Progressive Movement

Progressive Movement
During the early 1800s to the late 1900s, environmental protection and sustainable economic
development was the primary concern of most American citizen. Their concern over national
environmental and economic policy and its implementation gives birth to the progressive movement
after the American Civil War. The movement gained political roots in national and local politics and
strongly advocated for environmental and economic reform. Progressive movement activism
increased focus on awareness of environmental policy and took environmental management to a
new direction to considered public input in policy decision making, thereby changing public
perceptions of environmental degradation, land ownership, pollution and loss of biodiversity. This ...
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As a result, enactment of environmental laws and policy implementation developed into a political
debate between both Republican and democratic politician in the 1960s. By the end of the 1960s
numerous environmental bills aimed at protecting the environmental from pollution, degradation,
erosion, deforestation, land ownership were introduced on the floor of the U.S senate. These policy
actions action give birth to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), a comprehensive
environmental policy conceived in the late 1960s by Henry M. Jackson a democratic senator from
Washington State and signed into law by President Richard M. Nixon. The National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA), is a landmark environmental policy that has helped in shaping the
environmental policy arena and have proven to be one of the most important environmental policy
Act of the nineteenth–century. The author of Environmental Law Handbook writes, "The National
Environmental Policy Act of 1969(NEPA) has been heralded as the Magna Carta of the country's
environmental movement. It was signed into law on January 1, 1970, to address the need for a
national environmental policy to guide the growing environmental consciousness and to shape a
national response"(Sullivan
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National Environmental Policy Act (Nepa) Essay
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) By Andrew Arrand
In 1969, our Country, and our environment were screaming for help! Scientists, Ecologists, Wild
Life
Experts and a whole laundry list more came up with an agency to protect our environment. Today
we call it the National Environmental Policy Act or (NEPA) of. The Law was officially in acted
January 1st 1970, by Richard Nixon. When the Country cried out for help and wanted someone to
step
In after a series of major environmental accidents. Off the shores of Santa Barbara a major oil spill
destroyed thousands of miles ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Council on Environmental
Quality, which is headed by a fulltime Chair, oversees NEPA. A staff assists the Council. The duties
and functions of the Council are listed in Title II, Section 204 of NEPA and include: * Gathering
information on the conditions and trends in environmental quality * Evaluating federal programs in
light of the goals established in Title I of the Act * Developing and promoting national policies to
improve environmental quality * Conducting studies, surveys, research, and analyses relating to
ecosystems and * environmental quality. This information was found at
www.epa.gov/oecaerth/basics/nepa.html.
Man for many years has been tearing down the rain forests in record rates, and some experts predict
that in another hundred years or so the rain forest will be all but gone. With the industrial expansion,
and high density urbanization we as humans have been destroying our environment. What will the
future hold for our children, and our children's children? have been building at record rates, and
there is no slowing down, at least not any time soon.
Human being's must find away to co–exist with Mother Earth, or we will destroy something very
beautiful.
Oil spills all over the world, the one we can remember most is Exxon Valdez in the waters of Alaska.
I think we all

Essay on Real Estate Development in the Ski Industry
Real Estate Development in the Ski Industry The NH ski industry has been a part of my life since
day one. I literally have grown up at the bottom of the slopes of Dartmouth Skiiway. I have been a
racer all my life and have for years had my fair share of extensively traveling NH mountains and
sampling all that the NH ski industry has had to offer. It was not until recently that I have come to
understand that my beloved ski mountains are also well entrenched in environmental issues. Being a
resource economics major I now realize that the NH ski industry is no longer the perfect wonderland
it seemed to me as a child. Topics such as wildlife habitat, water quality and stream health, air
pollution and much more are now all directly impacted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This sort of strip development can lead to housing inflation, traffic congestion, and poses many
problems for the social and economic infrastructure of the towns it effects. Many "…ski
resorts are no longer the 800–pound gorilla threatening mountain valleys. Rather, the villan of
rampant commercial over–development is bigger and more complex: thousands of people moving to
the mountains for reasons additional to skiing. In a few towns, skiing is no longer the engine of
growth, but is becoming a mere amenity like golf." (http:www.wildwilderness.org/wi/skiarea.htm)
To me this is what may begin to lead to the decline of the industry. No longer will the NH ski
industry offer the homely mountain feeling it always has had if trends continue the way they are.
Developmental sprawl is something almost every American has witnessed in their life. If there is an
attraction, whether its recreation or the weather pretty much almost anything, people will begin to
show up and alter the social and economic life that is already established in the area. Along with the
hoards of people that come to live or buy condos at NH ski areas comes their SUV's, their waste,
and a demand for expansion among other impacts. As the mountain grows so to does the area around
it. Loon Mountain is a great example, they began a process in the mid–eighties to begin an
expansion that included 30 trails and 8

The EPA In The 1970's
Historically: In the 1970's there was growing confusion regarding environmental policy due to
certain states creating environmental protection laws which were largely ineffective. To ease
confusion, fix national guidelines, and monitor and enforce them President Richard Nixon created
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA functions under three federal departments:
the Interior, Agriculture, and Health, Education and Welfare departments. The original role of the
EPA was to administrate the Clean Air Act which was enacted to reduce the air pollution caused by
vehicles and industry. The EPA has since grown to enforce at least 12 major statutes such as: ocean
dumping laws, safe drinking water, insecticides, and asbestos hazards in ... Show more content on
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Congress amended the Clean Air Act to set national standards for air quality, auto emission and
anti–pollution in 1970 as well. In 1971 Congress restricts lead–based paint in homes and on cribs
and toys. The EPA bans DDT a carcinogenic pesticide and requires a review of all pesticides in 1972
and Congress passes the Clean Water Act limiting raw sewage and other pollutants in fresh water
such as lakes, rivers, and streams. In 1973 the EPA issues its first permit limiting a factory's polluted
discharge into water. In this same year, the OPEC oil embargo triggers an energy crisis which
stimulates conservation of fossil fuels and research on alternative fuel sources. Congress passes the
Safe Drinking Water Act in 1974 which allows the EPA to regulate the quality of public drinking
water. Two years later President Gerald Ford signed the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 to
reduce environmental and human health risks. This resulted in Congress passing the Resource
Conservation Act regulating hazardous waste from its production to its disposal and the EPA begins
to phase out carcinogenic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) production and use. The following year
President Jimmy Carter signs the Clean Air Act amendments to strengthen air quality standards and
protect people's health, and the federal government bans chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) the year after
that since research found

