The Impact Of Technology On The Allied Victory During...

The Impact Of Technology On The Allied Victory During...
How did the development of new technology aid in the allied victory during World War Two? The
Second World War (WWII) was a devastating global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, causing
struggle and suffering across much of the world's nations. During this period, technological
developments increased significantly and advancements in every field of war were emerging quickly
and leaving huge impressions. New inventions and scientific principles emerged during WWII in
fields such as weaponry, communications and effective defensive means that helped lead the allies
to total victory. Allied weapons technology developed at a rapid rate during WWII and was crucial
in overpowering the German and associated forces. Developments in tanks, bombs and other
weapons across many allied states, contributed to their victory. New communication technology
meant that forces could crypt and encrypt secret messages and detect enemy forces from never seen
before distances, making the idea of "surprise attack" virtually impossible. Defensive technology,
although not necessarily considered as a large part of the war effort, played a crucial role in
protecting the allied countries from invasion or surrender and ultimately helped defeat the axis
forces. Defensive systems were implemented by the allied countries including Chain Home and the
Maginot line that helped win back control. Development of weapons technology is what primarily
changed the tides of WWII, essentially winning the war for the
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Why We Need Early Warning Systems For Tornadoes
Matthew Hines
Mrs. Knoerr
ENG 103B
2 March 2016
Why We Need Early Warning Systems for Tornadoes Imagine sleeping soundly at night when a
sudden roar abruptly startles one from a deep sleep. In a drowsy state, one hears gust of wind, tree
branches snapping, and a strange sucking sound from the adjacent bathroom. In a split second, a
piercing siren begins echoing against the wind, warning all in the town that a tornado has touched
down. However, it's too late. Houses crumble into debris under the fierce twisting winds of the
funnel cloud. Roofs fly off and store signs become missiles as nature's fury does its worst. In the
aftermath, families search for news of neighbors and loved one. The local emergency services works
frantically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a definite need for improvements in meteorology to predict where and when these super
storms will occur and for development of an accurate alert system to inform citizens to seek cover.
According to Texas A&M historian, Dr. Marlene Bradford, "Benjamin Franklin realized as early as
1753 ...the lack of communications hindered warning regions in a storm's path." (484) Later efforts
by weather expert, John Park Finlay of the Army Signal Corps, to predict tornado formation were
met with skepticism. Finlay wrote a specialized set of rules for tornado predicting, which
surprisingly were 95 – 98% accurate in 1884 (Bradford, 487). However, government officials were
afraid that severe storm prediction could result in widespread public panic, and his research into
predicting severe weather to prevent fatalities was squashed. No other significant research was
conducted until the 1930's. Modern tornado predicting for the past hundred years has been
haphazard at best. The National Weather Service has invested a great sum of money into research,
but the results have been sporadic. Although tornado fatalities have declined by 93% from 1925
data, the tornado warning time still does not prevent all fatalities (Brotzge and Donner, 1715).
Weather patterns change rapidly during a severe weather outbreak, but meteorologists look for
common indicators of tornadic activity. Relying on Doppler radar and other weather

The U-Boat
Another major way US forces combatted the U–Boat was by utilizing advancements in technology
in both World War I and World War II. During World War I advancements in technology mainly
included the use of aircraft in war. Before World War I airplanes had never been used to fight a war,
therefore when World War I broke out and planes were sent into battle this was new technology
(Lansford). During World War I aircraft were used to combat U–Boats in two ways, by
supplementing them to convoys, and by using them to drop aerial bombs (Lansford). Aircrafts were
added to convoys for various reasons these reasons included the fact that an aircraft could see more
terrain than a surface vessel and could engage quicker and more efficiently than ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the major reasons aerial bombings were so effective was due to the angle of sight aircrafts
had, they could see exactly where the U–Boat was versus the guessing surface vessels had to do to
know how far away a U–Boat was. Another reason aerial bombings were so effective was due to the
fact that aircraft were quicker than surface vessels and did not have to come so close to the U–Boat
and be noticed to drop their depth charges. These aerial bombings were very effective in destroying
U–Boats, they were essentially depth charges dropped from an aircraft and worked basically the
same way. These aerial bombs were not dropped on the U–Boat rather right behind or in front of it
as to allow the shock wave to destroy the U–Boat not the impact (Lansford). The utilization of
aircraft was on of the major ways the US and its allies combatted the U–Boat during World War I.
During World War II technological advancements mainly included radar and sonar. Radar and Sonar
were two different technologies used for the same purpose, to detect U–Boats. Radar was invented
around the beginning of World War II (Lansford), while Sonar was invented late in the first world
war (Fontenoy, "Sonar"). Sonar worked by doing two things at once, emitting sonic pulses and
receiving

Battle Of Britain Research Paper
Many can argue that the Battle of Britain could have been won by both sides of the war. Although
ultimately the British had the advantage. A few reasons for their victory was their use of radar, and
their strategies. There were over a hundred Canadian pilots that fought, and although the RAF only
recognizes 83 it is believed that the 23 that died were killed later on in the war. The Battle of Britain
was fought in the skies of Britain and over the English channel. The Germans had many
disadvantages such as having to fly overseas to attack the British flight. The battle began in July
1940 when Hitler announced that they were attacking Britain on an operation called "Operation
Sealion". This was supposed to be a battle of the seas. Although to make this easier ... Show more
For the RAF, pilots were urgently needed and the courses were short. Many lasting only about two
days with 10 hours of flying experience. The radar system the British used was invented by Robert
Watson–Watt, and was virtually invaluable to the men who fought in the Battle of Britain. The radar
allowed Britain to track incoming German warplanes and gave the Fighter Command, (led by Sir
Hugh Dowding) sufficient time to get airborne and attack them. The radar systems were set up along
the South East part of England. They were dubbed the eyes of the RAF. The pilots of the Fighter
Command needed to be in the air as soon as possible in an effort to stop the Luftwaffe (German air
force) from capturing London. The radar gave them about 20 minutes in time to

Pearl Harbor Reaction Paper
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was the single–most important event of the century and there
are many lessons learned from this event that can be applied to modern day military principles.
Complacency on the part of the United States Government and senior military officials played a key
role in this attack being successful. No one ever thought the Japanese, or any other nation for that
matter, would directly attack the United States. Had the intelligence officials at the time utilized the
high impact, low probability critical thinking model to identify those high payoff targets, then
maybe the attack could have been prevented. In terms of technology, the United States had a distinct
advantage at the time, especially since the Japanese communications code was not only broken, but
remained unchanged for a significant amount of time. There were plenty of indicators that were
collected by United States intelligence activities and by Washington; however, most of the critical
information collected was never appropriately passed to the people that needed it most, the
commanders in the field. And finally, when the commanders in the field were weary of an
impending attack, their request for additional men, weapons, and equipment went unanswered
despite Washington having enough information to substantiate the concern.
Misuse of Intelligence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the United States learned that the Japanese were planning for some kind of attack,
reconnaissance efforts in the Pacific should have been the priority of effort. With the amount of
reconnaissance aircraft and water craft that were housed in Pearl Harbor, this should have been an
easy task. Additionally, there were two United States aircraft carriers in the Northern Pacific in
vicinity of Midway Island. Had those aircraft carriers been performing regular reconnaissance
flights, they may have been able to spot the Japanese Imperial Navy on their course for Pearl

