself as a constitutional monarch (Australian Government, 2016). The federal government is
comprised of three branches: an executive branch with Queen Elizabeth II as the Chief of State; a
legislative branch consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives; and a judicial branch that
upholds the English common law (Australian Government, 2016). Much like the US, each
individual state can make new laws, however federal law supersedes any state laws. As of 2017,
there are seven self–governing Australian territories. These territories include Ashmore, the Cartier
Islands, Australian Antarctic Territory, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands,
Jervis Bay Territory, Norfolk Island, the Territory of Heard Island, and McDonald Islands
(Australian Government,

Essay On Air Defense Artillery
Air defense artillery (ADA) units date back to the dawn of this country's history when the colonists
erected fortifications and emplaced artillery pieces to defend against attack from the sea. Little did
they know, this new innovative way of combat would evolve and change the front lines forever.
Through World War II, the Korean War, and Vietnam, air defense artillery units served as an
indispensable part of the armed forces of the United States. It gave the Army a tactical advantage
and allowed ground troops to move more efficiently, by protecting them from above. The Air
Defense Artillery branch of the US Army specializes in anti–aircraft weapons. In the Army, these
groups are composed of many air defense systems such as the Patriot Missile System, Terminal
High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD), and the Avenger Air Defense system.
Since 9/11, the 4th Battalion, 5th Air Defense Artillery, 1st Cavalry Division, Fort Hood, Texas, has
deployed at home and abroad to fight the Global War on Terror. Beginning in August 2002, a large
portion of the battalion spent most of the next year protecting the National Capital Region from
terrorist attack as part of Operation Noble Eagle. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A few trips to the ranges and the National Training Center were all the Soldiers needed to hone their
already sharpened skills. As their mission evolved, they learned that the bulk of the battalion would
deploy as motorized infantry and that Delta Battery would be detached to provide convoy security
for the Division Support Command. They also were informed that Foxtrot Battery, 202nd Air
Defense Artillery, Illinois Army National Guard, would be attached to secure a large portion of
terrain west of

Sy-1 Research Paper
For over forty years, the Aegis weapon system has been the main form of defense for the U.S.
Navy's surface ship fleet. Created by Lockheed Martin, this defense system has separated itself from
any other since being created in 1983. In a world where defensive threats can come in many forms
the Aegis system has adjusted and overcome all possible threats truly making it the most elite and
necessary onboard ship system to have. With the use of SPY–1 radar, the Aegis display system, the
weapons control system, and the command and decision system, Aegis is able to attack land targets,
submarines, and surface ships simultaneously making it the most dominant system for the US Navy
to use today. Along with surface and subsurface combatants, Aegis can defend against aircraft and
their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This radar is the primary system used for air and surface defense. "How SPY–1 works is that a
mechanically rotating radar sends signals or beams outboard from the ship to pick up all targets"
(Lockheed Martin). Once the radar receives return signals, the SPY–1 must use a different tracking
radar by sending out signals of electromagnetic energy to track and determine what the target is as
well as possible threat capabilities. Another reason why SPY–1 is the spear head for US Navy radar
systems is its ability to track over one hundred targets at a time. "Some strengths of the SPY–1 that
other radar do not have is it's fast reaction and ability to detect and send a missile in less than ten
seconds, fast transition from SPY–1 silent to full radiate, and its large field of fire with minimal
blockage zones" (AN/SPY–1, 2000). The most important advantage of the SPY–1 is its ability to be
linked with the Aegis system and how they work together to create one multi–functional defense
system. SPY–1 is able to track targets while surveying the area as well as update the command and
decision system used by Aegis to engage targets if