Environmental Assessment Essay
INTRODUCTION
The Methow Valley Ranger District which belongs to Forest Service, cooperates with the
Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation (Yakama Nation) and Bonneville Power
Administration (BPA), propose to re–establish, enhance and improve the diversity of aquatic habitat
for Endangered Species Act (ESA) listed fish in the River Mile (R.M.) 15.5–20 reach of the
Chewuch River. They plan to start this project on the Methow Valley Ranger District of the
Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest in Okanogan County in north central Washington State
starting in the summer of 2017. This Environmental Assessment (EA) was prepared compliant to the
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) ...
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The major environmental issue is that lack of habitat diversity in the Chewuch River limited fish
productivity for anadromous fish listed under the Endangered Species Act. There is a need to restore
habitat diversity by increasing large wood quantities, pool frequency and quality, and re–
establishing side– and off–channel habitat to improve fish habitat for ESA–listed species.
PROPOSED ACTION AND ALTERNATIVE
The Forest Service and the Yakama Nation, funded by BPA, are currently proposing restoration
actions on the Chewuch River from R.M. 15.5 to 20.0. The proposed project has been designed to
enhance fish habitat and to improve fish habitat diversity by Increasing habitat complexity by the
introduction of large wood. Increasing pool habitat, and restoring historical off–channel habitat. On
the other hand, the No Action Alternative would neither restore wood or stream side channels in the
15.5–20 R.M. nor any other river restoration activities. The recovery process will follow the nurture
processes.
STRENGTH
This EA is clearly and contains details in every section. Additionally, this EA complied with the
NEPA requirements which four sections covered all the information. The EA contains the purpose
and need for the summary, followed by the second part which is alternative description, and the third
section is existing condition and environmental consequences, finally, the last section contains the
references.

Essay On Air Pollution
Air pollution public policy:
Regardless of sensational advancement cleaning those air since 1970, air pollution in the proceeds
of the united states should damage people's wellbeing and the surroundings. Under those clean air
Act, epa keeps on working for state, neighborhood What's more tribal governments, different
national agencies. furthermore, stakeholders to decrease air contamination and the harm that it
reasons ((United States natural insurance Agency,2017).
Great progress has been made in achieving national air quality standards, which EPA originally
established in 1971 and updates periodically based on the latest science. One sign of this progress is
that visible air pollution is less frequent and widespread than it was in the 1970s.However, air
pollution can be harmful even when it is not visible. Newer scientific studies have shown that some
pollutants can harm public health and welfare even at very low levels. Epa to late A long time
reconsidered principles to five of the six regular pollutants liable will national air personal
satisfaction measures. Epa settled on the principles a result new, peer–reviewed experimental
investigation indicated that existing principles were not satisfactory to secure open wellbeing and
the nature's domain. (United States Environmental Protection Agency,2017). Today, pollution levels
in many areas of the United States exceed national air quality standards for at least one of the four
common pollutants:
(1) particle pollution and

What Is The Purpose Of The National Environmental Policy Act
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is an environmental law that ensures the
improvement of an environment. Firstly, the purpose of NEPA is to determine what requirement
must be addressed. Secondly, alternative ways of meeting the need should be identified. Thirdly,
each alternative point should be analyzed so that each environmental impact is addressed and lastly,
after the analysis is done a decision should be made regarding the chosen alternative and how it is
going to be implemented. The Jellystone Park has decided to limit the number of snowmobiles
ridden in the park, because it negatively impacts the environment by providing noise and air
pollution since the snowmobile uses combustion engines situated internally. It has ... Show more
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Firstly, they failed to create an environmental impact statement to address the environmental issues
which snowmobiles brought along. Secondly, they did not list the alternative actions to reduce the
environmental pollution. Thirdly, they did not take measures such as creating specific routes where
snowmobiles can be driven on, so to limit pollution as well as not to affect the wildlife's migration
process.The first action my organization can take is to sue Oh My Porky Inc. under the Clean Water
Act. The act simply states that a company which is illegally engaged in activities, leading to water
pollution, can be sued under the Act. The clean water act is a federal law which protects water
bodies from pollution. The main purpose of the act is to ensure that water integrity is maintained,
and the biology and chemical integrity of water bodies is restored. The law is managed by the
environment protection agency. The environment protection agency, in this case, can be sued, too,
because they are aware of the problem but have done nothing about it. Thus, the water which is used
as drinking water is being polluted by the pig company and nothing is done to combat the problem
(O'Grady, 2002, P. 43)
The second action my organization is to sue the offending company under the clean air act. The
federal law controls air pollution often making sure that all necessary

Executive Order 12898
The prevalence of environmental issues in the public awareness reached a point where government
was forced to take action in 1979. When Henry Love abandoned construction of a canal in New
York in 1920, the site was bought by Hooker Chemical and used as a toxic chemical waste dumping
site for the next 33 years (Schons 2011). Then in 1953 Hooker Chemical sold the Love Canal to the
school board, and construction of a school began. In the mid to late 1970s, when children's shoes
began melting to the ground and children got sick the residents organized and protested. Media
coverage increased and showed toxic black sludge oozing into people's basements (Schons 2011).
The lack of awareness of environmental and health consequences of chemical dumping ... Show
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It was the first environmental justice action taken on a federal level, and it ordered that all federal
agencies, programs, and activities be equal in their benefit or protection (Clinton 1994). It further
requires the mission all federal agencies include addressing environmental justice (Clinton 1994).
The order also established an Interagency Working Group on Environmental Justice (Bernier, C. J.
2013). Executive Order 12898 was intended to ensure the full implementation and to supplement the
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 promoting environmental justice awareness in all US
environmental policy. It was also designed to supplement already existing law prohibiting
discrimination of any kind in programs receiving funding from the federal government, and extends
the same protections from discrimination established in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to one's health
and community being afforded the same protection from pollution and effects of exposure to toxic
material (Clinton

National Environmental Policy Act ( Nepa )
In the United States, National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was enacted on January 1, 1970
and Environmental Protection Agency began operation December 2, 1970. In many developed
countries, since 1960s growing awareness about the side–effects of unrestricted development and
industrialisation had pressured policy makers to establish environmental policies and agencies.
During that period, the policies were designed to focus on prompt and remedial action plans rather
than prevention tools. As a result, "Command and Control" (CAC) approach became the dominant
tool which is comprised of setting environmental standards (command) and penalising non–
complied actions (control).
The experience with CAC during 70s and 80s suggests that the regulatory policies in practice cost
far greater than expected. Since CAC has been introduced by many countries, economists focused
on the economic evaluation of the approach in terms of its efficiency and cost–effectiveness. Some
studies suggest that the environmental standards mandated by governments are hard to be set at an
efficient level because of legislative constraints, imperfect information, regional differences and
non–uniformity of pollutants. Another issue with CAC is associated with enforcement problems
such as costs of monitoring and administration.
For the reasons mentioned above, new approach has been recommended by many economists. The
new policy is called Economic Instrument (EI) which provides incentives to companies or