The First Airborne Jamming Test
These developments in radar prompted experiments to find whether or not ITS transmission could
be denied or defeated. The first airborne jamming test took place in London and involved a
continuous wave transmitter. Following this test, anti–jamming systems were attached to the
direction finding systems which then evolved into the Chain Home radar system along the eastern
coast of the U.K. These anti–jamming systems were the first examples of electronic counter
counter–measures which is now a sub–category of electronic warfare called electronic protection.
(price 9–10). The United States conducted similar experiments and prior to entering the Second
World War, the United States Navy possessed radar, high frequency direction finding systems and
anti–jamming devices.
Throughout the year of 1940, the Germans and the British conducted a series of back and forth
electronic attacks and counterattacks AFFECTING the German's ability to bomb Britain during the
night with low visibility. The German's employed various radio–technologies to acquire night–
bombing capabilities where they could intersect two transmitted radio–waves that followed the
correct flight path in order to ensure the German pilots could maintain a continuous course. The
German's even used the British's own Chain Home defense as reference points during this evolution.
The UK would continually modify their systems and employ electronic warfare tactics to jam the
German's beams.
The British continued to modify

Essay on Tornadoes
Tornadoes
I. Introduction A. Facts 1. Definition 2. Wind Speeds 3. Damage 4. Number Of Tornadoes Per Year
5. Deaths And Injuries B. Types Of Tornadoes 1. Weak 2. Strong 3. Violent C. Average Tornado 1.
Variation a. Waterspout 2. Distance Moved D. Frequency Of Tornadoes 1. Southern States 2.
Northern States
II. Where Tornadoes Come From A. Energy 1. Thunderstorm
III. Where And When Tornadoes Occur A. North America 1. Rocky Mountains 2. Appalachian
Mountains B. Other Areas Of The World C. Spring And Summer 1. When
IV. Damage A. Wind 1. Materials 2. Animals 3. Explosions
V. Detection Of Tornadoes A. Doppler Radar 1. SKYWARN
VI. Prediction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The last category for tornadoes is violent ones. With these comes winds greater than two hundred
and five miles per hour, they can last about an hour, and have seventy percent of all deaths from
tornadoes.
Variations. Some variations of tornadoes are that they can be found in the early stages of rapidly
developing thunderstorms. This type of tornado is most common along the range of the Rocky
Mountains, the Plains, and the Western States. Tornadoes may appear nearly transparent until dust
and debris are picked up. Occasionally, two or more tornadoes may occur at the same time. Another
type of tornado is known as a waterspout. This is a weak tornado that forms over warm water. They
are most common along the Gulf Coast and southeastern states. In the western United States, they
occur with cold late fall or late winter storms, during a time when you least expect it to develop.
They occasionally move inland becoming tornadoes that can cause a great deal of damage and many
injuries.
Average Tornado. The average tornado moves from southwest to northeast, but they have been
known to move in any direction. The average forward speed is about thirty miles per hour but can
vary from that to seventy before it really gets going.
Frequency Of

Task Force Normandy Case Study
Task Force Normandy created by 1st Battalion, 101st Airborne Air Assault Division in order to
complete mission "Normandy" that consisted in destroying Saddam Hussein's key Early Radar
Detection System during his invasion in Kuwait to provide the air campaign with a radar free route
into Iraq. As the army was not necessarily in the downsizing face but in the face of rebuilding post–
Vietnam in the late seventies and early eighties, the pace was changing and the missions around the
world where changing. The 101st Airborne Air Assault Division was commencing the transition
from AH–1 Cobra Helicopters to the new AH–64AApache Helicopter. During the process 1st
Battalion of the 101st Airborne Air Assault Division where sent to Fort Hood, Texas to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The radar system and the capability that Saddam Hussein sustained was thought to be pretty
substantial, from a preservation of force stand point they needed the capability to destroy this radars
to accomplish the mission. The mission could only be accomplish with a low level attack so the
mission called "Normandy" was given to the 1–101st to use the Apache Helicopters with their
Hellfire Missiles. LTC Cody, the 1–101st commander during that time, designed the mission by
taken key elements from each flight company and created a task force "Task Force Normandy" to
accomplish this mission. This task force did numerous training missions and live fire rehearsals
during the next few months and prepared the eight AH–64 crews for the mission. They also
conducted the first ever live–fire exercise with the extended range fuel tanks installed on an Apache.
The final rehearsal conducted on 10 January 1991 and departed to Al Jouf in western Saudi Arabia
in the middle of nowhere to wait for this

World War 1 Essay
In today's digital age, development of new technology and weapons are at an alarming rate, hence
arises the need to stay ahead of advancements in order to properly defend the nation, as well as
coalition forces and allies. In this period of warfare, the number one threat comes in the form of air
breathing and ballistic missiles. During World War II, this threat was present, but was not thought to
be prevalent. Following World War I, and into the beginning of World War II, the United States of
America was still recuperating from the first war, and therefore did not engage. The focus was
reestablishing the military in the form of personnel and equipment. It was becoming evident that the
forward shift in technology was forcing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, the officer on duty ignored the warning. Had he not, the attack on Pearl Harbor could
have been less severe, if not countered completely. In addition, the task of almost the entirety of the
air defense of Pearl Harbor fell upon the United States Navy and the United States Air Corp, despite
the 16th Coast Artillery Regiment having eighty–two 3–inch anti–aircraft guns, twenty 37 mm anti–
aircraft guns, and one hundred and nine .50 caliber anti–aircraft machine guns. The Army Air Corp's
P–36 and P–40 pursuit planes were the main deterrent to enemy aircraft, unfortunately, this was the
target of the Japanese Naval Fleet (Anti–aircraft). At the end of the attack, only a few P–36's were
able to escape the barrage of bullets and bombs, and managed to destroy ten of the Japanese Zero's,
while the 16th Coast Artillery Regiment brought down six. Ironically, four years prior, in June of
1937, the United States War Department began drafting a plan to increase the continental anti–
aircraft artillery due to rising tensions with Japan, yet was not approved until late 1940. The plan
called for increasing the number of 3–inch guns from 135 to 472, as well as increasing the number
of regiments to 80, which would account for roughly 4,000,000 service men, solely for the defense
of the continental United States. The Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson, approved the project for
Pearl Harbor, which would increase

Narrowly Missed Apocalypses Essay
Useless Factlets 229: Narrowly Missed Apocalypses
North Korea has been acting pretty crazy lately, which I think has some people a little anxious. It's
been since the fall of the Soviet Union that there was this much nuclear nervousness, which makes it
a great time to clue you all in to just how close we've come to total annihilation.
The Cold War was a pretty insane time. I remember some of it from my childhood in the 80s––the
Soviets were pretty much the "boogie–man" from the 1950s–1990s. Go watch some 80s era Twilight
Zone–Nuclear holocausts and Soviet attacks where plot points for many episodes. And the fear was
well–founded: the USA and USSR had developed the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (I'll
link to UF 75 in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"LET'S GO!" 'But the POTUS isn't on board!' "WELL THERE'S NO TIME TO WAIT FOR HIM!"
Before anything truly insane happened, it was discovered that someone inserted the "attack
simulation" tape in the computer by mistake. "I thought it was my Three's Company tape! Real
sorry, guys!"
If that wasn't a close enough call, again in 1983, the systems all go bonkers, indicating hundreds of
incoming missiles. Then indicating 2 missiles. Then 0. Then 250. "Hey, Jim–what's your warning
count on inbound missiles? 8? Mine says 98. WTH?"
This time, it was a burned–out computer chip that caused the glitch. As was the case in the '79 scare,
cooler heads prevailed by checking the raw data from our defense satellites, which showed no
missiles.
But none of this is nearly as terrifying as when the Soviet systems glitched out.
The Soviet ICBM warning system came later than our own and was different in a way they thought
would prevent false alarms. We had DTS satellites that scanned the whole planet's surface for
launches. The Soviet system focused on just the mainland US's launch sites. Their satellite scanned
the edge of earth's atmosphere, where a missile would easily show up against the vast, empty
blackness of space. This would reduce natural phenomena being mistaken for launches. Pretty fresh
thinking–and to keep the planet safe as possible. Except their system was buggier than ours.
Tensions were running higher than normal. On September 1st, 1983, the

