Depleted Uranium Contamination

Depleted Uranium Contamination
Depleted Uranium Contamination
From Military Activities
1. Introduction
Depleted uranium (DU, Q–metal, D–depletalloy, or D–38) is uranium with a lower concentration of
the fissible isotope U–235 than natural uranium. Natural uranium consists of 99.28% U–238, 0.71%
U–235, and 0.0054% U–234.1 Nuclear reactors use uranium as their basic fuel in the form of UO2.2
DU is a byproduct from enriching natural UO2 to use in these nuclear power reactors. Uranium
decays slowly by emitting an alpha particle. U–238 has a 4,510,000,000–year half–life and U–235
has a 247,000–year half–life; which means that DU is significantly less radioactive than natural
uranium. Although it also has civilian uses, DU byproduct majorly has military uses.3,4 Properties
that make DU suitable for military weaponry, as a part of kinetic–based armor–piercing shells are its
high density and pyrophoric nature.5
It wasn't until the 1970's the Pentagon began searching for material to make denser armor–piercing
projectiles that DU started being used in conflicts. After testing various metals, researchers decided
to choose DU. The US and NATO militaries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Air and soil samples were collected from southwest provinces of Iran and assessed for DU content.
A total of 22 air samples and 20 soil samples were collected. Table 1 gives the cities where the
samples were gathered and number of samples for both, air and soil. Table 2 gives the exact location
(in coordinates) where the samples were obtained; name code for air and soil samples are also given.
Gamma dose rate was also measured for each sample and are given in Table 2 as well. Alpha–beta
and gamma spectrometers were used for measuring 235U and 238U activities. With 235U /238U
ratio in samples in comparison to natural 235U /238U ratio in natural U, it would be possible to find
out the probability of DU in all
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Cause And Effects Of North Korea's Nuclear Weapons In...
Terrorists are causing big problems nowadays. However, in South Korea, many people are worried
about North Korea's nuclear weapons. This is because they have dangerous governments which are
trying to intimidate other countries because they want more power and take peace away from ours.
Nuclear weapons create many radiations which cause destroys the environment. In South Korea,
researchers found traces of radioactive gas from North Korea. When they tested for their nuclear
weapons, South Korea found and made RAM which is a machine which finds the cause of radiation.
There are seven types of radiations such as Gamma–rays, X–rays, Ultraviolet light, visible light,
Infrared light, Microwaves, and Radio waves. Radioactive pollution increases in the natural
radiation because activities by people. However, the main cause of radiation is nuclear weapons.
When we think of radiation, you typically imagine bombs and nuclear explosions. The radiation
caused by the creation of nuclear weapons is dangerous and harmful to humans and nature.
Radiation is powerful and it moves and spreads out everywhere and is hard to see with naked eyes.
Many radioactive elements are used in nuclear power plants and the basic components of nuclear
weapons are cesium, strontium, Plutonium, and uranium. It is including chromium, cobalt, cobalt,
calcium, iodine, krypton, nickel, radium, strontium, thorium, uranium, and radon. One country that
has experienced the dangerous from exposure from radiation is

The Disaster Of The Chernobyl Disaster
On the day of April 26, 1986, an event that had affected many people took place, The Chernobyl
Disaster. The radiation cloud had spread over 27 countries. 28 people died within a few weeks as a
result of acute radiation poisoning. The steam explosion and fires had released 5% of the radioactive
reactor core into the atmosphere. 1,100 square miles around the reactor still remain uninhabitable to
this day.
Recently documented, it has been said that over 500,000 people have died from radiation exposure
over the past two decades. 5–8 million people continue to live in the contamination zone causing a
surge in infant mortality and children born with deformities. While we can force oil companies to
improve their safety and environmental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Warren Buffet, concerned over his major stake in the insurance industry, a nuclear
terrorist strike is matter not if, but when: "We're going to have something in the way of a major
nuclear (terrorist) event in this country. It will happen. Whether it will happen in 10 years or 10
minutes, or 50 years ... it's virtually a certainty."
Spent nuclear fuel rods have a half–life of nearly 30,000 years
Depleted uranium will remain toxic for an estimated 4.5 million years. After decades of scientific
research at locations like Yucca Mountain in Nevada, no one has figured out how and where to store
the radioactive waste created by nuclear power generation. Energy Secretary Steven Chu recently
admitted that he has no firm plans for the radioactive wastes created by the proposed new reactors,
or by the 104 currently licensed.
And according to CBS News, waste is currently leaking from a quarter of US nuclear power sites. In
the last three years alone, cancer–causing tritium was found in the water and soil around nuclear
sites in New Jersey, Massachusetts and Vermont.
Uranium extraction producing radioactive rock, dust and water, resulting in contaminated water
supplies and skyrocketing cancer, kidney and other deadly diseases in communities near uranium
mines. The extraction jobs are some of the most dangerous anywhere, with workers regularly
overexposed to radiation. During the decades long