Should The North Dakota Pipeline Lead A Negative...
Pipeline If the North Dakota pipeline continues to be built, will it have a negative ecological
impact? A part of the pipeline is routed to be underneath a part of the Missouri river known as Lake
Oahe, the Standing Rock Indian Reservation's main water supply. If the pipeline were to leak it
would contaminated the river and surrounding areas. Pipes will eventually leak; the Dakota Access
pipeline should not be built so close to bodies of water of any kind. The pipeline belongs to the
Texas–based company, Energy Transfer Partners. The Dakota Access pipeline is a one thousand one
hundred and seventy–two mile pipe that will transfer about 470,000 to 570,000 barrels of crude oil a
day through four states, North Dakota, South Dakota, Illinois, and Iowa. The pipe is thirty inches in
diameter and "will connect the rapidly expanding Bakken and Three Forks production areas in North
Dakota to Patoka, Illinois" (Energy Transfer Partners). This pipeline is hoped to help the US become
less dependent on foreign oil and is a safer and cheaper way to move crude oil compared to rail car
or trucks. It is also estimated to bring additional revenue and jobs to states the pipeline runs through.
Using new advanced pipeline technology, they are confident that the pipeline will be safe and
reliable (Energy Transfer Partners). Singh 2 Energy Transfer Partners are ranked among the safest of
large midstream companies. They have had an OSHA, also known as Occupational Safety and
Health

Public Land Management In The United States
Public lands management is important because a great amount of lands is owned by federal and state
government. About 30 percent of the land area of the Unite States is belongs to federal government
and state government owns about 10 percent of the national land area. Rational and systematical use
of public lands provides abundant benefits for economic growth and quality of life by creating a
number of jobs and providing natural amenity.
Traditionally, public lands have been managed for resource extraction use to produce commodity
outputs. Until the 1950s, the United States had not paid much attention to public land management
due to the Depression decade of the 1930s, the war and its aftermath in the 1940s, and the pursuit of
an economic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because economies of gateway communities have heavily relied on the public land management,
The shift from the production–oriented to recreational and tourism sectors have witnessed declines
in traditional forms of employment, rising income inequality, and increases in the demand of
environmental and ecological services (McGranahan, 2003; Brown and Swanson, 2003). As a
response to such pressures, scholars and policymakers have seek to alternative rural development
model, and the concept of multifuctionality for public lands management has gained growing
attention. This approach
Multifunctional management would not only satisfy economic and social demand without any loss
of environment values, but also provide alternative options or development potential for future
generations. It is essential to understand today's needs and values of public lands and recognize
economic benefits and social benefits of public lands in modern society.
In spite of such meaningful debates, little is understood about the relationship between public land
management and economic

Proposed Property Acquisition Blue-Eyed Nellie Wildlife...
The environmental assessment (EA), Proposed Property Acquisition Blue–Eyed Nellie Wildlife
Management Area North Lily Property, in reference to the NEPA Environmental Assessment
Checklist, has the proper parts for a well–written assessment. The purpose and need statement is full
of rich content allowing the reader to feel fully versed on the topic. It describes the property in
question in detail along with the vegetation and animals populating the area. The ability to partake in
the purchase is illustrated through the authority of the Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks (MFWP)
given by state law (Vinkey, 2006). The overall monetary cost of the purchase was disclosed in the
description of the action in the assessment. Alternatives to the ... Show more content on
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In the assessment there were only two alternatives, purchasing the land was the first alternative and
the second was to take no action (Vinkey, 2006). These both are fine as actions that can be taken;
however, there are organizations that will procure land for conservation purposes. The Safari Club
Foundation uses private donations and other procurements to promote conservation and game
preserves (Safari, n. d.). The statement that "a conservation easement or lease are not feasible
alternatives (Vinkey, 2006)" suggests a lack of options. This seems to be a bias on the part of the
author.
The no purchase option in the socio–economic section had suggested that the economic use of the
land be on assumption. Also that there were no figures to determine the economic impact; however,
if assumptions were made to the economic use there should be at least theoretical figures to develop
an economic impact. The tax revenue for the county is also assumed to stay the same; however, if
the land was to be developed by a private citizen the value of the land would increase and in turn the
tax levy (Brooks, 2006). In the EA prior to the socio–economic assessment it is suggested that the
tax revenue could increase due to development (Vinkey, 2006) in contradiction with each other.
In reference to the wildlife and vegetation the arguments contradict themselves. The threatened
species, bull trout, with the no action

Why Is A New Environmental Assessment Regime Necessary?
1. Why is a new environmental assessment regime necessary? What prompted the goals outlined in
the Liberal platform and the subsequent environmental assessment review?
Ever since the creation of the National Energy Board, the idea of an environmental assessment
regime has been necessary to accommodate the different types of environmental projects and
concerns that appear over the years. An environmental government signifies a new set of regulations
and mechanisms for impacts to be analyzed at the state and provincial level. From then onwards,
many advocates of environmental change have identified that communities and local groups should
be part of the governance process. This is why public private partnerships and public consultation
are formed. Moreover, a new environment regime allows for a quicker implementation of projects.
As the public input from the community and other interested parties would be less inclined to
challenge any proposal that benefits them. Perhaps the most important part of why a new
environmental regime is vital is to anticipate the adverse risks of climate change.
In the North American context, the origins of EIA has been dated back to the 1960's where
environmental awareness and the public was upset in the USA. The National Environmental Policy
Act that was developed in 1969 was one of the first forms of legislated that was a form of EIA
(Wall, 2016). This was the first indication of how federal government should consider the
environmental impacts

The Advantages Of The Clean Air Act?
The Clean Air Act is a federal law in the United States that is designed to prevent and control air
pollution. Being the first and probably the most influential environmental laws, this policy is
comprehensive and operates at a national level. This policy falls under the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which must ensure that all activities across the nation are
consistent with the rules and regulations for preventing and controlling air pollution (Isen, Rossin–
Slater & Walker, 2017). Enacted by the 88th U.S. Congress, the law became effective on December
17, 1963.However, the most important amendments were added to the CAA in 1970 and 1990. The
agency collaborates with tribal, local, and state governments to administer the CAA in order to
accelerate, improve, and strengthen programs for preventing and abating air pollution.
Advantage of Clean Air Act
The major advantage of the Clean Air Act is that it helps prevent and control air pollution:
otherwise, this environmental hazard would have caused negative health effects and the deaths that
may occur due to the health conditions. In addition, the hazard would have destroyed the
environment. The Act helps set emission standards for power plants, steel mills, and other stationary
sources. The United States Environmental Protection Agency released a report on the results of the
CAA from 1990 and found out that the benefits of this act exceeded the costs by a factor of 30:1
(EPA, 2017). The programs to control

Environmental Laws in Bangladesh
1. INTRODUCTION Bangladesh is one of the least developed countries with a low resource base, a
burgeoning population with a very low land–man ratio, often threatened by both natural &
anthropogenic stresses. The vast majority of the population lives almost exclusively on the natural
resource base. This resource base is under serious threat and environmental planning is essential for
the survival with dignity for Bangladesh's over 115 million people & for sustainability of the echo
system. Like all other nations of the world Bangladesh also acted to the global call for the protection
and conservation of natural environment & ecology. Industrial development significantly contributes
towards economic growth of a country. It brings along ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This reflects the GOB's increasing commitment to reorient policies and action in line with the new
environmental perspective. In addition a force have been made to adjust the Governments
institutional structures in order to direct more attention towards environmental issues. Most recently
this restructuring has included the establishment of a department of environment (DOE) with
broader mandate for environmental management and which come under the ministry of environment
and forest and an environment and safety division within the Governments oil and gas corporation,
Petrobangla. Industrial development significantly contributes towards economic growth of a
country. It brings along with it a host of environmental problem too. Bangladesh responds to the
global call for the protection and conservation of natural environment and ecology. It is increasingly
being recognized in Bangladesh, as in other parts of the world, that for development to be
meaningful and sustainable over a longer period, environmental concerns must be integrated into all
development activities. Further specific environmental actions are also required for a better future
development path. Attraction of sophisticated and high yielding technologies has overpowered
rationality in many instances.