Strategic Direction And Global Security Environment
Joint Force 2025 must be capable of addressing emerging threats by conducting globally integrated
operations across all domains in support of the elements of national power. Therefore, the
Department of Defense (DOD) needs to rebalance and transition several general capabilities in order
for Joint Force 2025 to address emerging threats to U.S. national interests. The services must invest
in systems that maintain strategic deterrence, infrastructure that supports power projection and
operational concepts that advance wide spectrum operations in order to support diplomacy and
national security.
This essay will begin with providing a brief synopsis of the strategic documents, which form the
guidance used to analyze and develop Joint Force ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The chapter takes the national objectives outlined in the National Security Strategy (ends) combined
with operational concepts outlined in the NMS (ways) and balances them against available resources
(means) and risk. Finally, the CCJO outlines a globally integrated operations concept for Joint Force
2025, along with force development implications and risks within the context of the future global
security environment.
Based on current resources and predicted security environment Joint Force 2025 should focus on the
following capabilities. The Army and Marines should extend the service life of certain weapons
capabilities while enhancing integrated air missile defense, in addition to combat vehicle
improvements and purchases. The Navy should enhance surface and sub–surface systems and
operations, increase the lethality of the surface fleet and develop redundant communication and
navigation systems. The Air Force should extend the service life of certain weapons capabilities,
enhance unmanned aerial systems and operations and modernize its nuclear force. The Army and
Marines face a rapidly changing operational environment, requiring difficult decisions on how to
allocate limited resources to address emerging capabilities and remain a relevant element of national
power. While there is no way to predict exactly what capabilities they will need in the future, history
indicates that land forces will be

The Cold War : Cuban Missile Crisis
Andrew Villaseñor Mr. DuBois
World Studies
19 June 2015
The Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis
"Nuclear catastrophe was hanging by a thread ... and we weren 't counting days or hours, but
minutes." Soviet General and Army Chief of Operations, Anatoly Gribkov
The closest the World has ever been to nuclear war was with The Cuban Missile Crisis. The lives of
millions lay in the ability of President John F. Kennedy and Premier Nikita Khrushchev to reach an
agreement. The crisis began when the United States discovered that just ninety miles from the coast
of Florida, the Soviet Union had set up nuclear missiles. On October 22, Kennedy announced the
discovery of the missile installations to the public and his decision of the naval quarantine ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Cold War began when Joseph Stalin, leader of the Communist Party, used the Red Army to take
control of most of the countries of Eastern Europe. The United States as well as Western European
countries were greatly concerned. In response to Stalin 's military movements, President Harry
Truman issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947. In his address to Congress, President Truman decided
that "the United States would aid any country that asked for help in resisting communism" (Browne
263). The Truman Doctrine became known as the basis for containment, the policy to keep
communism from spreading to other countries. According to White House documents online, after
the Truman Doctrine, George Catlett Marshall, Secretary of State, proposed the Marshall Plan, the
European Recovery Program through which the United States provided aid to Western Europe after
World War II, in June 1947. The Marshall Plan was offered to all European countries, but Stalin
would not allow the countries his military was occupying to take part. "In April 1949, the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed" (Browne 263). The countries involved in this
pact were the United States, Britain, France, Canada, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Italy,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal.
The NATO agreement said that "an armed attack against one or more of its members in Europe
and/or America shall be considered an attack against them all." To ward off

Desert Storm Significance
Significance of Air Defense from Desert Storm to Present
In the events of Desert Strom, the most impactful and successful missile system, the Patriot, was
successful thanks to German created air missile defense. Research and development of this system
began in the early 1940s as a product of the Cold War. The United States and Soviet Union used
German rocket scientist, who had been captured at the ends of World War two, to create Ballistic
missiles. These missiles were made from the V–2 rocket and German surface air missile named
Wasserdall. Although this system of defense was unable to be tested in the field before the war
ended. Twenty years later, the Soviet Union was able to bring to field the first Russian tactical
ballistic missile. Due to the development and research of this missile, it opened the doors wider for
the Patriot in the 1960s. By 1967 a missile was to carry either a warhead of nuclear or conventional
power known as the Surface– To–Air Missile Development (SAM–D). Two years later in 1969, an
American missile had its first success against a tactical Ballistic missile. General Schwarzkopf
stated "when the history of Desert Storm is written, the Patriot system will ... Show more content on
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The crews were training at Fort Bliss's Air Defense Artillery School although were unable to
complete the course until early 1991. Lawrens S. Eagleburgen, the deputy Secretary of State, went
into Israel before Desert Strom offering two American Patriot PAC–2 batteries. While having no
defense, Israel was faced with rounds of scud attacks on Tel Aviv and Haifa. The Secretary of
Defense, Chency tried to have the American Patriot Batteries airlifted out of Israel. After these
attacks, Israel used foreign military forces to strengthen their defense. Israeli Defense minister
Moshe Arens accepted the offer and made the call for the 32nd Army Air Defense Command in
Europe to prepare Patriot units for airlift to