Uranium Mining Essay
Uranium was discovered by Martin Klaproth in 1789. Klaproth was a German Chemist that
discovered Uranium in a mineral call pitchblende. It was named after Uranus, the planet, which had
been discovered eight years earlier. Uranium occurs in most rocks in concentrations of 2 to 4 parts
per million and is common in the Earth's crust. This highly density element is used in keels of yachts
and as counterweights for aircraft control surfaces, as well as for radiation shielding. This element
principal uses is in fuel for nuclear reactors and the main raw material for nuclear weapons.
Depleted uranium is the waste product of uranium enrichment in nuclear reactors. It is the residue
left in massive quantities when bomb–grade uranium is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can combine with and bind citrates and carbonates in your body. It can deposit in your liver,
spleen, and kidneys. This can be caused by breathing in uranium dusts or by eating substances
containing the element. Uranium mining is a major occupation where people are dealing with this
element in the industry world. Overexposures to this hazard is dealt with when mining. Major
mining are done in Australia and Canada, which has been done for over 40 years. Safety regulations
today are among the most comprehensive and stringent in the world. It has been reported due to
inspections that radiation doses in the mines are well within regulatory limits. In occupational
settings, the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) regulates the limits of worker exposures
based on the solubility of the uranium compound. The Department of Energy (DOE) has issued
regulations applicable to its facilities that limit environmental discharges and worker exposure to
uranium isotopes. OSHA has established the permissible exposure level (PEL) for airborne uranium
in the workplace as 0.25 milligrams cubic meter at a time weighted average (TWA) of a 40 – hour
workweek. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established a maximum contaminant level
(MCL) for uranium of 30 micrograms per liter (µg/L) in drinking water. The MCL is the maximum
permissible level of a contaminant in water that is delivered to any user of a public water system.
EPA finalized this MCL for

Depleted Uranium Research Paper
Depleted uranium is a type of radioactive material that is produced during the Uranium enrichment
process (WHO, N.D., p.1). The enriched uranium is removed from the depleted portions and used
for various purposes such as production of nuclear weapons or nuclear power plants; the depleted
portions are used for, among other things, military munitions. These munitions are not highly
radioactive but could they be used for a RDD?
Depleted uranium is used for military purposes because of its incredible density (HPS, 2010, p.1).
The material is harder than steel and serves as an excellent armor piercing round. The material is not
used for its radiation producing properties or to poison the target. It has been used around the world
for military purposes since before the 1980s. Health risks to soldiers using the depleted uranium
ammunitions are considered low because the round produces very low radiation which is not in
excess of acceptable levels (HPS, 2010, p.2). However depleted uranium can be dangerous in two
ways: if it is embedded in the body or material near the impact site is inhaled. Both ways require
that the material enter the body. This means that residual radiation put off by an RDD explosion
using depleted uranium would not be an issue, just the debris and dust created by the explosion. If a
person inhales the dust or gets a piece of the depleted uranium lodged under the skin the radiation
produced will, over time, lead to significant health effects, most ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This however is misguided. Any victims near the blast site or any one handling debris after the
detonation would be at risk of exposure; the general population in the region, even a hundred meters
away, will not be at risk of radiation exposure because, once again, the uranium must actually enter
the body. This fact makes depleted uranium RDDs ineffective and unlikely for use by

Essay On Abrams Tank
"We need tank support, I repeat we need tank support!" Imagine you're stuck prone in the middle of
a field and have no cover to get out of the predicament that you're in, then next thing you know you
have a tank rolling up alongside of you and they provide cover to get you to safety. Tanks and the
crew that operate them are very vital to the ground forces. Their lives most of the time depend on
whether or not they can get cover from the tanks or if the tanks can eliminate the targets. The M1A1
and M1A2 Abrams are the most heavily armed vehicles the U.S. ever made which is why the USMC
(United States Marine Corp) can rely on them to get the job done. The Abrams Tank has a variety of
equipment on it that makes it such an extraordinary weapon of the U.S. It is manufactured by
General Dynamics Land Systems, They make all variants of the Abrams tank and all the equipment
for it. The M1A1 Abrams tank is equipped with a 1,500 horsepower turbine engine. (Power, Rod) It
has a max speed of 45 MPH. Its acceleration 0–20 time is 7.2. The tank is 387 inches long
accounting for the barrel, turret is 93.5 inches in height, and 144 inches in width and the vehicle
weighs 70 tons. It needs 300 gallons of gas about every 265 miles or every 8 hours. (Prado, Fabio)
http://www.fprado.com/armorsite/abrams.htm Armament of the tank are a the 120mm XM256
Smooth Bore Cannon with a 7.62 M240 coaxial machine gun and .50 Cal M2 Machine gun.(Boyd,
Ryan) The 120mm XM256 Smooth Bore Cannon is the main