Battle Of Britain Research Paper
1. What was the Battle of Britain? In what ways was this first air battle in history significant?
The Battle of Britain was the first major war campaign consisting of air forces. The forces of
Germany had quickly and decisively defeated numerous countries throughout Europe and were now
poised to invade, and ultimately Britain. The last major obstacle to Hitler's plan was the Royal Air
Force (RAF) and the British military in general.
June of 1940, Western Europe was controlled and occupied by Nazi forces. The rapid advance
through France had forced the British forces in France to withdraw. Reichsmarschall Hermann
Göring was the Commander of the Luftwaffe (German Air Forces) and believed that Britain could
be isolated, bombarded, and defeated by air power alone. "On 1 July, three Luftflotten (air fleets)
were deployed from Norway to the Cherbourg peninsula in northern France with a strength of 2,186
serviceable aircraft including 898 bombers, 708 single–engined fighters, and 202 twin–engined
fighters." (Webb, http://www.battleofbritain1940.com/overview)
Air Marshal Hugh Dowding was assigned the task of defending the mainland of Britain against the
German air offensive. "On the eve of the Battle, Fighter Command had a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"However, the German raids were decisively defeated with 61 German aircraft destroyed for the loss
of 31 RAF fighters. To the dismay of German airmen, it was clear that Fighter Command was not on
the brink of defeat and the Luftwaffe could not win air superiority. Two days later, Hitler postponed
invasion preparations indefinitely. Although daylight air battles would continue into October, the
Luftwaffe switched its main effort to night attacks in order to reduce further losses." (Webb,

Battle Of Great Britain Essay
"War is horrible, but slavery is worse, and you may be sure that the British people would rather go
down fighting than live in servitude."⁷ By July 10th, 1940, Germany had overrun Europe using
Blitzkrieg method and then declared war on Great Britain. This war was the first military campaign
in history to be fought entirely in the air. Conquering all the odds, the Royal Air Force stood alone
and defeated the German Luftwaffe. Even when facing certain defeat, Britain prevailed. The
leadership of Great Britain, radar, and the Royal Air Force without a doubt were the three most
crucial reasons into why Britain prevailed.
The leadership of Great Britain played an important role to Britain's success during the Battle of
Britain. Winston Churchill and Lord Beaverbrook were two of the most important people to thank
when it comes to Great Britain's success. Winston Churchill had a defiant attitude and stirring
speeches that inspired the nation at a time when many people thought britain faced certain defeat.¹
Almost a month before the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Radar played a big role in the Dowding system as well. It allowed the RAF to respond as fast as
possible to the incoming german attacks and use the resources of pilots and aircrafts to their full
potential. Radar also gave the Royal Air Force early warning signs on German attacks or raids. It
gave the fighters valuable time to prepare for German attacks and made sure they were not caught
alone and defenceless. Another benefit of the radar was that the RAF had more than fifty radars
stations in the south of Britain under their possession, which gave them an edge over Germany
throughout the battle. Overall, radar was very effective and it helped Great Britain have an edge
over Germany throughout the entire

The Pros And Cons Of Tornadoes
Tornadoes make full use of the element of surprise. They seemingly form out of nowhere, varying
greatly in size, strength, agility and speed, unpredictably destroying some or all of life's most prized
possessions, including the most precious of all – life. Leaving in their wake only remnants of
physical memories carelessly scattered about. Living in "Tornado Alley" or any other tornado prone
region is at times a leap of faith which only Mother Nature controls, yet societally this is an
excepted risk. We have many advantages over our predecessors; statistic and evidence based
weather forecasting improvements, radar, satellite imaging, warning and alert systems of various
kinds, field Storm Spotters and Chasers documenting these magnificent wonders. However, we still
professedly fail to convincingly communicate the dangers of these destructive beasts. ... Show more
Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s the usage of the word "tornado" in forecasts was
prohibited by the Weather Bureau because it was "felt that mention of the word tornado provoked
undue fear amongst the public" (Corfidi, 2010). While the ban was lifted eventually lifted, little
research progress had been made until 1948 when two US Air Force weather officers successfully
predicted a tornado in Oklahoma (2010). The prediction of this event is what led to the
establishment of the US Air Force's Severe Weather Warning Center and developed into what we
know today as the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) in Norman, Oklahoma (2010). Officially, 1948
was the beginning of tornado forecasting in the United States, and if we look at it from a prediction
accuracy perspective it is still very much in its

Tornado Research
Introduction
Predicting tornado activity can be one of the most challenging aspects of Meteorology. Tornados can
form in less than 10 seconds, providing little to no warning of the potential devastating destruction
they leave behind. With advancements in technology being more aware of the formation of tornados
would appear to be a natural outcome. Research indicates, that the advancement in predicting
tornados is closely related to understanding better why early predictions are challenging.
Reasons for Predicting Tornados
Tornados create devastating destruction throughout their path and leave behind horrifying stories.
Higher rated tornados tend to lead to multiple casualties and staggering records of injuries. When a
tornado descends ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
March 25th 1948 brought about the first modern day tornado prediction in Oklahoma City. Major E.
J. Fawbush and Captain R.C. Miller of Tinker Air Force base predicted that a tornado would hit the
area (Gensini, 2016). This successful prediction that came from Fawbush and Miller's study of a
recent tornado on March 20, along with reviewing recent tornado research they predicted the March
25th tornado. After public outcry for local predictions the U.S Weather Bureau removed the ban on
tornado warning in 1950 (Coleman, 2011). These evolving predictions have led to the warning
systems and processes used to predict tornadic weather to prevent loss of life and potential
destruction through tornado warnings. The evolution of predictions has had an impact on the
decimation of the warnings to the public. While initially warnings were announced through radio
and television, in modern days we have ma multitude of ways to get the prediction out in warning
messages through news, radio, air raid sirens and social

Tornado Forecasts
Currently, the development of spotter networks and conversion radar are use for identification of
tornadoes (Coleman et al. 2011). In developed countries, the use of weather radars have become the
primary method for the identification of tornadoes. The Doppler weather radar is used in the United
States, this system takes measurements of velocity and the radial direction of the storm (Coleman et
al. 2011). New technology development has lead to forecasts of tornadoes before they have made
contact with the ground.
Currently the average tornado warning lead time is 13 minutes (Brotzge & Erickson, 2009). Tornado
forecasts are still unreliable, most warnings are not broadcasted when the tornado is forming or has
formed (Brotzge & Erickson, 2009). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2008, 3 out of every 4 tornado warnings that were issued were false alarms (Brotzge et al. 2011).
False alarm ratios are highest during non–peak storm periods and lowest during storm times and
days. In a 24–hour period they are highest overnight and morning hours and lowest in the late
afternoon (Brotzge et al. 2011). Seasonally they are highest December–February and late summer,
August and lowest all the other months (Brotzge et al. 2011). Tornado information has increased
since the amount of research has been recorded and analyzed. However, there is more improvements
that are needed to fully predict tornadoes that could have the potential to destroy large areas.
Conclusion:
Although meteorologist hardly acknowledge that their forecasts are not completely accurate, it is
clear that without them the amount of harm would be great. The information of a possible tornado
formation helps the public become prepared to the possibility of a tornado. Tornadoes warning
systems have come a long way from the days where they were inaccurate and unreliable. Lead times
have increased and are becoming more reliable. However, more sensitive technology is needed until
forecasts can become more