Essay about Pearl Harbor
The surprise was complete. The attacking planes came in two waves; the first hit its target at 7:53
AM, the second at 8:55. By 9:55 it was all over. By 1:00 PM the carriers that launched the planes
from 274 miles off the coast of Oahu were heading back to Japan. Behind them they left chaos,
2,403 dead, 188 destroyed planes and a crippled Pacific Fleet that included 8 damaged or destroyed
battleships. In one stroke the Japanese action silenced the debate that had divided Americans ever
since the German defeat of France left England alone in the fight against the Nazi terror.
Approximately three hours later, Japanese planes began a day–long attack on American facilities in
the Philippines. (Because the islands are located across the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Marine Corporal E.C. Nightingale was aboard the Arizona that fateful Sunday morning:
"At approximately eight o'clock on the morning of December 7, 1941, I was leaving the breakfast
table when the ship's siren for air defense sounded. Having no anti–aircraft battle station, I paid little
attention to it. Suddenly I heard an explosion. I ran to the port door leading to the quarterdeck and
saw a bomb strike a barge of some sort alongside the NEVADA, or in that vicinity. The marine color
guard came in at this point saying we were being attacked. I could distinctly hear machine gun fire. I
believe at this point our anti–aircraft battery opened up.
"We stood around awaiting orders of some kind. General Quarters sounded and I started for my
battle station in secondary aft. As I passed through casement nine I noted the gun was manned and
being trained out. The men seemed extremely calm and collected. I reached the boat deck and our
anti–aircraft guns were in full action, firing very rapidly. I was about three quarters of the way to the
first platform on the mast when it seemed as though a bomb struck our quarterdeck. I could hear
shrapnel or fragments whistling past me. As soon as I reached the first platform, I saw Second
Lieutenant Simonson lying on his back with blood on his shirt front. I bent over him and taking him
by the shoulders asked if there was anything I could do. He was dead, or so nearly so that speech
was

The Air Defense Missile System
You know who is a pain in the neck? Terrorists, they are hard to get rid of. Currently in Syria is the
terrorist group named Isis. A nasty group of individuals that are about to have what is coming to
them. As an American soldier when I hear any news about these coward killing innocent people, it
turns my stomach worse than spoiled milk, there will be rest for the wicked this time because we
will put them to rest! And a big help is from Air Defense. Isis doesn't stand a chance with Russia and
America against them. Some of the systems that Russia has dealing with Air defense they already
deployed the s–400 to Syria. HomeNews
Russia deploys cutting–edge S–400 air defense system to Syrian base after Su–24 downing An S–
400 air defence missile ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The S–400 is the most advanced anti–aircraft defense system in Russia, and is unparalleled in the
world.
It's designed to ensure air defense using long– and medium–range missiles that can hit aerial targets,
including tactical and strategic aircraft as well as ballistic and cruise missiles, at ranges of up to 400
kilometers.
The system consists of a set of radars, missile launchers and command posts, and is operated solely
by the Russian military.
The Russian S–300PMU–1 TMD System
The proliferation of ballistic and cruise missiles has created interest in theater missile defense
(TMD). The objective of a TMD system is to defend against missile attacks. Such a system might be
configured to protect an area as small as a city or port, or as large as several thousand square
kilometers. It could provide protection for civilian populations as well as military forces. Providing
effective TMD would require a seamless network of early warning sensors, command posts, fire–
control radars, and anti–missile missiles.
Although defensive in nature, the deployment of a TMD system may catalyze threats to international
peace and security by upsetting a regional balance of military forces, undercutting other states '
deterrent capabilities, or by protecting forces that can be used for offensive purposes. TMD
deployment may therefore spur an unstable