Depleted Uranium
Uranium is utilized in nuclear power plants because of the ability for Uranium–235, to undergo
Nuclear Fission. The energy produced is caused by a reaction between Uranium–235 and the
constant bombardment of neutrons. This method of energy production creates a uranium rod that has
a lower ratio of Uranium–235 to Uranium–238. These rods containing less U–235 are not as reactive
as rods rich in the isotope, causing less and less energy to be produced. This by–product is depleted
uranium and is still radioactive, but no longer has any use in the generation of energy+. In 1991 this
by–product was utilized during the Gulf War as an armor piercing round because of it's high density,
and ability to ignite+. The use of depleted uranium as armor–piercing ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Gamma radiation is weakly emitted from depleted uranium+ but the fact that internalized uranium
has direct contact with cells within the human body is cause for concern. Gamma radiation is a
mutagen, meaning that is causes incorrect replication of DNA within a cell. The incorrect replication
in DNA occurs because the radiation causes free radical to develop within a cell that cause an
incorrect order of nucleotides, and when the cell replicates so does the error. This continued
replication of Incorrect cells can become malignant and cause cancer+. The human body is resilient
and does eject the uranium from the body through

The Mining Of Uranium Mining
Uranium Mining Uranium ore can be mined underground or open–cut, this is dependent on the
depth, which the uranium is at. In general, open pit mining is used where the deposits are close to
the earth surface, whereas the underground mining is used for deep deposits on average greater than
100 meters deep. Open–pit mining requires the removal of soil and waste rock on top of the ore to
expose the hard rock. Then a pit is dug to access the ore, where the walls of the pit are mined in a
series of benches to prevent them from collapsing. This is also done so that the workers can mine
each bench by drilling holes into the rock and panting explosives, which are detonated to break up
the rock. The broken rock is brought to the surface in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the concentration of the uranium mined is very high, the radioactivity is a potential hazard,
hence there are precautions taken during the mining and milling process to protect the health of the
workers. The first and foremost is forced ventilation in the underground mines, to ensure that there
is no radioactive particle being breathed in. Efficient dust control as the dust may contain
radioactive particles and emit radon gas. Keeping workers safe by setting a limit to the radiation
exposure in mines and mills as well as routine monitoring of air, dust and surface contamination is
undertaken. In Canada, this means that in area of high concentration of uranium, it is mined by
remote control technology. Of course, working in a mine, the workers are given the equipment and
technology necessary to meet the radioactive conditions. At last, there are designated employees
(those that are exposed to uranium) are monitored for radiation contamination as well as personal
dosimeters are worn to measure exposure to gamma radiation. Canadian mines and mill facilities are
designed to handle uranium ore grades up to 26%. Other method of mining in many places, if
geological conditions allow uranium to be dissolved from the ore by pumping oxygenated
groundwater through a porous ore body to dissolve

The Function Of A Modern Nuclear Power Device And Its Process
THORIUM REACTORS
Lachlan Milligan
Contents Page
Page 1: Contents page
Page 2–4: Explain the function of a modern nuclear power device and its process
Page 4: How is the process currently being used to further scientific understanding
Page 5: History and development
Page 6: Graphic Timeline
Page 7: Nuclear equation and energy calculations
Page 8–9: References and bibliography
Part 1: Explain the function of a modern nuclear power device and process
The Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor (LFTR) is a type of molten salt reactor which will generate
electrical power through nuclear fission. LFTR's are a hypothetical and innovative solution to the
future of power production which are a viable replacement of the current flawed uranium reactors.
Using LFRS's as a nuclear energy source poses a number of advantages for the long run and short
term. Many countries such as China and India are currently heading towards LFTR's as a main
source of energy. The LFTR offers unparalleled safety features in contrast to other conventional
nuclear reactors, ensuring that incidents such as Fukushima will never occur again. Thorium, which
is the element used to fuel LFTR's, is three times more abundant than uranium (World Nuclear,
2015). LFTR waste is also less biologically harmful as it emits alpha particles compared to
conventional uranium reactors which emits gamma particles. The radiotoxicity of waste across
nuclear power production methods can be seen in