The National Environmental Policy Act Essay
The National Environmental Policy Act
Our Congress created the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) in 1969 in order to establish
an environmental foundation for mankind. This policy endorses harmony between humans and the
vast ecosystems surrounding them. To obtain this goal and provide our future with resources as well,
NEPA is separated into two titles. The first title declares the policy in detail while the second title
focuses on the Council on Environmental Quality. The CEQ oversees the effectiveness of current
methods, the reactions of the environment to those methods, and implements revisions as necessary.
In Title I of NEPA, our government recognizes the immutable link between mankind's dealings and
the impacts on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A proposal to alter the current environmental status must state the anticipated impact of the change,
any possible negative effects and proposed alternatives, short– and long–term uses of the change and
any irrevocable use of resources. Additionally, there must be consultations with any Federal agency
that has jurisdictional law or "special expertise" with that particular environmental issue. The
President, the CEQ, and the general public subsequently review the proposal. If a proposal has
unresolved conflicts in any area it is not simply dismissed. Further study and research is done to try
to rectify those areas. Further, Title I looks to assist in worldwide endeavors to addressing
environmental issues and concerns that are within the boundaries of US foreign policy. It also makes
it possible for advice and information on the maintenance, enhancement, and restoration of the
environment to be "available to States, counties, municipalities, institutions, and individuals."
Lastly, this first section of NEPA insists on reviewing statutory limitations, administrative
regulations, and current methods to continually conform to the goals of environmental well–being. It
stands as a frequent supplement to existing environmental laws. Title II of NEPA focuses on the
Council on Environmental Quality. Their objective is to make sure that agencies dealing with the
environment are compliant to NEPA and to keep the President aware of

American Recovery And Reinvestment Act ( Arra ) Essay
III. Case of Other Countries
(1) The U.S.
The U.S. submitted its INDC to achieve an economy–wide target of reducing its greenhouse gas
emissions by 26%–28% below its 2005 level by 2025. With this plan, the U.S. has several laws
related to its environmental policies. Among them, these are main four Acts (Korea Institute of
Energy Research [KIER], 2016a): The Energy Policy Act established in 1992 was to secure energy
security and revised in 2005 to decrease the reliance on oil and coal energy; The Energy
Independence and Security Act (EISA) legislated in 2007 due to the necessity for energy
independence caused by the unstable Middle East and high oil prices, so President Bush announced
the 'Twenty in Ten Initiative ' that aimed to reduce 20% of the gasoline consumption by 2017; The
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) was enacted in 2009 as one of the reflationary
measures, and this included $8.5 billion investment for energy–related policies; The Clean Air Act
(CAA), made in 1970, regulated the atmospheric pollution sources and the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) used CAA to restrict the greenhouse gas.
In 2013, the Obama Administration issued the Climate Action Plan to focus on reducing greenhouse
gas emissions by 17 % reduction below 2005 levels by 2020. This plan's three objectives were
carbon reduction, strengthening capacity for climate change response, and leading international
cooperation for climate change crisis (White House, 2013). To reduce the

EIA Policies in India and its Drawbacks
Screening and Preliminary Assessment – It is the first step of EIA process. Screening is a regulatory
process. The developers normally does the work and submits the report to the regulatory board.
Screening's outcome decides whether a EIA is required or not, if yes then whether it is of Rapid EIA
or Comprehensive EIA after which they also check for whether a project requires clearance as per
statutory notification at state level or national level. And suppose it is a Rapid EIA– one season data
is required (apart from monsoon) and if it is comprehensive– three season data is taken. Screening
criteria is based on 1) Scale of investment 2) Type of development and 3) Location of development.
If screening does not clear a project Preliminary Assessment is done for that project. Preliminary
Assessment requires sufficient research, huge amount of data, experts advice on impacts of project,
extent of impacts and briefly evaluate the importance to decision makers. There are lots of
advantages in preliminary assessment like it helps in assisting project planning, early indication of
any serious problem and this step clears the projects need of full EIA. Scoping Scoping is the second
step in EIA process. It is also one of the important step of EIA. It is done after the completion of
screening and preliminary assessment is done. It helps in establishing the content or the scope of an
EIA report for that particular project. The main advantage of scoping is that it identifies key issues

Economic Development In The United States
In the United States, about 30 percent of land area belongs to the federal government, and state
government owns about 10 percent of the national land area (U.S. DOI/BLM, 2014). These public
lands provide economic and environmental benefits for the surrounding communities by providing
natural resources for commodity production including timber, mining, and grazing, by offering
natural amenities and recreational opportunities that attract tourists and migrants, and by protecting
wildlife and their habitats, clean water, biodiversity, and general ecosystem function (Lewis et al.,
2003; Cline et al., 2011). Thus, how public lands are managed may be one of the important factors
of economic development in their surrounding local communities.
Historically, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This simultaneous engagement in production, consumption, and protection on rural landscapes has
been termed multifunctionality (Hibbard et al., 2015). Multifunctionality explicitly reflects in a
widening range of activities for providing multiple socioeconomic and ecological goods and
services on rural landscapes, potentially bridging the complex demands of multiple interests. While
largely applied within the contemporary agricultural policy debate, the concept of multifunctionality
can be directly applied to public land management. Thus, extending multiple use concepts within
multifunctional rural landscapes are important approaches for local economic diversification,
ecological protection, and sustainable development of surrounding communities to public