JCPOAArgumentative Analysis
The plan has drawn bipartisan concern for many reasons, as of late the Senate Foreign Affairs
Committee held a hearing to address how Congress should respond to the JCPOA and what this plan
means post implementation day. The hearing primarily focused on concerns that are resonating now
with the JCPOA which entitle: ballistic missiles, selling of Russian military equipment to Iran,
national security threats, safety of Israel and Iran's desire to acquire a nuclear weapon.
The White House's information page clearly states that sanctions will be re–imposed on Iran if they
engage in the following: development of ballistic missiles, continued support of terror, the action of
de–stabilizing regions (Syria), and converting Iran currency into the US

Homing All The Way Killer Case Study
There have been many Air Defense systems in the history of the ADA branch. One of the most
accurate was the Homing All the Way Killer (HAWK). The HAWK was a medium range anti–
aircraft weapon system developed by Raytheon in the 1950s and fielded in the 1960s (citation). The
system worked together with radar, Information Coordination Central (ICC), Battery Control
Central (BCC) and launchers to engage enemy Aircraft. The launcher itself contained three dual
thrust rockets, was pulled behind a truck and emplaced strategically according to the unit's mission.
During the Persian war Kuwaiti forces used it against Iraqi Aircraft taking down approximately 22
Airplanes and one helicopter (citation). After Iraq invaded and captured Kuwait,

The Battle Of The Cruise Missile
Since man first began traversing the world's waterways, we have been battling for control and
supremacy over them. Whoever owns the sea has the upper hand in war. The outcome of war is
determined by a complex combination of factors including: strategy, tactics, training, morale,
leadership, organization, technology, weapons, and some luck. Having a slight advantage in most of
these categories, or a great superiority in one, can lead to victory. Although there isn't always a set
order of which factor is most important, it is evident that the side possessing superior weapons has
an increased chance of victory. The cruise missile is the latest in a line of technologies which
decidedly changed the conduct of maritime warfare. This technology dramatically shifted the role of
naval forces in both the land and maritime engagements, and expanded the naval battlefield to
unforeseen distances and locales. Thus, impacting the way the United States Navy has approached
strategy, tactics, and inter–service relations. Strategy
The cruise missile has allowed the United States Navy to carry out its strategies of obtaining sea
control and supremacy, and acting as a strategic deterrence; discouraging other countries from
starting conflict. One of the greatest aspects of the cruise missile is the ability it has to carry nuclear
warheads and launch them from a submarine or surface ship. Cruise missiles launched from
submarines have a tactical advantage over

The Cuban Missile Crisis Of 1962
The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 was the closest the world came to nuclear war. The Soviet Union
shipped nuclear missile to Cuba clandestinely and were discovered by the United States. While the
confrontation did not result in open nuclear warfare between the US and USSR, the US Intelligence
Community (IC) was taken by surprise. How did the IC not notice the buildup of Soviet nuclear
weapons in Cuba? The information was there despite the best Russian denial and deception
attempts. The United States intelligence and military analysts allowed themselves to be deceived by
the Russians because they did not anticipate the Russians would station nuclear weapons outside the
Soviet Union. A closer look will show why the Russian deception worked for so long and why the
US was forced to react quickly to a crisis that could have easily spiraled into nuclear war. In October
of 1962, a US U–2 reconnaissance flight over Cuba yielded photographic evidence that the Soviet
Union had installed medium and intermediate range ballistic missiles. President Kennedy over the
next thirteen days frantically tried to get the missiles removed without a war. President Kennedy
went with his Executive Committee working group and set up a naval quarantine of Cuba and gave
Soviet Premier Khrushchev a deadline for removing the missiles. After six days of diplomatic
overtures and increased military tensions, the Soviet Union withdrew the missiles. President
Kennedy agreed to respect the Castro