Iran And The Iranian Nuclear Weapons Program
The summer of 2015 marked a significant event in history – the five permanent members of the
United Nations Security Council, Germany, and Iran were able to come to an agreement about
restricting Iran's nuclear programs. The capability of Iran to pursue a nuclear weapon scared the
international community, and this deal brought some peace to the political scene. For Iran, a nuclear
weapon represented legitimacy and leverage over the major powers of the world, so it is interesting
that Iran willingly blocked its avenue to achieve this bargaining chip. Nonetheless, there are ongoing
security concerns about a nuclear Iran and its methods of power projection, so it becomes necessary
to analyze the success of the Iranian nuclear deal and current ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In return, the United States and other nations agreed to lift some sanctions on Iran, unfreeze its
assets, and allow Iran to enter the international oil market. On January 16, 2016, the International
Atomic Energy Agency officially declared, "Iran has curbed its nuclear program enough to begin
receiving relief on sanctions" (Kennedy 2016). This statement alone demonstrates that the nuclear
deal reduced the risk of a nuclear Iran. The International Atomic Energy Agency has historically
expressed great concerns about Iran's overt and clandestine nuclear operations. The nuclear deal
with Iran granted the International Atomic Energy Agency to have the ability to do strict inspections
on Iran, which Iran has avoided in the past, so the declaration of Iran's fulfillment of international
standards shows the efficacy and the durability of the agreement.
The major critics of the nuclear deal cite Iran's track record of long–term deviation from previous
agreements and resolutions and argue Iran will renege on its promises. This argument is legitimate
because Iran has numerous violations across decades. For example, from about the mid–1980s to
2003, Iran violated several sections of the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement. Iran "failed to
report that it had purchased natural uranium from China in 1991," "failed to report that it had used
1.9 kg of the imported UF6 to test P1 centrifuges at the Kalaye Electric Company centrifuge
workshop in 1999 and 2002," and worst of all,

Should Nuclear Energy Be Produced Or Not?
Should nuclear energy be produced or not?
Worlds energy consumption has significantly increased in the 21 century and governments are
looking for new and more sufficient sources of energy. Nuclear energy has drawn the global
attention to itself recently. Nuclear energy is source of energy generated by breaking uranium atoms
and releasing extremely large amount of energy (NEA 2014) (ENEC 2011). However, the question
of should nuclear power be used or not arises when the worlds energy consumption is increasing at a
significant rate. Some sources illustrate that nuclear power produces perilous radiations and it has
harmful impacts on the environment and health while other sources claim that nuclear energy is not
as dangerous as man–made radiations and it can be economically beneficial as it improves global
employment infrastructures. An interpretation on both points of view clearly shows that nuclear
energy should not be produed as the drawbacks of consumption of this type of energy overcomes the
benefits.
Accepting nuclear power as a valuable source of energy is impossible because usage of this source
of energy can cause catastrophic issues. The first issue is that as the nuclear power plant operates to
produce electricity, some extremely toxic materials are produced which are broken uranium pieces
(Energy 2014). This means that inside the nuclear plant, uranium atoms are broken down by means
of energy production but those broken pieces are intensely more radioactive than the

Uranium in Geobacter and Its Effects Essay
Just as Geobacter species have been utilized as a means for bioremediation in Rifle Mill, Colorado,
so too can they be implemented in the Navajo Nation to metabolize soluble uranium found in
underground water sources. Uranium (U) is a radioactive element which in its soluble form (VI)
causes a multitude of serious health conditions (Craft et al, 2004). Uranium is present in the
environment as a result of leaching from natural deposits and emissions from the nuclear industry
(WHO, 2003). Uranium salts present in a water supply can be an extreme detriment to public health
as the majority of human consumption of soluble uranium can occur through a contaminated water
source (WHO, 2003). In recent years microbes have been investigated as well ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In strains which expressed pili the uranium precipitated along the conductive pili, away from the
cellular envelope. Geobacter species have been successfully implemented in bioremediation
techniques in multiple locations. Rifle Mill in Colorado is a uranium mill site where uranium
contamination in subterranean aquifers is prevalent. In situ stimulation in Geobacter species via
acetate (1 to 3 mM) which was injected over a period of 3 months yielded promising results. Within
50 days U (VI) levels "had declined below the prescribed treatment level of 0.18 micro M in some
of the monitoring wells" (Lovely et al, 2003). Acetate has been shown to stimulate growth of
Geobacter species in situ (Rifle, CO). This was substantiated by the transcriptional activity of
putative symporter genes (apII and apIII) at low levels of acetate. The study showed that apIII
transcript activity was at its highest level when acetate was at its lowest concentrations. Although
these experimental findings are not concrete evidence that acetate supports growth of Geobacter
species it definitely suggests it (lovely et al, 2010). The Navajo Nation is plagued with the remnants
of abandoned uranium mines. Over 500 mines exist within the Navajo nation (Navajo Uranium
Report, 2013). According to the Navajo Uranium Report conducted in 2103 Of the 240 unregulated