Environmental Impact Assessment(Eia)
TITLE – Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), it 's introduction, purpose, methods of EIA, EIA
conducted in India, Environmental Impact Statement(EIS).
INTRODUCTION : DEFINITION :
An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an assessment of the possible positive or negative
impact that a proposed project may have on the environment, together consisting of the
environmental, social and economic aspects.
PURPOSE :
The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the ensuing environmental
impacts when deciding whether to proceed with a project. The International Association for Impact
Assessment (IAIA) defines an environmental impact assessment as "the process of identifying,
predicting, evaluating and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the methods are GMP–RAM, INOVA etc.[8] Fuzzy Arithmetic – EIA methods need
specific parameters and variables to be measured to estimate values of impact indicators. However
many of the environment impact properties cannot be measured on a scale e.g. landscape quality,
lifestyle quality, social acceptance etc. and moreover these indicators are very subjective. Thus to
assess the impacts we may need to take the help of information from similar EIAs, expert criteria,
sensitivity of affected population etc. To treat this information, which is generally inaccurate,
systematically, fuzzy arithmetic and approximate reasoning methods can be utilised. This is called as
a fuzzy logic approach.[9]
At the end of the project, an EIA should be followed by an audit. An EIA audit evaluates the
performance of an EIA by comparing actual impacts to those that were predicted. The main
objective of these audits is to make future EIAs more valid and effective. The two main
considerations are:
scientific – to check the accuracy of predictions and explain errors. management– to assess the
success of mitigation in reducing impacts.
Some people believe that audits be performed as a rigorous scientific testing of the null hypotheses.
While some believe in a simpler approach where you

Environmental Impact Assessment on Chikwawa Road in Malawi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ES 1 PREAMBLE
This document serves as an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report for the proposed road to
Fatima in Chikwawa district. The project runs from Thabwa (near Shire River) to Fatima. The road
has a lot of bridges and culverts since it is near the Shire River.
The project proponent is Chikwawa Town Assembly with Asian Grant Aid estimated at US$
7Million. The total length of the road is about 22 Km and is a dusty road. There are 25 bridges and
culverts that are estimated to be built along this road.
ES 2 SCOPE OF THE WORKS
The proposed scope of the project is construction of tarmac road since currently the road is a dusty
one and also construction of bridges, construction of drainage ... Show more content on
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To identify both positive and negative environmental and social impacts of Fatima road construction
project d. To develop an appropriate environmental management and strategic plan with
recommended mitigation measures and strategies for addressing negative factors in the programme.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Nature of the Project
The proposed project under study if Fatima road under urban roads constructions. An Asian investor
would like to invest $10 million USD on a project that requires an Environmental Impact
Assessment.
2.2 Project Proponent
The project proponent is Chikwawa District Assembly, a local authority under the Ministry of Local
Government and Urban Development. The core function of Blantyre City Assembly is the provision

of municipal services, one of which is the construction and maintenance of roads. The proponent
details are as follows: Proponent Name : Chikwawa District Assembly Postal Address : Private Bag
67, Blantyre, Malawi Physical Address : Blantyre Civic Centre, Kasungu Crescent. Telephone :
(265) 01 870 211 Facsimile : (265) 01 870 417/ 508 E–mail address :
bcadministration@sdnp.org.mw Contact Person : The Chief Executive Officer
2.3 Location of the Project Site
The site of the project, Fatima road the road passes several villages. Please see the map below:
Map: Location of Chikwawa District
[pic]
[pic]
2.3

Preserving Americ Protecting The Environment
Mahon 1
Erin Mahon
AP American Government
Mr. White
February 16, 2015
Preserving America
Beautiful foliage, rare animals, and natural wonders exist within the United States because they are
protected and desirable. Unfortunately, in the modern world, there is less focus on how to improve
and protect the environment. The focus has been shifted towards how to get the most out of the
environment. An environmentalist would frown upon the industrial mannerisms that current policy
has been backing. This shift has resulted in many looking back to the roots laid by former
environmental leaders including Presidents Teddy Roosevelt and Richard Nixon. By turning back
the clocks and looking at the great strides previously made towards helping the environment we can
truly see the change. The issues of the time greatly affect the focus of the issues. Thus, making the
political climate, the catalyst for these environmental movements within the United States. When the
people show passion for certain topics such as the environment, the administration pushes
legislation that is relevant to it. Therefore, during the 1900's and the 1970's the people and the
administrations wanted to see environmental policies pushed through the bureaucracy. Although the
two former presidents were different in terms of policy and valor, it is evident that Roosevelt and
Nixon proved to be dynamic in their actions towards environmental policy and the preservation of
the public's interests to the environments

Pros And Cons Of The Keystone Pipeline
What is the Keystone Pipeline? On January 24, 2017 TransCanada submitted a third application for
a Presidential Permit to construct, operate, and maintain the Keystone pipeline system to import
crude across the international border of Canada into the US. Originally, TransCanada submitted an
application in 2008 and another in 2012 during President Obama's administration. The first two
applications received much scrutiny from the State Department, they conducted a combined total of
five Environmental Impact Statements (EIS), multiple public comment periods, and analyzed
multiple alternative routes. Figure 1 shows the entire route of the Keystone pipeline system from
Hardisty, Alberta, Canada through Oklahoma and down to Port Arthur, Texas. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Many of the opponents argue the pipeline only creates temporary jobs for two years during
construction, and continually report the lower end estimated economic benefits. In contrast, the
proponents typically exaggerate the economic benefits proclaim the lasting stimulus the project will
provide. The truth usually lies somewhere in between. Undoubtedly, the construction phase of the
project will provide the most immediate benefit to the US economy than the operation and
maintenance phases of the project. During the construction phase, it is estimated that $3.4 billion
dollars would be added to the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP). Of that, roughly $2.05 billion
would be earmarked for employee earnings related to the construction phase. However, after the
construction phase, approximately only 50 permanent employees and 15 temporary contractors
would remain to operate the pipeline. (Department of State, 2017) Evidently, this project will not
provide a long–term windfall of economic stimulus. Nevertheless, $2.05 billion dollars in employee
earnings in the next two years during slower economic times is nothing to write

EPA Environmental Issues
1) There were few interesting points that caught my attention over the agencies that adopt,
implement, and enforce the environmental policies. First, the presence of these agencies right from
the grass–root to the global level; successful policy implementation is the outcome of an interplay
between all of these agencies. The WHO takes care of the environmental health worldwide, national
agencies like the Environmental Protection Agency look after the environmental health of the
country, and so on. Second, the policies are formulated in accordance with the laws and policies
prevalent in the areas of jurisdiction other than environmental health that maintains a balance in all
the areas. Next, the diversity of these agencies and the environmental ... Show more content on
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However, in my opinion, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the most important of
all. With its mission to protect human health and the environment, the EPA employs a large number
of people from varied disciplines; the administrator is directly appointed by the President of the US.
The justification for calling EPA the most important goes as under–
EPA is that agency of the US which plays a major role in the numerous environmental policies and
laws by establishing certain standards that the state and local government are required to meet. For
instance, under the Clean Air Act (CAA), EPA is authorized to establish National Ambient Air
Quality standards (NAAQS) to keep hazardous emissions under set limits. It also requires to review
the standards to check for residual risks and make revisions, as and when required.
Similarly, as per the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1978, EPA establishes standards for
water quality and certain levels of toxic pollutants considered safe for humans, aquatic life, and
wildlife. EPA also ensures that the States follow these

