4. A. THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
In the 1700s, the Agricultural Revolution in Great
Britain allowed the Industrial Revolution to take
place in the 1700s.
5. CAUSES TO THE AGRICULTURAL
REVOLUTION
The Enclosure Movement and Crop Rotation
6. THE ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT
• Wealthy landowners bought up small farms and enclosed them
with fences or hedges.
• To maximize profits these landowners began to experiment with
more efficient methods of farming.
• 1701 Jethro Tull invented the seed drill increased the amount of
seeds that developed into crops thereby increasing crop
production.
7. CROP ROTATION
• Replaced the three-field system
• Root crops were used to replenish the soil and fed to livestock
• Result: size of livestock exploded…more meat meant healthier
people and a longer life expectancy.
Two field system
pre-Middle Ages
Used 50% of land
Three-Field
System developed
in late Middle
Ages
Used 66% of
Crop Rotation
used 100% of field
potential
8. RESULTS OF THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
•Increased food production
•Increase in population
•More people and decreased need for
farmers provided surplus of labor needed
for industrialization.
9. B. BRITAIN LED THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Certain elements are necessary to industrialize. These are
known as the Factors of Production
10. Factors of
Production
Labor: Workers
Government Participation:
invested money in
business, maintained a
stable society, and
infrastructure
Capital: Money invested
in business
Land: natural
resources such as coal
or water
Entrepreneurial Ability people
willing to take a risk in starting
a business by investing money
11. GREAT BRITAIN’S ADVANTAGES IN
INDUSTRIALIZATION
LAND LABOR CAPITAL ENTREPRENEURAL
ABILITY
GOVERNMENT
INVOLVEMENT
Abundant
resources of
coal, iron and
fast-flowing
streams
• Surplus of
labor resulted
from the
Agricultural
Revolution
• Increased
population
provided
market to buy
goods
• Entrepreneur
s and
government
invested in
factories
• People
began to
invest
through
stocks
British people
started new
factories
• Built
transportatio
systems of
roads, canals
and dams
• Invested
money in
business
12. C. TEXTILES LEADS INDUSTRIALIZATION
TEXTILES=CLOTH/CLOTHING
1. 1st industry to industrialize
2. Needed new inventions in all parts to be successful
14. 3. TRANSPORTATION AND ENGINES
Progress of Power
WATER →STEAM → COAL→GAS/ELECTRICITY
a) JAMES WATT--invented the STEAM ENGINE
b) Robert Fulton—used STEAM to run ships
c) Roads improved
d) Development of the RAILROAD and canals
15. D. THE FACTORY SYSTEM
1. textile industries needed to be set up next to WATER for
fuel
2. workers now worked a set number of HOURS and were
paid per hour instead of per PRODUCT.
3. People now TRAVELED to work instead of working in
their HOMES.
17. II. THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
URBANIZATION
DEFINITION TENEMENTS CONDITIONS
• Growth of cities
• Urban=city
• Rural=country
• Extreme
temperatures
• Poorly built housing
• Overcrowding
• Lack of sufficient
facilities (bathrooms)
• Overcrowded
• No sewage
system/drainage
• Disease spread
rapidly
18. Conditions for Workers
Pay/Hours Dangerous Conditions Women and Children
• Low wages
• 12-16 hours a day 6 days
a week
• No health benefits
• No workers
compensation—injured
meant fired
• No sick days
• Extreme temperatures
• Poor ventilation
• Dangerous machines
• Mines—fumes, cave-ins
• Low wages meant all
family members had to
work
• Many children were
deformed and died from
working in the mines
Women and children working violated the moral conscience of
many
19. Changes Come
Unions Employers Government
• Workers joined together
to fight for higher wages
and better working
conditions.