Essay about North Korea
This article deals with the United States and its attempts to deal with the dangerous matters of North
Korea. Some of the problems that were brought up in this article were North Korea's plan to restart a
plutonium based nuclear program at Yongbyon, North Korea's plan to build a new highly enriched
uranium (HEU) nuclear program, and the tension that emerged between the United States and South
Korea. Even though many problems were occurring, there were some positive things that were
happening at the time. The United States began negotiating with North Korea and South Korea
about establishing railroad links, demining portions of the demilitarized zone, allowing athletes to
compete in the Asian games, and allowing abductees to visit Japan. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There also have been various reasons why North Korea revealed to us their HEU plan. One theory is
that they wanted us to notice them. They did not want us to disengage and isolate from them.
At the beginning, our response to North Korea's HEU and plutonium programs was very hostile and
involved condemning them. Eventually, we took little baby steps to ease the tension. We also agreed
to talk to them, but limited the things we could talk about with them. At the very time all of this
chaos is happening, our relationship with the South Korea is reaching an all time low.
I think there are many things that the United States has to do in order to resolve the problems that
are occurring and to prevent more problems from happening in the future. The first thing that I think
the United States should do is to treat them as nicely as possible, even if it means going against what
we believe and letting them get away with bad behavior. In the long run it might be a bad thing to do
because it could influence other nations to think that they can walk over us and take advantage of us.
However, I think it would be the correct thing to do right now because the last thing anyone wants is
a nation that is angry with you that holds nuclear weapons. If, however, North Korea refuses to
accept our proposal for negotiations and does not agree with anything that we have to offer, I think
the only other option is to attack them with

Military Occupational Publication: A Personal Analysis
"Know the self, know the enemy. A thousand battles, a thousand victories" was a quote from the
world renowned Chinese General and military strategist, Sun Tzu. I believe this quote speaks in
multitudes to the basic fundamentals of tactics. To be successful in any battle, it is important that I
not only know my strengths and weaknesses but those of my enemy as well. Marine Corps Doctrinal
Publication (MCDP) 1–3 provides seven pillars that provide a solid foundation of military tactics.
All seven topics are equally important; however this paper will be focused on achieving a decision,
gaining an advantage, being faster, and making it happen (U.S. Marine Corps, 1997). As a Marine in
a combat support military occupational speciality (MOS), it is essential to have a thorough
understanding of tactics and its relation to my profession. As a leader of Marines, it is important to
annotate that I have a "probabilistic" view in regards to combat. I believe that, at times, combat can
be chaotic and uncertain. This view describes my reasoning behind my actions on achieving a
decision. As a tank platoon sergeant, the only efficient way to employ my platoon is through
decentralized command. I place a large amount of trust and confidence in my tank commanders and
their ability to make decisions. They ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These qualities are creative ability, military judgement, and moral courage (U.S. Marine Corps,
1997, p. 115). As a tanker, we must be creative in how we operate our crews, machinery, and
weapons. Using our creativity and having the military judgement to understand when and how to
use it goes hand in hand. As the platoon sergeant, I must have the moral courage to do what's right in
all aspects of being a Marine. I must have moral courage to be open with my commanding officer
and to lead my Marines when challenges appear. The ability to apply all three qualities comes from
education and

Depleted Uranium Research Paper
Overview
Depleted uranium, referred here as DU, is a by–product of the naturally produced element uranium,
a member of the periodic table. Exposure to DU is commonly talked about by almost everyone in
the military spending time out of the wire, however, not limited to only those combat service
members.
Uranium History and Beginning Risks
Before going straight in on the subject of DU, it would be appropriate to explain it's parent. Uranium
goes back many centuries. According to Briner (2010), Uranium assisted the Germans in the
creation of certain textiles and paint in the 1500s. Miners were needed to retrieve this element and
over time lung cancer set in the miners due to radioactive dust from uranium (p. 304). Later in time,
the United States took interest in uranium. According to Brugge & Goble (2002), it was in 1948 the
uranium mining boom started exposing people to radiation dust leading to lung cancer, similar
situation to Germany.
DU and the Idea
DU is the waste product of Uranium and serves many advantages to the military. According to
Briner (2010), The Gulf War in 1990 began the introduction of DU in munitions and armor. DU
provided a massive advantage over enemy armored vehicles and oppositely, DU armor protected US
military vehicles from enemy munitions (p. 304–305). However, the application of DU is ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to (Depleted uranium : Sources, exposure and health effects, 2001), DU was not really a
big until the military started using it in war. DU is known have less than half the radiation of natural
uranium (p. iii). Studies show the inhalation of DU is the most dangerous type of exposure. Intake
via food and water would be the next. It would be intersting to know that DU will not pass through
skin and infect the body (p. iv). While DU has risks, it also acts as a safety curtain. DU acts as a
radiation shield while dentists work with gamma radiation and during transportation of nuclear
sources (p.