Military Communication System Essay
Military Communication System
Narsi Choudhary ,15116035
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Roorkee, INDIA narsijat1220@gmail.com Abstract–This document presents information about the
different types of communication systems used in a military for locating enemy's weapons, tracking
their fire and destroy it in Air, keeping eyes on enemy's movements, messaging to each other etc. In
earlier decades' communication were delivered by soldiers on foot. Later on revolution comes in
military communications system and the technology developed. RADARs are developed and used in
different areas of military purposes. In India many radars and satellites are developed by DRDO and
some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
RADAR relies on its own transmission rather than light from other sources like sun, moon or EM
wave emitted by object themselves. This process of directing radio waves toward an object is known
as illumination.
Fig. 1. RADAR transmits and receives signal on a single antenna
III. CLASSIFICATION OF MILITARY COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
A. Weapon Locating Radar(WLR)
Weapon Locating Radars are generally used for detecting and locating enemies Artillery units by
tracking the trajectory of incoming shells and rounds. These Radars can also provide fire correction
to the friendly artillery units. Weapon locating radar is also able to track unguided missiles and
mortar shells fired by enemy. The concept behind this radar is to estimate the distance of shell by
calculating time difference and angular resolution between two consecutive waves received. Some
Indian weapon locating radar are–
'Swathi' Weapon Locating Radar– this radar is a mobile artillery locating phased array radar. This is
designed to detect and track incoming rocket and artillery fire to determine point of counter firing
weapon. And in secondary role it can also track the fall of shot fired from friendly guns. This is an
array radar so the antenna does not move while in operation. This radar has capability to scan a +/–
45º range of azimuths for

Project Management and Program Office
Federal Radar
On the morning of November 14, Sharon Taylor, Space Warning Network (SPAWN) Program
Manager, was getting ready for a private meeting with Paul Shaifer, President of the Federal Rader
Corporation (FedRad). Mr. Shaifer had scheduled the meeting to discuss the problems that had
plagued the company's important SPAWN Program during its first year and a half. These problems,
which included unauthorized design changes and Taylor's inability to control the program's cost,
schedule, and technical performance, had contributed to a cost overrun and schedule delay,
estimated at 30% and four months respectively, and a general loss of customer confidence.
The Federal Radar Corporation
Since its founding, FedRad had been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Emery and Taylor presented and discussed the new organization on many occasions during the next
three weeks. Each presentation led to lengthy arguments and terminated in disagreement.
At this point, Emery was assigned to another task. Consequently, establishing an operational
SPAWN Program Office was left entirely to Taylor. When the actual engineering work was to being,
Taylor had been able to secure, for her office, only five people from the Engineering Department.
These people were responsible for technical management and program control. Greggson refused to
give Taylor additional engineers. Taylor was able to obtain from other departments one person to
perform manufacturing liaison work and another to act as Subcontracts Manager. She hired two
Program Control people.
Taylor felt insecure about her organizational support as SPAWN moved into high gear. Her feeling
was borne out during the next six months. By January of this year, the SPAWN Program was two
months behind schedule and a cost overrun of from 10–25% was projected. The problems leading to
the January situation are described below.
Technical Management Problems
The Program Office's technical management team consisted of George McTavish, Technical
Manager, Phillip Hsu, Technical Manager, and Peter Kolman, Systems Integration Coordinator. All
three men remained on the Engineering Department payroll. McTavish

Air Defense Artillery
Air defense artillery is our first and final line of defense against aerial attack. Since World War I.
Before air defense was established men and women faced an airborne threat in a technology driven
ever changing world. This forced progression of military power brought a then need for air defense
artillery, which will come to be its own branch in later years. The need for our branch to combat a
constant threat is met by American soldiers that have been trained proficiently in their duties. This
branch has evolved to face every problem that has risen up to cause harm. Ranging from propelled
projectiles like mortars to fast movers. Air defense has answered with swift and deadly solutions.
Evolving with our enemy's motives, going from the 75–90mm ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Bliss Texas. Coming into 1950 The new concerns of air defense was no longer about establishing a
strong anti–aircraft artillery presence but combating new technologies such as jet propelled aircraft.
Due to the new mission set before air defense light AA battalions were sent to army divisions
following the Army's movements with AAA. They were tasked to help maneuvering forces
extinguish enemy ground units in the Korean War. Moving into the Vietnam War air defense played
dual roles, one as excellent ground soldiers and the other as Duster or Quad 50. operators firing
millions of rounds during the course of the war. As anti–aircraft artillery continuously grew, the
Army decided to separate them from the field artillery branch. Naming air defense artillery as their
own branch on July

The Bombing Of Pearl Harbor Essay
The past 120 years have brought many changes, as well as surprises, to the United States of
America. There have been inventions such as the automobile, the airplane, the television and even
travel in space. There have been changes like the World Wars, Prohibition, the Great Depression and
the cold war. Through the years, the American people have encountered joy, peace, and tragedy. One
of the greatest tragedies experienced by Americans occurred on Sunday, December 7, 1941, the
bombing of Pearl Harbor Naval Base. One could consider this incident the first act of terrorism
against America. The day was significant because of its impact on history. The attack and defeat of
the United States at Pearl Harbor forced America into World War II.
Surrounded by land on the southern coast of Oahu, near Honolulu, in the Hawaiian Islands lies the
port of Pearl Harbor. At the time of the attack, Hawaii was not a state. However, the United States
claimed it as a territory. The U.S. Navy established a base at Pearl Harbor to house the Pacific Fleet,
and to train men for war. In the early 1940's the base became a supply post for Great Britain in the
fight against the Nazi Germany attacks. In 1940, World War II was well under way with Great
Britain, France, the USSR, China, Greece and other Allies against the Axis Powers when the
Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. Until this point, the United States' stance had remained
noncommittal about the war.
In July 1940, the U.S. placed an embargo on Japan,

How Did The United States Prevent The Cold War?
The Cold War was an international political conflict that developed between the United States and
the Soviet Union after World War II. Between the years of 1948 and 1991 the Cold War dominated
International Affairs. At many times, it took precedence over affairs such as the
Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam, Hungary, and the Berlin Wall. Although the United States and the
Soviet Union fought as allies during World War II, postwar there was tension and distrust.
After expansionism in Eastern Europe the United States feared the spread of Communism and
Russian control over the world. To prevent the spread of Communism, the United States joined
forces with its European allies and formed NATO. The world stood at high alert because of the
threat of imminent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second generation Nike weapon, the Nike Hercules, unlike its predecessor, could be armed with
Nuclear weapons or high yield explosives and its firing range was increased from twentyfive miles
to seventyfive miles. A huge part of the United States air defense strategy depended on early
warning of an attack. The strategy was to deploy intercepting aircraft to foil aggressors far in
advance of them reaching intended US targets. Radars were strategically placed in Canada,
Greenland and Alaska. Aircraft
Control and Warning was the first Cold War radar system. An Alaskan radar network was built
known as the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line, which extended across the northern border of
Alaska and Canada. In conjunction with the relaying capability of the communication systems,
which allowed information to be sent to military control centers around the state and to the North
Regional Air Defense headquarters. In closing, during the Cold War the Air Defense program had
the skies highly protected. Radars were in place to detect early warning signals, there were also
Airman strategically placed to intercept an aerial attack and we had the Nike weapon as our last line
of