Essay on Wetland Restoration
Wetland Restoration
Most people think they know a wetland when they see one, but the delineation of wetlands for the
purpose of granting permits has proven enormously controversial. According to the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), an area is defined as a wetland when a combination of three technical
criteria are met: Wetland hydrology (land that is saturated within 18 inches of the surface for more
than seven days per year), Hydrophytic vegetation (a list of plants that will thrive in wet areas), and
Hydric soil (mucky and peat–based soil). The continual destruction of these valuable lands is due
mainly to farmers, oil and mining interests, and development groups (Russel, p.36). It is estimated
that 30–40% of the original ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wetland restoration is more complex that it may appear on the surface. Random transplantation of
plants will not qualify as restoration. Wetland restoration and creation proposals must be viewed
with great care, particularly where promises are made to restore or recreate a natural system in
exchange for a permit to destroy or degrade an existing more or less natural system (Abalone, p.15).
Expertise in planning and careful project supervision at all project phases is essential. Careful
attention to wetland hydrology is needed in design because different sites will require specific
alterations, that is to say, there is no "cook–book" approach to wetland restoration. Wetlands should
be designed to be self–sustaining systems. There should be no need for continued water level
manipulation after establishment. Restoration should be favored over creation, as it is extremely
difficult to create a natural habitat, and there is a much greater success rate in restoring wetlands
(MacDonald, p. 29). This factor is extremely important because creating and restoring wetlands can
be costly. The combination of these factors is crucial for the long term success of a restoration
project (Kusler, pp. 5–12).
In coastal Louisiana, backfilling canals is used as a technique for wetland restoration. Thousands of
canals have been dredged in Louisiana

Introducing Rough and Ready Lumber Co. and the Swanson Group
Introducing Rough and Ready Lumber Co. and the Swanson Group
Lumber companies such as Rough and Ready Lumber Co. and The Swanson group have been
providing jobs for the last several Decades. Specifically, Rough and Ready Lumber Co. began in
1922 in Cave Junction Oregon by the Krauss brothers, additionally, the Swanson Group was
founded in 1951 in Glendale Oregon. In brief, these lumber companies create direct and indirect
jobs for thousands of citizens in the surrounding areas of their locations. While there is a natural
need for the product these companies provide, there have been several barriers preventing logging,
which is necessary to keep business doors open.
The Economics
According to Rough and Ready Lumber Co.'s president, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Environmental groups began pressuring the government for new forest management legislation. The
health of the forests, and the wild life habitat the forest provides became a highly debatable subject.
Timber harvests began to decline as a result to the conservation litigation and political matters that
were brought to light. To this end, the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP), which was federally founded
in 1994, was designed to restrict timber harvests in order to protect endangered species that dwell in
old growth forests (Zielinski, 2012). Further, the NWFP provided a guide for a much regimented
forest management style of our forest lands. Pendulums do swing though and there is a building
dissatisfaction with federal land management today, as unmanaged forests burn up and rural
communities have no jobs base (Zielinski, 2012).
In order to be a key member in the timber industry, every agency must comply with the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The NEPA necessitates that federal agencies to incorporate
ecological ethics into assessment of change, bearing in mind the environmental consequences of
their requests, this also requires realistic counter–actions to the impacts that may be created. In order
to meet the requirements of the federal government a form is provided to from different government

The Problem Of Desertification
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE CONCERNS Desertification is an environmental and socio–
economic problem. Environmental justice is characterized by the equal sharing of risks and benefits,
distributed equally without discrimination. The land affected falls in rural areas beyond the
mainland which are primarily occupied by non–Han ethnic minorities. These areas include the
autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet, which have historically been
oppressed. The social component of the problem creates a cycle in which "poverty exacerbates
desertification, and in turn, desertification aggravates poverty." The cycle will continue until the
wellbeing of people living in desertified areas is considerably improved to the point where they no
longer rely on degraded land for survival. Only then will they be able to limit their impact on
desertified land. Chen and Tang further explain "For degraded land, withdrawal of farmlands and
enclosing pastures in order to exclude grazing are undoubtedly the most effective ways to prevent
further desertification. These measures would deprive local people of their sole livelihood."
Attempts to reduce desertification have neglected the human component of the problem. As a
solution, Wang et al. suggest that "outward migration with a carefully considered relocation policy is
an important choice for desertified areas that are judged to be beyond ecological carrying capacity."
Miao et al. echo this idea, explaining that reclamation efforts

Environmental Conservation Of The World War II
Environmental conservation has made major advancements throughout history. While its focus
during the 1940s was very limited due to World War II, the effects of the war and industrialization
led to the environmental deterioration and many significant events that increased the public's
attention on pollution. While many minor policies were passed as a way to appease the people, the
major shift for environmentalism was during the 1960s after many pieces of writing were published
that exposed the harmful effects of pollution and toxins that were contaminating the earth. The
public's outrage toward the government 's lack of involvement led to major legislations to be passed
and a noticeable shift in importance to the government. While environmental policies were generally
weak and unable to be consistently enforced from 1940–2000, a series of focused legislative acts led
to a change in the standardization of working conditions through safety and health regulations and
accountability of nationally funded programs on conservation of the environment.
One change that occurred in regards to environmental policies in the United States in the past 80
years was the creation of the National Environmental Policy Act which required increased
government regulation and involvement in their impact on the environment, and chapter 27 of the
North American Free Trade Agreement. The 1960s was an important era for the environment
because it was marked with increasing public concern for the

National Environmental Policy Act ( Usfs )
In 2002, President Bush established the Healthy Forest Initiative. This was his response to a
multitude of forest fires during the year 2000. The initiative would allow for swift responses to the
threats of wildfires. The process in which the United States Forest Service (USFS) goes about
reducing the forest fires includes the thinning of forests by timbering, and removal of hazardous
materials such as small trees, species of brush and shrub, logs, stumps, and whatever material could
lead to an increase in forest fires or their severity. Most materials that could lead to an increase in
forest fires are seen and defined as hazardous fuels. Reducing forest fires seems like a noble idea,
especially when seeing the damaged caused after that fire season during the year 2000; however, the
way in which the U.S. Forest Service is going about the removing of these hazardous fuels has come
under much scrutiny. Under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), with additions from
after the enactment of the Healthy Forest Initiative, the U.S. Forest Service is allowed to remove
hazardous fuels or reduce the threat of wildfires without doing an Environmental Impact Statement
(EIS) or an Environmental Analysis (EA) under a categorical exclusion. A categorical exclusion
being defined under NEPA §1.3 as "a category of actions that have no potential for significant
environmental impacts, you may categorically exclude the action from analysis in an EA or EIS
before deciding to implement