Argument Against Radiation Burn
Radiation Burn or Sunburn? The Risks are Real
William Tucker, journalist for the Wall Street Journal specializing in environment and energy,
provides us with intriguing information in his article, "Why I Still Support Nuclear Power Even
After Fukushima". Tucker explains his belief that nuclear power is still the most effective means of
power with minimal risks, despite the radioactivity associated with nuclear power. Fukushima, a
nuclear reactor harboring city in Japan, was devastated by a tsunami after a massive earthquake in
2011. Despite the history of Fukushima, Tucker goes as far as to say, "There are no better
alternatives available" in terms of energy resources. Whereas Tucker does indeed bring up
compelling points regarding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Acute Radiation Syndrome occurs when someone is exposed to large levels of radiation. Within 24
hours a person generally feels nauseous with gastrointestinal ailments such as diarrhea. The
radiation physically damages the DNA and cells within the bodies living tissues. Headaches and
fevers occur. Large doses of radiation can quickly lead to death. Radiation burns can create
permanent scarring or pigment disruption in the skin. In severe cases, the skin can be seared to the
point that the damage is unable to be repaired and necrosis sets in. At times, it appears that the
radiation exposure may have been minimal and the skin begins to heal, however, around 2 months
later the skin will begin to necrotize leading to eventual, painful, death. The National Council on
Radiation Protection & Measurements reports that, "radiation clearly induces mutations in microbes
and somatic cells in rodents and

Csec 620 Ia
Hacker Culture and Mitigation: Nuclear Power Facility
Khamara Harris
University of Maryland University College CSEC 620
Table of Contents
Abstract Page 3
Introduction Page 4
Threat Actors Page 4
Motives Page 5
Methods of Preventing/Discouraging Hackers Page 7
Conclusion Page 8
References Page 9
Abstract
"All states possess an inherent right to self–defense, and we recognize that certain hostile acts
conducted through cyberspace could compel actions under the commitments we have with our
military treaty partners," says the report. "We reserve the right to use all necessary means–
diplomatic, informational, military, and economic–as appropriate and consistent with applicable
international law." ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our countries motives are not completely justified.
Motives
The plan to launch cyber warfare on the Iranians began after a negotiation took place between the
Europeans and The United States. This was due to Iran's plan to continue their production of
uranium. "Iran resumes uranium enrichment at Natanz after negotiations with European and
American officials flounder." (Gates, 2012). Our nations armed forces, CIA, and NSA worked
together to create a classified cyber–attack to be launched on "Iran's nuclear enrichment program"
(Gates, 2012). The United States fear of nuclear weapons from Iran was the only motive for the
cyber–attack, and was continued once President Obama came into office.
This attack was specifically intended to slow down the productions of their Nuclear Power Facility.
Cripple Iran enough to buy the United States more "peace". Unfornatetly STUXNET is more
powerful then intended and many areas outside of Natanz were hit. Subsequently following the
attack on Iran, it was stated that "1,000 IR–1 centrifuges"
(Shekaraubi, 2014) that were needed to develop uranium at the Iranian Natanz facility was impaired
throughout the breach. This would include but is not restricted to "30,000 IP addresses in Iran,
several manufacturing sites in Hormuzgan and the control system of Kharg Island–which handles
the vast majority of Iran's crude oil exports."(Shekaraubi, 2014).

Prevention Of Radiation Threat Of Central Asia
Committee: 2nd ECOFIN
Topic: Prevention of Radiation Threat in Central Asia
Country: Thailand
Background
Radiation by definition is, "The complete process in which energy is emitted by one
body, transmitted through an intervening medium or space, and absorbed by another
body." Radiation has been a large–scale threat around the world, but especially in Central
Asia. The region of Central Asia includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. All radioactive mines are threats, but the mines, tailings,
and trails involving uranium remain the biggest threat. These mines continue to be threats
because uranium is poisonous, causing toxicity and possibly death. Radioactive materials
in general are highly used for nuclear energy, for both good and bad ways. Good uses of
nuclear include fire, airplanes, and medical machines. Poor uses of nuclear energy
include the usage of bombs, which threaten human life.
United Nations Involvement
Within the United Nations, one organization is dedicated to atomic and nuclear energy.
This organization is IAEA, which is the International Atomic Energy Association. IAEA
was founded on 29 July 1957, and currently they have 165 member states with the

headquarters in Vienna, Australia. The IAEA was founded upon the threats of nuclear
energy and radiation. Pertaining to the issue, IAEA has a program called, "Atoms for
Peace" which encourages safe nuclear use, as well as ways to prevent radiation.