Essay about The Cuban Missile Crisis
When President John F. Kennedy failed with the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba in 1961, the United
States started placing fifteen Jupiter intermediate–range ballistic missiles (IRBM) near Izmir,
Turkey. Even though President Kennedy said that these missiles might have "questionable strategic
value" the Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev, made America aware of his anger and distain
regarding Kennedy's decision. Khrushchev believed that these missiles were not only an offense to
him, but to his country as well. However, the United States also possessed nuclear submarines
which posed an even greater threat than the IRBM's. The Soviet Union came to realize that they
were extremely outmatched in the area of nuclear weapons and the decision by ... Show more
The EX–COMM committee was unaware of Khrushchev's intentions if an invasion were to take
place. Kennedy was, however, determined to take such drastic measures this early on in the conflict
and talk of a blockade was in the air. No matter what the United States would do, officials believed
that retaliation from the Soviets was inevitable. However, anything other than the use of nuclear
weapons was deemed as a smart decision at the time. The decision to invade Cuba was finally
"thrown out", leaving only two decisions left. An air raid on Cuba could be used which would kill
many people and possibly risk nuclear missile launch. The other decision was for a blockade or
quarantine to be set up around Cuba to keep incoming missiles and supplies from reaching the coast.
A "quarantine" of Cuba would be carried out and seemed to be the best possible choice, under the
circumstances. The decision made by President Kennedy, saved America from nuclear war that day.
If the United States had invaded Cuba then the Soviet Union would have a launched an attack,
which in turn would have caused America to launch their missiles at Cuba and the Soviet Union.
This ultimately would have led to global nuclear warfare and the loss of life would have been
substantial. The significance of the decision not to invade Cuba was a life saving one but, other
issues during the short thirteen day timeframe would

Argumentative Essay On Pearl Harbor
December 7th, 1941, was the day 2,403 Americans lost their lives and 1,200 wounded during the
Japanese air raid, on Pearl Harbor. On this day, the US Navy lost almost the entire Pacific Fleet in
the harbor. After the attack, all the ships were either sunk or severally damaged minus the aircraft
carriers. The aircraft carriers luckily were still at sea. The total number of military personnel killed
was 2,335, including 2,008 navy personnel, 109 marines, and 218 army. Added to this were 68
civilians, making the total 2403 people dead. 1,177 men alone were from the USS Arizona.
The attack on Pearl Harbor is something that is taught in grade school history. However, if it is being
taught correctly that's a different story. As a child, we believe everything that the teacher taught us
even if it was a lie. The story of Pearl Harbor is a horrific event that has been revealing more
information throughout the years. What was taught in school was Pearl Harbor was a surprise attack
by the Japanese. That the Japanese managed to fly into US Airspace and destroy our ships and
planes for no reason. As we research more about this particular topic, we discover that the United
States was doing a really good job keeping secrets. For example, the Japanese has a reason to attack
the US.
The United States along with our allies Britain and Dutch, provoked the Japanese to attack. In 1937
Japan declared war on China which aggravated the US. The US and its Allies formed a plan and cut
off the oil supply for the Japanese military. No oil, meant no fuel for the war. By the US making the
strategic plan to cut of the oil supply, left the Japanese finding oil elsewhere. So, they planned to
invade into the Philippines and the Malaya territories. By moving into these locations with the hopes
of finding a steady source of natural resources such as oil and rubber. In order to do so, the Japanese
empire had to cripple the US military base that was 5,276 miles way. After months of planning, the
Japanese Empire put their attack in motion. After many different red flag scenarios, the Japanese
Bombers still managed to get the upper hand on us. With all of the red flags that's presented hours,
days, weeks before the attack why was the Pacific not

Examples Of Oklahoma Tornadoes And Their Destructive Ways
Oklahoma Tornadoes and Their Destructive Ways What makes tornadoes and their destruction
interesting to people? Is it the variety in formations, the miles one can travel, the random paths it
takes, the changes tornadoes can make on climate and the formation of the land or is it because
tornadoes often leave behind a path of destruction and deaths? In this paper, I will discuss what
tornadoes are and how they form, what different forms of tornadoes there are, what tornado watches
and warning are and give examples of tornadoes in Oklahoma and what destruction they caused,
also while providing information about the Doppler radar. The questions often asked is; what are
tornadoes and how do they form? Tornadoes are "violent windstorms that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When tornadoes do form; such places as the National Weather Service (2014) classify tornadoes into
three categories. These categories are weak, strong, and violent. "
Gave the knowledge of what to look for, this can help save lives and keep loved ones safe but what
if someone is unsure of what to look for; well the news channels do provide tornado watches and
warnings.
A tornado watch when issued is just a reminder that the weather does have the potential to produce a
tornado and that caution should be used when traveling and doing outdoor activities. However,
when a tornado warning is issued this is a warning to take cover in a cellar, basement or other safe
places; away from windows and other places where one may be harmed. With the basic knowledge
of what watches and warning are; what helped to even start all of this? For the residents are of
Oklahoma, it was our very own Gary England from Seiling, Oklahoma that helped keep the lives of
Oklahomans safe for decades. Sam Anderson (2013) wrote "early in his career Gary England was
notorious for issuing tornado warnings before the national weather service did so, with new
technology formed; England persuaded News 9 to invest in a Doppler radar" but what is the Doppler
radar? The Doppler radar is a machine that emits energy and if this energy comes into contact with
an object, it will cause the energy to scatter. The reflected signal then is picked up by the radar
during the listening period.

1953 Waco Tornado
Since the beginning of time there have been countless weather disasters, which include hurricanes,
floods and tornadoes. Comparable to other natural disasters, there is a great deal of severe damage to
properties, businesses and unfortunately loss of life. There were a total of 422 tornadoes throughout
the country in 1953. Texas has endured a multitude of disastrous storms; however on May 11, 1953
there was a particular storm that forever transformed a city called Waco, Texas known as 1953 Waco
Tornado.
In 1953, the Waco tornado was part of a tornado outbreak sequence with a series of at least 33
tornadoes occurring in 10 different U.S. between May 9–11, 1953. According to the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) a research ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
By disproving an Indian myth, this extensive F5 twister confirmed that a tornado can strike
anywhere at any time. Ultimately, the twister caused an estimated loss of $41 million by destroying
over 600 businesses, 850 homes and 2,000 cars (Sawyer Amanda 1); that is about $363 million
dollars in 2016 dollars. Being prepared for a natural disaster such as this, could possibly have led to
fewer casualties. If the community of Waco wouldn't have ignored the warning signs I'm certain
more lives would have been saved. When tragedy struck, the city of Waco came together and
supported each other during this disastrous time, which showed courage. There were many heroic
people on that fateful day, and there also many who lost their lives. Many people believe the tornado
was the cause of the way Waco's downtown area is today, because it never totally recovered.
Although, this was a horrific natural disaster, something valuable came out of it. The Waco Tornado
of 1953 was a major turning point on how we view and track tornados today. Fortunately, with the
use of technology, we are able to track tornadoes. Meteorologist identifies and understands the basic
ingredients to be able to forecast a tornado. In today's modern world we are fortunate to actually
have a plan on what should be done before and during a tornado. To able to have warning signs and
an action plan

5-52 Air Defense Case Study
Fort Bliss, Texas, 2003 5–52 Air Defense Battalion prepared to depart for their one year tour to Iraq.
5–52's main objective to support the initial invasion of Iraq by providing protection to the invading
U.S. ground forces from airborne threats. The Patriot Air Defense System is seen as the perfect
weapon system for the job and 5–52 as the best battalion to man it. 5–52 arrives in Iraq in March,
19, 2003 with five Patriot battery's, they were quickly split into two separate teams, Alpha, Bravo,
and Echo Battery are tasked to provide forward coverage force that would move with the allied
ground forces. Charlie and Delta are attached to the 32nd AAMDC and is to remain in Kuwait to
defend the city and all military assets in the area. While forward deployed the soldiers experienced
major challenges with the equipment and its internal systems. Their radar system which was
considered the best short range ballistic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Echo proceeds forward steadily assuring that air coverage was provided at all times. On April 02,
2003 Echo provided air coverage while waiting for the other Air Defense Battery's to relocate to a
different area. Suddenly Echo experiences an enemy track on their radar screen with its target being
the battery itself, Echo attempted to communicate with the enemy to verify, nevertheless
communications failed. With no other options available Echo Battery fired two missiles and shot
down the target. As Echo had fired Alpha Battery had time to further analyze the target, they had
determined that it was in fact a friendly Navy F–18 which had just returned from a bombing run in
Baghdad. The F–18's Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) transponder codes had not been updated
which caused a fail in communication between both