• Were originally outlawed
but later received
government support
• Employers began to
make positive changes
such as better
ventilation, lighting, and
safety devices on
machines
• Outlawed child labor
• Set standards for safety
and sanitation
• Public schooling spread
• Provided water and
sewage systems
• Set building codes
20. Industrialization Spreads
Belgium France
• Large deposits of coal and iron • Industrial growth slowed by the French
Revolution
• Built strong textile industry
1. Samuel Slater brought the factory system to US in 1789
2. US had vast natural resources
3. Immigrants provided cheap, steady flow of labor
4. Many immigrants came from Ireland due to the potato famine from 1845-1848 it
killed 1 million Irish people
5. Growth of Railroads encouraged economic and industrial growth
6. In 1880 the US surpassed Great Britain as the leading industrial nation
21. IV: NEW IDEAS ON SOCIETY
CAPITALISTIC IDEAS
Adam Smith Thomas Malthus Economic
decisions are
made by
consumers
and producers
• Scottish Economist
• Supported laissez-faire
or free market economy
• Argued Three Natural
laws of economics:
1. Law of self-interest
2. Law of competition
3. Law of supply and
demand
• Said population increases
faster than food supply
• War and disease way to
keep check on the
population and that
without these many would
be poor and starving
22. SOCIAL DARWINISM
• Charles Darwin biologist who proposed his theory known as EVOLUTION in the book The Origin of
the Species by Natural Selection
• said all living species had more individuals than could SURVIVE therefore, every living thing takes part
in a constant STRUGGLE
• idea known as natural selection or SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
• Social Darwinism
• applied Darwin’s ideas to ECONOMICS and POLITICS
• said those who were the fittest survived and enjoyed wealth and success and those who were poor were so
because they were UNFIT
• believed GOVERNMENTS should not make laws that would upset this “NATURAL SYSTEM”
• Used as a way for the RICH to not feel guilty about the POOR
23. Socialism
Robert Owen Charles Fourier
Government
owns the
factors of
production
but there is
private
ownership of
land and
businesses
• owned a cotton mill but
fought for worker’s
rights
• Said the industrial
society was SELFISH
• treated his workers well
• built housing near his
factory and charged low
rent
• Didn’t use CHILD
LABOR—instead offered
free SCHOOLING
• wanted to offset the effects
of industrialization with
SOCIALISM
• felt the GOVERNMENT
should own the FACTORS
OF PRODUCTION
• hoped socialism would
bring SOCIAL EQUALITY
• advocated change by
pushing to extend the right
to vote to all men (not
women)
24. COMMUNISM—EXTREME SOCIALISM (AKA: MARXISM)
• Karl Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrick Engels—
both from Germany
• Said throughout history society has been divided into two groups:
“Haves” Marx called these people the bourgeoisie and
The “Have Nots” Marx called these the proletariat
• Marx said the Industrial Revolution created a new struggle with the
bourgeoisie (factory-owning middle class) and the proletariat (urban-
working class)
• He predicted workers would join together to overthrow the bourgeoisie
• After the workers revolution, Marx believed the Proletariat would create a new
classless society known as Communism
25. WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENS…
• There was no revolution because conditions improved
through business owners and government legislation
• Russia was the first to adopt communism but there
government owned everything and the people were poor
and owned nothing.
26. Type of Economic
System
Time Period/Era Description/Definition Who had the power?
Traditional
Early history
Still exists today—
mainly tribal
communities
Traditions and customs determine how
goods and factors of production are
distributed
All members of
society have clearly
defined roles
Manorialism
Middle Ages Self-sufficient manors—all goods are
produced on the manor—no trade.
King/Landowners
Mercantilism
Early 1600s-1700s
Result of the Age of
Exploration
Nations gain colonies and used them for
their own economic gain
Kings/Monarchies
European Powers
Capitalism/Free
Market
Industrial Revolution
to Today
Factors of production are privately owned
Market run by supply and demand
People choose what
to buy and make
Communism/
Command Economy
1800s-present Government runs economy and controls
or owns the factors of production
government
Economic Systems Throughout History