How Does The Governmental Transfer Of Power Impacts...
How does the governmental transfer of power impacts wildlife and the workforces that conserve and
protect wildlife? The United States government is constantly rotating officials in control of
regulating previous and developing laws, forming future concepts and regulations on various
assemblies, and striving to improve the lives of the American citizens. However, the ever changing
governmental powers may cause a positive or negative impact on wildlife conservation and policy,
due to varying opinions of the governmental officials formerly in command, contrasted with the
present government officials in power. This may develop contrasting concepts on former, future, and
present laws within the Environmental Protection Agency, United States ... Show more content on
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The United States Fish and Wildlife Service is charged with the management of fish, wildlife, and
natural habitats. This agency is comprised of many affairs, such as the enforcement of federal
wildlife laws, endangered species conservation, and managing the nation's five hundred sixty
national wildlife refuges (Allgov, 2017). The National Parks Service oversees managing the natural
resources of the United States' fifty–nine national parks (Allgov, 2017). The regulations and policies
that govern these different agencies have changed drastically as different presidents have come in
and out of office. Theodore Roosevelt, for example, created the Unites States Forest Service as a
part of the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 (DOI, 2017). During his presidency, he reserved millions of
acres, through executive orders, and turned it into national forests, including what is known as the
Midnight Forests (FWS, 2017). The midnight forests are forests created by Theodore Roosevelt.
President Roosevelt created the midnight forests as one last executive order before he signed an
amendment to the nation's land laws, which removed the power of the president to set aside land for
national parks and forest with executive order (NPS, 2017). This amendment arose due to the special
interest groups, loggers, and cattlemen who lost land from President Roosevelt's executive orders
(FWS, 2017). Also, additional policies commenced to be established towards conservation and
protection for

It Has Been Argued That Canadian Environmentalism Occurred
It has been argued that Canadian environmentalism occurred in a series of waves throughout the
countries growth and development. Upon colonization the Canadian landscape was abundant in
resources, the opportunities limitless. Over the course of a century industrialization had swept the
nation. The rapid depletion of resources initiated the development of numerous private organizations
that sought to control, maintain, and ensure longevity of such resources. This force would continue
to reshape along with the industrial demands and ever–changing landscape. It is imperative to
provide context regarding the evolution of the environmental movement that took place in Canada,
in order to comprehend the role non–governmental organizations played ... Show more content on
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Gradually conservationist efforts of resource preservation developed, characterizing North
America's first wave of environmentalism.
Individuals involved within Canada's forestry industry developed many of the earliest conservation
efforts. The rapid depletion of Canadian forests forced many to advocate for the development of
controlled harvesting and reserved areas. By 1900, the Canadian Forestry Association was
established. Despite Canada's earliest efforts, their neighbours to the south were generally further
advanced with their efforts. Such gap in national efforts can be viewed as a matter of population
differences, industrial expansion, and economic circumstances. The American settlements were
much further developed in many respects than their counterparts, and had demonstrated
anthropogenic harm throughout their growth. In 1909, American President Theodore Roosevelt,
invited both Mexico and Canada to join the United States at the North American Conservation
Conference. This conference would lead to the establishment of Canada's Commission of
Conservation.
Canada's Commission of Conservation developed recommendations and environmental ethics that
can be viewed as the seeds of modern environmentalism. The development of national parks also
illustrates the difference between American and Canadian conservation. In 1885, Banff became
Canada's first national park, while their neighbours had established their first national park,

National Environmental Policy Act Or NEPA
The law that I was given is The National Environmental Policy Act or NEPA. The National
Environmental Policy Act is one of the first laws written that has the protection of the environment
as its focus. The law was enacted on January 1, 1970 and was signed by president Richard Nixon.
The purpose of NEPA was to establish a national policy to protect the environment, create a Council
on Environmental Quality (CEQ). It required all environmental impact statements to be prepared for
major federal actions that have a significant effect on the environment. The law covered a broad list
of actions including: making decisions on permit applications, the adoption of federal land
management actions and constructing highways and other publicly owned

EPA Environmental Issues
The United States Environmental Protection Agency is an agency of the U.S. federal government
which was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and
enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA was proposed by President
Richard Nixon and began operation on December 2, 1970, after Nixon signed an executive order.
The order establishing the EPA was ratified by committee hearings in the House and Senate. The
agency is led by its Administrator, who is appointed by the president and approved by Congress. The
current administrator is Gina McCarthy. The EPA is not a Cabinet department, but the administrator
is normally given cabinet rank.
The EPA has its headquarters in Washington, D.C., ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The act was modeled on the Resources and Conservation Act of 1959, introduced by Senator
James E. Murray in the 86th Congress. That bill would have established an environmental advisory
counsel in the office of the President, declared a national environmental policy, and required the
preparation of an annual environmental report. In the years following the introduction of Senator
Murray's bill, similar bills were introduced and hearings were held to discuss the state of the
environment and Congress's potential responses to perceived problems. In 1968, a joint House–
Senate colloquium was convened by the chairmen of the Senate Committee on Interior and
Insular Affairs and the House Committee on Science and Astronautics to discuss the need for and
potential means of implementing a national environmental policy. In the colloquium, some Members
of Congress expressed a continuing concern over federal agency actions affecting the environment.
The EPA began regulating greenhouse gases from mobile and stationary sources of air pollution
under the Clean Air Act for the first time on January 2, 2011. Standards for mobile sources have
been established pursuant to Section 202 of the CAA, and GHGs from stationary sources are
controlled under the authority of Part C of Title I of the Act. See the page Regulation of Greenhouse
Gases Under the Clean Air Act for further

An Environmental Assessment ( Ea ) For Maryland Gas '...
QUESTION PRESENTED Did FERC's issuance of an Environmental Assessment (EA) and
corresponding Finding of no Significant Impact (FONSI) for Maryland Gas' "400 Line" pipeline
project violate NEPA? Should the Sierra Club sue FERC over this issue? SHORT ANSWER Yes.
FERC's EA violated NEPA's requirement to consider the cumulative and indirect impacts of a
proposed project. While FERC did consider some indirect impacts of the 400 Line project, FERC
failed to analyze the 400 Line in conjunction with two connected pipeline projects: the 500 Line and
the 600 Line. FERC's fragmented analysis violates NEPA's requirement that environmental review
consider "interdependent parts of a larger action" (40 C.F.R. § 1508.25a). Other potential objections
to FERC's EA, including the project's effects on endangered species and FERC's failure to analyze
certain alternative arrangements, have a smaller and less certain likelihood of legal success. FERC
provided a reasoned explanation for most of their choices, and will thus receive generous deference
from any reviewing court on those issues. FERC, though, failed to mention either of the two related
pipeline projects in the EA, so the Sierra Club will have a strong case that FERC did not meet the
requirement, cited in Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council, 490 U.S. 332 (1989), to take a
"hard look" at the environmental consequences of the 400 Line pipeline. FACTS See prompt.
DISCUSSION Does a categorical exclusion (CATEX) apply the 400