WWII and the Road to Midway Essay
World War Two came to America on December 7th, 1941. The focus on America's involvement in
the war generally focuses on the European front. What must be remembered is the time and
sacrifices made in the Pacific theatre. America's entry into the war on the Pacific was not an
immediate success. It took American forces until the summer of 1942 at the Battle of Midway to
become properly prepared for the war. The American military learned much from their losses – both
through the strengths of the Japanese forces and America's own faults. After these losses were
realized, changes were made within the military. These improvements allowed the American forces
to turn the war back and begin to have successes in the Pacific. Pearl Harbour ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Another aspect of the Japanese success was powerful and effective tactics. Tactics include the
training of the Japanese soldiers and their objectives in battle. Japanese soldiers were trained to die
honourable – to fight to the death and never be taken prisoner3. Training the soldiers to fight this
way was not only traditionally Japanese, but it inspired them to continue fighting beyond what
would be seen as a reasonable time. This sincere dedication to defending their people and Emperor
(the cause of this training) allowed the Japanese soldiers to be effective killers even when faced with
undeniable defeat4. Beyond their training, the Japanese had other advantages in their battle
objectives. The use of radar was essential to the Americans, and so the Japanese were often ordered
to target the radar stations on islands before beginning full assaults5. Targeting the radar stations
prevented the Americans from properly estimating the Japanese forces or from knowing where they
were headed. The final tactical advantage the Japanese had was that their air force consisted of small
experienced squads – especially for important missions6. Having been involved in a number of
minor wars in east Asia in the 1930s, Japanese forces were far more experienced; this lead to a much
greater effectiveness than the inexperienced Americans. Technologically, Japan was also ahead of
America at the outset of the war. This, partially, is due to experience and having been

The Battle Of Britain Is Regarded As The Most Famous...
The Battle of Britain is regarded as the most famous military engagement of World War II. The fall
of France in June 1940 to Nazi Germany not only left Britain as the only European power working
actively against the Germans but also left them vulnerable to bombing campaigns launched from
Northern France, having only to travel twenty–five miles across the English Channel to reach targets
in south–east England1. The quick surrender of France allowed German forces to direct their
attention towards Britain. Although Hitler had publicly stated a desire to negotiate peace terms with
Britain, preparations had been made for an amphibious invasion of the British Isles, codenamed
Operation Sealion2. German High Command was aware of the fact that ... Show more content on
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The Battle of Britain marked a major turning point in the war, akin to the Battle of Moscow in the
east, as it was the first time the German advance had been stopped. Had Britain fallen to the Third
Reich during the summer of 1940, the repercussions would have been enormous. Hitler would have
completed his conquest of Europe; there would have been no possibility of an invasion on the
beaches of Normandy, enabling Hitler to dedicate more resources for Operation Barbarossa, the
invasion of the Soviet Union. The invention of radar, known as Radio Direction Finding (RDF) at
the time, by the Department of Scientific and Industrial research in 1934 initially allowed aircraft to
be detected at a distance of thirty–eight miles. By 1937, improvements to RDF had enabled it to see
aircraft at a range of one hundred miles, complete with the bearing of enemy aircraft4. The British
recognized the potential of RDF to be used simultaneously with other electronic and communication
aids to provide an early–detecting system. The development of an early–warning system was
essential to the British war effort due to the length of the coastline being so close to enemy–
occupied territory, with important commercial, industrial and military centres well within the range
of enemy aircraft5. An early–warning system also had two distinct advantages over traditional
aircraft patrolling of the British coastline. It

The Cuban Missile Crisis: The Day the World Became so...
How did the world become so close to full–blown nuclear war? It all started with a deep routed
conflict between the United States and Soviet Union. The U.S and the Soviet Union had different
views on political and economic systems. The United States believed in Democracy, which means
the people have say in what the government does. While the Soviet Union believed in Communism
which means the government controls everything and ultimately leads to a dictatorship. After World
War II the superpowers need to talk about post war goals. July, 1945 Churchill Brittan's (Prime
Minister), Truman (the President of the United States) and Stalin (the Soviet Union's Dictator) all
met at what is known as the Potsdam Conference. Truman and Churchill are determined to preserve
Democratic government. After losing 20 million men and suffering widespread destruction. Stalin
wanted to punish Germany, impose Communism on his entire nation and pay reparation for war
damage. He would do this by establishing satellite nations. This meant that Germany could still be
their own country, but the Soviet Union would have control over their decisions. Truman, on the
other hand, believed that they should not punish Germany's people for what Hitler had done and that
Germany's industry was critical to Europe's recovery. Paralyzing Germany would only hurt Europe
as a whole. Nearly three decades later the Potsdam Conference did nothing to bridge the divide.
These two competing ideas caused tremendous conflict

Pearl Harbor Essay
Pearl Harbor
Was the attack of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 really a surprise? "How secret is secret in a
country where years of censorship have trained an inquisitive, alert population in the discreet
whisper and the fine art of putting two and two together? And how secret is secret when one's ideas
are no longer exclusively one's own?" (At Dawn We Slept, Prange 30) The tragic attack of Pearl
Harbor on December 7, 1941 has many events connected to it that lead people to believe that it was
no surprise to the United States government. "The attack marked the entrance of Japan into World
War II on the side of Germany and Italy, and the entrance of the United States on the allied side."
(Microsoft Encyclopedia) President ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The US code word for the resulting intelligence was "Magic." The Americans had also made great
progress in penetrating Japan's military codes and ciphers by 1941 (code word "Ultra," also used by
the British for military signals intelligence, which they exchanged with the Americans.) Sometimes
information from one source filled out, clarified, or confirmed interceptions from another. It is
hardly surprising that for some people the question has become, not "Did we know?" but "How
could we not have known?" But is that fair?" (Van der Vat 94) "Since the early 1920's America had
been eavesdropping on Japanese government communications. Roosevelt's military leaders called it
a "spledid arrangement"" (Stinnett 60) Now if that is true and the United States knew all about what
the Japanese were doing then why wouldn't they have known about the attack on Pearl Harbor? And
not only that, but why would the President of the United States not want to warn his own country of
an attack that would harm his nation and kill thousands? Even though Roosevelt tried to deny it, the
radio taps America had on Japan were flawless. "Altogether it was an exceptional effort of
extraordinary scope of achievement, and for years it had kept American officials aware of every
intention and activity of the Japanese government." (Stinnett 60)