Physics : Surface Air Missile Strike
On October 31, 2015, the Russian international chartered passenger flight Metrojet 9268 crashed in
the middle of the Sinai peninsula in Egypt, from Sharm el–Sheikh International Airport en route to
Pulkovo Airport, Saint Petersburg, Russia. (Patrick, 2015). The crash took the world and Russia by
surprise, as it was unprecedented in that region and unexpected, given that the weather conditions
were suitable and so was the plane's technical and mechanical situations. As investigations around
the accident proceeded, new details emerged around the circumstances surrounding the crash,
producing three main theories. One theory suggests an explosive device being the reason behind the
crash, the second theory suggests technical and mechanical failure, while the third theory suggests a
missile strike that brought down the airplane. What do each of these theories argue? An exploration
of the evidence surrounding each theory would help provide an answer to this question. First
Theory: Surface–to–Air Missile Strike The first theory regarding the crash argues that there is a
missile which hit the plane and caused it to crash down. Advocates of this claim believe that Sinai is
an active space for militants which have been receiving sophisticated weapons, including surface to
air missiles. Alexander Smirnov, a spokesperson for Metrojet, added a probability to this theory
when he said that a technical fault is ruled out, in addition to pilot error, blaming the crash on what
he considered

Nike Ajax Research Paper
The Rise of the Surface to Air Missile The Soviet Union's ballistic missiles and long range bombers
became a great threat to the United States of America, after tensions between the two intensified,
following World War II. The US was afraid that the Soviet Union would attack and there would be
no war fighting equipment available to intercept the threat. (Nike, n.d) The North American Air
Defense Command developed the Nike Ajax, which stood as a high–altitude defense system. It was
the last line of air defense, which was beneficial because it extended America's level of protection.
As time passed, there was a need for a more powerful, faster and bigger missile. As a result, the US
created the new and improved Nike Hercules missile, which began replacing the Nike Ajax missiles.
(Bender, 2004) The evolution of the first surfaced–to–air missiles during the Pre Cold War era
played a critical part in safety and protection of the United States of America and its' allies. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1954, the Army inducted the Nike Ajax Missile into its arsenal, being the first ever surface to–air
missile. The creation of the Ajax came at time when tensions between the United States (U.S) and
Russia were high, with Russia successfully firing of the atomic bomb. The Nike Ajax was the
United States' last line of air defense, in the case that the Air Force bomber failed to destroy enemy
aircrafts. (Bender, 2004) First deployed out of Maryland, the United States strategically placed the
missile all over. "By 1958, the Army deployed nearly 200 Nike Ajax batteries around the nation's
cities and vital military installations" (Martini,

The Ticonderoga Class Guided Missile Cruiser
The Ticonderoga class guided missile cruiser is a large and powerful surface combatant in the
United States Navy. The cruiser has the ability to engage short range air, undersea and surface
targets, as well as a long range strike capability. With around 300 crew and 30 officers (Navy 4), this
billion–dollar warship (Navy 4) can serve in many roles when it comes to the mission of the United
States Navy. The Ticonderoga class cruisers' primary mission is to provide anti–air and long range
combat capabilities. The advanced Aegis combat system, coupled with the Tomahawk missile, gives
the cruiser a much longer range than most other ships in the Navy. The cruiser was initially slated as
a DDG (Polmar 4); however, with the addition of the AEGIS, the USS Ticonderoga (CG 47) was
designated a CG on January 1, 1980 (FAS 5). Not long after, the keel was laid on January 27, 1980
(FAS 5) and the project went into full effect. The USS Ticonderoga served all over the world
fighting in places such as the Persian Gulf, the Mediterranean, Operation Desert Shield and many
others. The USS Ticonderoga was the first ship to be deployed with the AEGIS weapons system, the
most sophisticated air defense system in the world. The first 5 Ticonderoga class cruisers were built
with Mark 26 twin–arm launchers that did not have the ability to launch Tomahawk missiles. In
response to this outdated system and older version of the AEGIS weapons system, all 5 of the
original cruisers have since

Cuban Missile Crisis Brink of Nuclear War

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Cuban Missile Crisis Brink of Nuclear War