Environmental Impact Of The California Of Marine Animals...
On January 28, 1969 there was a well blow–out which occurred during drilling in the Santa Barbara
Channel in Sothern California, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 barrels of crude Oil was spilled into
the channel and its surrounding, this incident caused significant impact of the ecological
composition of the system, thousands of marine animals were killed and biodiversity was distorted.
The Santa Barbara oil spill and the already growing environmental interests in the 1960s led to the
enactment of the National Environmental Policy Act on January 1, 1970, its purpose was to promote
the enhancement of the environment, and it required executive federal agencies to prepare
environmental impact statements (EISs) and environmental assessment (EAs) ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
These actions are defined at 40 CFR 1508.18. The environmental review under NEPA can involve
three different levels of analysis:
1. Categorical Exclusion determination (CATEX)
2. Environmental Assessment/Finding of No Significant Impact (EA/FONSI)
3. Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2017)
"Since the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), federal agencies have
been required to consider the potential environmental consequences of their actions, and to bring the
public and other stakeholders into their decision making process. NEPA has been critical to meeting
the environmental goals this Nation has set for itself" (Larson, Hess, D 'Avanzo, Stanley, &
Sumpter, 2015).
One of the case studies highlighted by U.S. Department of Transportation 's Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA) is the reconstruction of Interstate 29 Fargo, North Dakota. The Interstate
29, spreads from Kansas City, Missouri to the border between US and Canada in the state of North
Dakota, it is a corridor for local and International trade and transportation while there were some
underdeveloped agricultural lands adjacent to it.
The project consisted of the improvement of the roadway capacity and level of service,
improvement of access to and from the interstate, improvement of roadway access / continuity,
replacement of deficient pavements, across the interstate as it was considered in a poor state.

Do Governmental CSR Policies Assist Consumers or...
Do Governmental CSR Policies Assist Consumers or Organizations Governmental CSR policies are
beneficial for consumers and organizations. Consumers are protected from abuse when
organizations adhere to policies set forth by the government. The government has passed laws and
created regulations as a guide for organizations to follow for the protection of the environment.
According to Masahudu (2004) "several governmental CSR policies, such as the National
Environmental Protection Act, Clean Air Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, Toxic Substances Control
Act and the Clean Water Act assist in protecting consumers and organizations". (p. 1). An example
of a policy which assists consumers and organizations is the Clean Water Act. The ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The provision of SOX affects accountants, lawyers, and people who deal with public companies or
issuers. SOX provide guidelines on business practice and behavior, aimed at improving and
enhancing financial reporting (Parles, O'Sullivan, & Shannon, 2007).
SOX require public companies establish audit committees to conduct audit, and composed of only
independent directors, and have one member with financial expertise. The audit committee is
responsible for selecting the auditor. Furthermore, the Security Exchange Commission requires SOX
to adopted rules of professional responsibility for attorneys representing public companies. The
policies require attorneys to report evidence of a material violation of securities law or breach of
fiduciary duty to the Chief Legal Officer, Chief Executive Officer, or the Board of Directors.
Additionally, SOX requires businesses to "evaluation internal control process and adjust
organizational policies to be aligned with SOX", (Parles, O'Sullivan, & Shannon, 2007).
The SOX Act also, "protects investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate
disclosures made pursuant to the securities laws, and for other purposes", (Sarbanes–Oxley Act of
2002, section I). Also, the act assist organizations identify possible "fraud, corruption, and/or
scandals within the company", (Parles,

What Is The Thesis Statement For Wildlife Conservation
Pascua, Francis Augustus A. ___________________________________________________April
21, 2015
ENG 2 V–
4R____________________________________________________________________LRP Draft
The crucial role of the Philippine government on wildlife conservation
Thesis Statement: The Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act (R.A. 9174) of the
Philippines should be prioritized and reinstated because of its failure to serve its purpose in the past,
its ability to lessen the rising human–caused extinction rates, and its possible influence in restoring
and promoting action regarding wildlife conservation.
The loss of biodiversity and wildlife is becoming a larger problem every year yet most people
disregard it and its consequences. Wildlife plays a big part in maintaining environmental support to
human life––serving as a source of food, contributing to agriculture, aiding in medical research, and
many more. The continued erosion of ecosystem and species diversity threatens the progress to a
sustainable society and lessens the chances of stable environmental conditions in the future. As the
effects of human actions become more damaging to the environment and the situation of wildlife
worsens, the government must step up and introduce national policies for conservation. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
9147 would be enforced properly, Philippine wildlife conservation may become more successful.
The policy itself does not require modifications. It is in the process of following its objectives that
begs for reform. The government may start by changing current policies that allow and invite the
misuse of wildlife and other environmental resources. Aside from formulating environmental
policies for conservation, the government should also consider altering policies that motivate
citizens to exploit the environment. Such policies are those which promote over–exploitation of
forests, damaging habitats for the purpose of urbanization, and the overuse of natural resources
(Reid, Barber & Miller,

The Establishment Of The European Union ( Eu )
How significant has been the development of the EU's policies concerning the protection of the
natural environmental and climate change? What problems have confronted policy–makers in–
framing and delivering such policies?
Introduction
The establishment of the European Union (EU) enabled them to handle transnational activities
among the member states, including environmental policy. Its significance situates within its powers
which can manage any other organisations among the member states by virtue of the laws within the
European Union (Baker, 1996, p.215). As a result, it is broadly perceived that there is an increasing
impact from the EU on policy making in the member states. This tendency is particularly recognised
in environmental policy makings, because national standards in law needed to be questioned and
harmonised and policy developments at the European level influences the national aims, content and
settings of environmental policy within the member states (Heinelt et al., 2001). The area of
environmental policy was not established until the first Environmental Action Programme in 1973
as the major aim for the European Economic Community's agenda was to build a common
institutional framework for mostly economic issues (Jorgensen, 2012). In the next decades, the
development of the area of environmental policy making was accelerated by the the Single
European Act and by the support from the public who tends to have an increasing concern towards
environmental

Airport Environmental Impact And Legislation
Airport Environmental Impact and Legislation
Overview
Airports impact their local communities in a wide variety of ways. As an employer, large,
international airports can help local economies thrive financially with employment opportunities for
area residents. Even smaller municipal airports "give back" to the local community in the form of
tax revenue from fuel sales, airplane property taxes, and in the case of land–lease arrangements,
hangar property taxes. Further, airports can (and typically do) impact the environment around them.
Airport operators are mandated by federal and state guidelines on areas such as erosion mitigation,
pollution prevention, and to fuel spill prevention, and are bound even further to protect the local
ecology and reduce the impact on wildlife, flora, and endangered species (Horonjeff, 2010). Airports
must be prepared to respond to any potential environmental disaster. This is accomplished through
action plans developed at the state and local levels, such as a Stormwater Pollution Prevention and
Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures Plans.
Environmental Impact
There are significant rules and regulations placed on airports that deal with the environment. One
widely referred to document is Federal Aviation Administration Order 5050.4B, National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Implementing Instructions for Airport Projects (DOT, 2006).
Procedures contained within this instruction are mandatory, and airport operators are legally

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