Ridar Research Paper
THE INTRODUCTION OF THE RADAR TECHNOLGY
The outcome of the First World War (28th July 1914 – 11th November 1918), also known as the
"war to end all wars" (Wells, 1961), was not enough to end all problems that caused it, therefore
there was a call for a Second World War (1st of September 1939 – 2nd of September 1945). This
war (World War 2) between the Allies and Axial power block had a very important role in the impact
of technology during this period. As tension grew between opposing forces, so did its technological
surroundings, and with days leading up to the war, different proposal of new war technologies were
requested by the British Air Ministry. One of these technologies a RADIO DETECTING AND
RANGING DEVICE (RADAR). The purpose of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The Battle of France is over, the Battle of Britain is about to begin" (Churchill 1940). Following
Hitler's threat, the RAF was ordered by Winston Churchill (British Army Officer) to prepare for war.
This paper reviews the contribution of radar technology towards the victory of the Royal Air Force
(RAF) over the Germans during the Battle of Britain (10th of July 1940 – 31st of October 1940), as
this is a topic that has begun to gain attention from contemporary researchers, but for which little
factual evidence exists. Much of the research relating to this topic leans towards the idea that the
RAF soldiers were victorious due to the advantage of fighting on home turf and the diversity of their
pilots, which is inadequate in a full examination of the war conditions. More importantly, two major
factors that motivate the research undertaken in this paper, is the fact that the Battle of Britain was
the first major campaign fought entirely by air forces, and the RAF's victory marked the first defeat
of Hitler's military force. Given the importance of this battle and the introduction of RADAR
technology during the period, one might wonder if the RADAR technology led the Royal Air Force

National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration
Since the beginning of time there have been countless weather disasters, which include hurricanes,
floods and tornadoes. Comparable to other natural disasters, there is a great deal of severe damage to
properties, businesses and unfortunately loss of life. There were a total of 422 tornadoes throughout
the country in 1953. Texas has endured a multitude of disastrous storms; however, on May 11, 1953
there was a particular storm that forever transformed a city called Waco, Texas known as 1953 Waco
Tornado.
In 1953, the Waco tornado was part of a tornado outbreak sequence with a series of at least 33
tornadoes occurring in 10 different U.S. between May 9–11, 1953. According to the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) a research meteorologist from Texas A&M
University picked up an isolated comma–shaped echo on his radar screen about an hour before the
tornado struck Waco, Texas. The researcher was unfamiliar with the severity of the echo. (Slattery,
Patrick 1) This would soon be proven fatal; as a result of this a few minutes before the strike the
screen displayed five echoes and the number one deadliest tornado in Texas since the 1900 began.
Surprisingly, the morning of May 11, 1953 started out like any other day, residents recalled it to be
warm and muggy as usual. There was a high temperature 80 degrees and a low temperature of 63
degrees. The dew point was 68 degrees Fahrenheit with an average wind speed of 8 miles per hour.
(Weather Underground 1) The

Pearl Harbor Attack Report
The sun broke the horizon at 7:03 and brought an orange tint to the skies in eastern Hawaii. On the
other side of the island, Lieutenant Commander Ryan was asleep in his barracks along with his
fellow pilots. Unaware about what was going to happen in about 52 minutes Ryan knew he had a
boat inspection scheduled at 8 a.m. on the battleship Oklahoma later that morning. Ryan scheduled
his alarm for 7:20 a.m. so he could awake early and make it to Pearl Harbor for his appointment.
Meanwhile on battleship Oklahoma the sailors had opened the portholes and water tight hatches so
that the Oklahoma would air out for a fresher inspection for Lieutenant Ryan. It was now 7:32 and
Lieutenant Ryan was on his way to base Pearl Harbor for the boat inspection, while driving through
the county of Honolulu Lieutenant Ryan decided to stop and grab a quick coffee from the local
diner. Meantime under 150 miles north from the coast of the Island of Oahu, the first fleet of
Japanese fighter pilots would be zoning in on their target. The Americans on base Pearl Harbor
would be completely unaware of the incoming attack. It was now 7:40 and Lieutenant Ryan would
just now be arriving at the check–in gate at base Pearl Harbor. Lieutenant Ryan was greeted by ...
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A Island wide warning was deployed over the radio interrupting music calling for all military
personnel to report for action. Immediately amongst the battleships on base Pearl Harbor the men
were called to their battle stations to fire upon the foreign enemies. Meanwhile the B–17 bombers
would be arriving from the north at the worst possible time they could have. As the B–17s were
entering the visible airspace of Pearl Harbor they were fired upon by friendly and enemy fire. The
B–17s were sitting ducks for they had no weapons on board to protect themselves, multiple of the
B–17s were shot down in result of

Radar In World War Two
One of the most important technological achievements of World War Two was the invention of
radar. For the first time in history, commanders could see hundreds of miles past their own vision
and develop strategies to counter enemy movements. Radar had enormous effects on the outcome of
World War Two and was a determining factor in how naval and aerial strategy developed into what
it is today. Applicable in both offensive and defensive strategies, radar can be used as an early
warning device or as a helping mechanism for aerial bombers and naval ships to find their targets
more effectively. Defensively, radar played a large role against aerial and naval attacks throughout
the war. World War Two was the first time that airplanes were used as ... Show more content on
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Suddenly, poor weather conditions and the darkness of night were no longer problems for naval
leaders and fighters. Radar allowed ship commanders and airman to see without light, and be more
precise with their targets. The ability to attack at night was immensely different from previous wars.
Previously, the darkness made fighting impossible due to lack of technology for targeting. With
radar, this was now possible. To attack from the air or by ship at night was a formidable threat to
ships and land bases. Radar was used to locate enemy ships and launch planes accurately from large
distances. Attacking without ever seeing the enemy was also now a normal element to naval
warfare. From using radar to launch planes at an enemy hundreds of miles away to using it to find
the coordinates of enemy ships and using naval gunfire, seeing the actual enemy was no longer
necessary. One instance where radar played a formidable role in an attack was at the battle of
Midway. Midway was the turning point in the war where Japan lost two of their aircraft carriers due
to radar locating their exact locations (Lambert). With this information American forces were able to
send dive bombers to the exact coordinates to destroy the vital Japanese carriers. Also using radar
for reconnaissance was a determining factor for the offensive campaigns. Being able to detect where
the enemy is and where they are going to be made the planning of operations more adjustable to
change. The use of radar required a broad communication chain in order to inform leaders of the
findings. With the increased communications, radar findings could be announced to the whole fleet
and its commanders. Increasing the pre–battle intelligence by increasing communication,
commanders could use the radar finding and direct ships and aircraft

Was Roosevelt responsible for Pearl Harbour
Was President Franklin D Roosevelt responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbour?
On December 7, 1941 the infamous bombing of Pearl Harbour by the Japanese took place, but who
was really responsible? Many historians lay the blame with President Franklin D Roosevelt (FDR),
citing his approach to the war as antagonistic and inciting a Japanese attack. This report however
will highlight that the Japanese were the real antagonises, deliberately and purposely attacking the
United States (US), United Kingdom and Holland, and Pearl Harbour was but a pawn in their war
plan, thus alleviating FDR of the historical responsibility bequeathed to him over the last 70 years.
The key elements within this review focus on Japan's Pacific War plans, FDR's ... Show more
They had also issued radar equipment able to detect planes up to 100 miles away, in darkness, storm
or daylight and advised that war was imminent and reconnaissance should be undertaken. They had
no idea the war had already begun and in 11 days time America would be on the forefront of a
Japanese attack.
The notice for an attack would come via an intercepted transmission on December 6 to the Japanese
Ambassador detailing a secretive 14 part message due to be transmitted and when advised, given to
the American authorities. 13 parts were received and deciphered before midnight on December 6.
Those 13 parts contained a history from Japan's perspective on what had happened in the war thus
far and how they felt about it. Part 14, the most important part, was received by the decoders at 4am
on December 7. By 10am they had deciphered and sent it to President Roosevelt. At 10.30am an
addition to the message was received. It detailed that the message was to be handed over by the
Ambassador at 1pm that afternoon. This also happened to be the time for the first attack however no
location was given. Henry L Stimson the Former Secretary of War as recorded in What Happened at
Pearl Harbour states the following regarding the MAGIC code:
"In very exceptional cases, they made no mention of their plans or movements to any of their
embassies, so that, in these instances, there were no codes to decipher. The attack on Pearl Harbour
was such a case" (Ford,