The P5 + 1 Agreement With Iran
Jonathan Conlin
Dr. Currie
American National Government
19 September 2015
An Atrocity of a Deal: The P5+1 Agreement with Iran The P5+1 Agreement, an agreement struck
between Iran, China, Russia, France, United Kingdom, United States, Germany, and the European
Union. But, why, and what does this deal place on Iran, that can limit their nuclear abilities, as
displayed in the past. The deal brings forth rather easy sanctions relief for Iran, limits uranium
enrichment to a certain extent where Iran can still produce nuclear weaponry, and reduces the
enriched uranium stockpile that can be sold for more natural uranium which can be used to produce
more enriched uranium with its ability to still develop advanced centrifuges. The issues lies within
the broad and quite loosely held terms of this agreement. Knowing the terms of this agreement, the
expected "result of these provisions, this deal will actually shorten the time to an Iranian nuclear
bomb and allow Iran to produce more nuclear bombs than it currently can construct using enriched
uranium and plutonium fuel" stated Fred Fleitz from Fox News. The agreement puts the citizens of
many countries at high risk, and the evidence of this is incontrovertible, as Iran has access to things
that were previously denied of access. The question to ask is, should the senate support this
agreement? Sanction relief is the last thing Iran needs if the United States and the rest of the
countries are going to limit the proliferation of

The Pros And Cons Of Nuclear Energy
Almost all human activities rely on some form of energy. There are various sources of energy in the
world and the most commonly used is coal. However, due to a decline of coal deposits, need for
alternative sources of energy have gained popularity in the past few decades. There are various
sources of energy, which have been used as alternatives for example hydropower, wind power,
geothermal energy, and the most important of all, nuclear energy. As the world's population expands,
so does demand for nuclear energy. With technological advances, the utilization of nuclear energy
has become ubiquitous in peoples lives. The widespread use of nuclear energy has been a
controversial issue for many years as there have been a lot of problems that arose with its usage.
Nuclear Power is an essential and a valuable energy source yet still poses many significant risks
globally.
Nuclear Energy by definition is the energy consumed or produced in modifying composition of the
atomic nucleus. It is the process where atoms are split hence producing heat, which in turn creates
energy. The discovery of nuclear energy began in the early 1950's with Rontgen's X–Ray discovery
in 1895 after scientists unraveled the atomic structure and concluded that all atoms have protons and
neutrons. The German's were the first in carrying out the fission in uranium atoms in 1895 after the
discovery of Uranium by a German chemist by the name of Martin Klaproth. German radiochemists
Otto Hahn and Fritz

Radioactive Waste : Nuclear Power
Radioactive waste
Nuclear Power is one of the only energy producing technology that is held accountable for all
wastes produced; note that, the cost of the waste is accounted for in capital cost. Nuclear power
accumulates relatively minimal amounts of nuclear waste in volume as compared to fossil fuel
generation that produces a large amount of waste and greenhouse gas emissions. The nuclear fuel
waste produced is in part used as an energy source for a fast breeder reactor while the burners' waste
is fully disposed through waste management processes.
Mining and Milling
As part of the process of mining uranium; fine sandy tailings are produced; such materials
encompass all the natural radioactive materials in the uranium ore. The tailings are placed in
engineered tailings dams where they are enclosed with a coat of clay and rock to prevent escape of
radon gas and guarantee durability. The tailings material will be enclosed with water and eventually
the tailings holds approximately 75% of the radioactivity of the original ore. This process described
above is not designated as radioactive waste as stated by the world nuclear association.
Conversion, enrichment, fuel fabrication
The conversion, enrichment and fuel fabrication process includes Uranium Oxide from mining
minerals known as "yellowcake' (U3O8). The yellowcake is stated as being minimally radioactive.
Once the uranium Oxide is refined, it is converted into Uranium Hexafluoride gas (UF6). As
Uranium Hexafluoride

Nuclear Future : An Integral Part Of Human Society Essay
A Nuclear Future?
Energy is an integral part of human society. From our basic needs of food and shelter to transport
and industry, if we are to survive and prosper as a species our energy needs will need to continue to
be met. At present the majority of the world's energy needs are being met by fossil fuels such as oil
and coal (Asif& Muneer, 2005). Demand for energy is forecast to rise by 57% by 2025 (Asif&
Muneer, 2005) while at the same time fuel reserves are becoming depleted. As well as reserves not
being able to satisfy demand, the continual burning of oil and coal is having a major effect on the
climate, contributing to global warming as well as a degrading of the environment in general. This is
particularly evident in the third world where rampant population growth coupled with a desire for
improved standards of living and a move to western life styles means a rapid increase in demand for
energy. In shot we need an alternative to oil and coal. There are two main candidates, renewable
energy and nuclear power. Nuclear power has the potential to supply the world with clean and cheap
energy but there are a number of draw backs to using this source of energy. These include concerns
over safety, proliferation, cost and dealing with waste (Asif & Muneer, 2005).
The objective of this essay is to look at the drawbacks of the current nuclear reactor designs and