Pearl Harbor Battle Analysis Paper
Pearl Harbor
The attack on Pearl Harbor was one of the most tragic events in the history of the United States. The
Japanese used the element of surprise to win a decisive victory in the battle. Using critical reasoning
and battle analysis, we can identify the shortcomings that led to this loss. One such shortcoming was
the misuse of the SCR–270 Radar. This paper will fashion an alternate future through this system's
proper employment accounting for its battlefield effect. This paper will also analyze the second and
third order effects this alternate future would have on history. By conducting critical reasoning and
battle analysis, we may be able to see future weaknesses and better manage our intelligence
processes.
December 7, 1941 was a tipping point in US history. On this day, the Japanese Navy attacked the US
Navy's Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. US forces suffered great losses
during this attack. A total of 2,400 Soldiers and Sailors lost their lives, while an additional 1,200
sustained injuries. The attack also claimed three hundred and twenty–six planes and eight of the
Navy's Battle Ships (Davenport, 2008). Fortunately, the US Pacific ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
During this time, the majority of US citizens favored an isolationist approach to the war, allowing
the economy to grow without committing to either side. This fear stemmed from losses during WWI
and people were apprehensive about entering into another world war. Had losses at Pearl Harbor
been less substantial, the US populace would not have provided support to the war effort. This delay
in US involvement would cause Europe, as a whole, to fall. The global impact of these implications
would cost millions of lives in the end. While this was "a short–term tactical victory for Japan, the
attack on Pearl Harbor turned into a long–term strategic defeat" (Clayton 2009, p.

Natural Disaster In Bangladesh
1. Introduction
The number of natural disaster is increasing over the years and its impact to the economy and
environment has increased remarkably. Flood disaster is a major threat to the environment and is
responsible for the economic loss worldwide. Flood frequency, magnitude, extent and cost is
accelerating quickly all over the world (Adjei–darko, 2017). A single major flood event can affect
several countries simultaneously and can pressure on risk reduction and transfer (Jongman et al.,
2014). According to the outcome of Aqueduct Global Flood Risk Analyzer launched by the US–
based World Resource Institute (WRI), flooding affects 21 million people annually and it could rise
to 54 million by 2030 and the GDP loss is 96 billion $ in each year and it could be 521 billion $ by
2030 (Dutch water sector, 2005). Different sectors of Bangladesh also suffer a huge amount of loss
due to regular flood inundation that impacts on countries' budget through the disruption of economic
activity (Hussain & Shan, 2010; Jüssi, 2015). In Bangladesh, about 3.5 million people are annually
affected by the flood and it can rise to 9.8 million per year by 2030. Annual GDP loss is 5.5 billion $
and by 2030 it can rise 45.8 billion $ (WRI, 2017). Economic disruption may rise more than 1
trillion $ annually and flood frequency may be double because of adverse climate and socio–
economic development by 2050 (Jongman et al., 2014). More than 8 million people affected by
flood in 2017 which caused death

World War 3 1983 :
World War 3 1983
Written by Mikhyl Patel
This report will cover how the world as we know it almost ended in 1983 and was saved by one
man, Stanislav Petrov. It will also cover whether or not the decision he made, no matter what the
outcome, was the right one to make.
1 Introduction
Stanislav Yevgrafovich Petrov, once lieutenant colonel of the Soviet Air Defence Forces. On
September 26, 1983, he was the duty officer at the command center for the Oko nuclear early–
warning system. This was a tense period for Russia and the US since it was during the second cold
war and when there was heated tension between both countries.
2 The case
Stanislav's job was to register any missile strikes and to report them to the Soviet military and ...
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September 1983, a few weeks before the missile warnings, a civilian Korean air lines flight 007 with
269 passengers was shot down by a Soviet interceptor aircraft. This was including Larry McDonald,
a US congressman.
October 1983, The US forces invade the Caribbean island of Grenada in an attempt to overthrow the
Marxist military government, expel Cuban troops and more relevantly, abort the construction of a
Soviet funded airstrip.
All of these events added to the friction between the US and Soviet Union even though it was during
the end of the cold wars and many agreements had been made between the two countries.
2.2 The Incident
Stanislav Petrov was the officer on duty at the Serpukhov–15 bunker near Moscow which housed
the command center of the Soviet early warning satellites also known as Oko. His responsibilities
included observing the early warning network and notifying his superiors of any impending nuclear

missile attack against the Soviet Union.
Shortly after midnight, the bunkers computers reported that one intercontinental ballistic missile was
heading toward the Soviet Union from the US. Petrov considered the detection of the missile a
computer error, since a nuclear attack by the US would most likely involve hundreds of missile
launches, disabling the Soviet's means of a counterattack. He dismissed the warning as a false alarm.
Petrov decided not to inform his superiors of the alarm at the time.
Later, the computers identified

I Love Kanye's Tweets Analysis
Kim Kardashian tries to set the record straight on her views of Kanye West and his furious flow of
tweets. According to People, Kim posted a special message on her website blog,
KimKardashianWest.com, titled, "Currently" where she spelled out her feelings for Kanye.
Kim wrote for all her subscribers, "Loving my husband. Hating that people don't get that Kanye will
stand up against the whole world for his creativity and art. Listening to "I Love Kanye," Wearing
Yeezy Season 3 samples I took from the show. Wanting everyone to be as honest as Kanye.
Watching Kanye shoot his new video" and finally, "Reading Kanye's tweets."
Kim Kardashian West told her readers that she will always love Kanye no matter what he does, how
he acts, what he tweets ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was reported that Kim thought Kanye's rants were so bad, that she was urging him to seek therapy.
Even Kris Jenner has her doubts about Kanye and she thinks he is ruining the Kardashian/Jenner
brand name. In fact, Kris is so mad at Kanye that she is about to kick him and his family out of her
home, according to Radar Online.
A source told Radar Online what Kris thought about Kanye fashion show, "Kris was horrified at the
amount of money he was going through and she saw this coming a mile away. She discussed it with
Kim and was pleased that she felt the same."
Kim said in her website post that she was wearing clothes she got from the Yeesy Season 3 fashion
show, but according to the source, Kim "absolutely hates his clothes. It's gotten slightly better and
more feminine, but she still would never wear his clothes given a choice."
Earlier in the month, Kanye tweeted that he was $53 million in debt and he was asking Mark
Zuckerberg for $1 Billion to invest in Kanye West ideas. So perhaps he is in debt because of his
fashion show career, although he did sell his $11 million house for $18

Characteristics Of Early Warning Of Equipment Chain Gas...
3.1. Characteristics of early warning of equipment chain in gas pipeline
3.1.1 Characteristics of early warning problem
(1) Time sequence
Early–warning is the process that warning system addresses alarm information to managers in time
before emergency [15, 16]. It is indistinguishable and unexplainable to deal with early warning
signals and complex questions for most methods. Not only does accidents evolvement rely on
current condition, but also on regular historical changes in conditions, because accidents develop in
chronological order.
(2) Uncertainty
The monitoring ability is limited due to the limited number of monitoring points on site, which the
accident phenomenon cannot be detected directly but only express fault message by means of an
indirect way. Therefore, the same accident phenomenon may correspond to a number of different
implied reasons, resulting in failure to judge the inherent cause of problem directly. It is the
uncertainty problem in early–warning system.
(3) Hierarchy
Hierarchy is a vital characteristic of early–warning problem in industrial system. The status of entire
system is reflected on all low–level status. In early–warning system, it can be divided into multi–
levels from low to high, such as monitoring status, equipment status, functional status of subsystem
and system status. In natural gas pipeline system, managers learn what happened on equipment
chain by status of monitoring points as essential data, covering production status and operating

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