Iran And Nuclear Weapons Treaty
Dating back to the 1950s, Iran was interested in having its nuclear program (NTI, September 2015).
Iran received assistance from the United States through the US "Atoms for Peace" program. This is
a program announced by the United States at the UN in 1953 to share nuclear materials with other
countries and states for peaceful purposes. Although Iran ratified the Non–Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons Treaty (NPT) in 1970, the Shah might already have ambitions for developing nuclear
weapons (NTI, September 2015).
After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, in which the Shah was overthrown, the United States
discontinued its support regarding Iran's development of its nuclear program (Thompson, November
20, 2013). The United States worried that Iran could use the uranium to develop atomic or nuclear
bombs. However, Iran claimed that the nuclear power will be used for peaceful purposes only. In
2003, uranium, the necessary material needed to make nuclear bombs, was found at a plant in the
city of Natanz by inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). A temporary
stop on nuclear enrichment was made. The enrichment resumed in 2006 after Iran continued its
nuclear program (Thompson, November 20, 2013). The international community started to react
against Iran nuclear program (Thompson, November 20, 2013). A sanction against Iran was passed
by the UN Security Council after Iran did not stop its nuclear program. Sanctions could be said to be
both effective and

The Iran Nuclear Deal Essay
There is no dispute that the Middle East, for the past century, has been a region plagued with tension
and conflict. Differences in religion and ethnicity have been the source for hundreds of thousands of
deaths, and the progression of those issues have shown very little evidence of slowing down as the
bloodshed continues. Many parties on the global scale fear that the combination of evolving
technology and weaponry, and desire to harness nuclear power, is fueling the hatred that some of the
countries in the area have for one another and will eventually lead to an extremely disastrous nuclear
war. As a result, international global organizations, such as the United Nations, have been working
to prevent such an outcome. They are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the Pahlavi dynasty was overthrown and the country perceived to be taken over by Islamic
extremists, the West began researching the development process to make sure the wrong weapons
would not fall into the wrong hands, but the capital Tehran encouraged the fact that it was strictly for
peaceful purposes. Lies and deceit possessed the rest of the negotiations as both sides tried to get
straight answers to understand what was actually going on in the nuclear program, but nevertheless
those answers were never found as they were clouded by a long standing hatred between certain
Islamic groups and the Western world(). More recently, ten years ago the International Atomic
Energy Agency sent agents to inspect Iran's nuclear facilities and they found trace amounts of
enriched uranium at a factory in Natanz, which led to a three–year halt on Iran's uranium
enrichment. After those three years, the enrichment process resumed and the U.N. Security Council
responded in 2006 by placing sanctions upon the country's economy in an effort to curb any further
nuclear development. These sanctions, which include a ban on purchasing Iranian oil, a ban on
certain Iranians from traveling outside of the country, and a ban on deals with financial institutions
from the country, severely crippled Iran's economy forcing their oil revenue to collapse and creating
an almost absurd amount of inflation. Despite this, uranium enrichment has not slowed down for the
Iranians as the

The And Its Effects On The World
Forever cloudy in Tokyo. Asthma riddled children in New York. Marine life suffering in the oceans.
Polar ice caps melting into nothing. Trees being cut down left and right. The way that humans
sustain themselves in today's day and age is not practical, nor environmentally safe. The lifestyle
that this race leads will eventually make the planet unlivable and will bring about the Earth's demise.
According to the Kathryn Senior PhD, both natural gas and oil will be completely depleted within
the next fifty to seventy–five years (Senior). These harmful resources are monumental contributors
to the ever–present and dangerous matter of climate change. Climate change, partially due to all the
horrid and detrimental energy sources that humans so ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before one can understand the many risks and drawbacks that accompany nuclear energy, he or she
must first understand the complex nature of it and how it is produced. According to the article High
Pressure Reactor, the process to create nuclear energy is quite intricate and hazardous. It begins with
a highly reactive, natural metal called Uranium. This uranium then goes through a process termed
"fission". When this occurs, an atom of uranium is split, releasing a gargantuan amount of energy.
This energy is released in the form of heat, which then boils water to create steam. This steam flows
through a system that powers a turbine, thus powering a generator that produces electricity. The
main gadget that triggers all these different reactions is called a nuclear power reactor. This reactor
is regulated by control rods made from the element boron. These rods slow down the process of
fission and repeatedly enter/exit the reactor to allow more neutrons to attach themselves to the rod.
By having more neutrons the reaction is bigger which leads to more energy being produced (Nuclear
Energy). It is clearly plausible that many problems may arise when using such an intricate process.
One major problem with nuclear energy is it's hazardous byproduct. This

Research Paper On Desert Storm
Desert Storm
"This will not stand, this aggression against Kuwait."–President George H.W Bush, Aug 6,1990.
Desert Storm was the largest build up of U.S forces since the Vietnam War. Within a short period
members of the 82nd Airborne Division as well as 300 combat aircraft were deployed to the Middle
East. Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait with 120,000 military personnel 2,000 of which were tanks.
Iraq's Air Force at the time was the largest but it was week. They choose quantity over quality also,
their Navy was virtually nonexistent. Iraq rolled over Kuwait in two days because Iraq owed $80
million in foreign debt from its war with Iran. Saddam Hussein demanded Saudi Arabia and Kuwait
forgive $30 million in Iraq's debt. He accused Kuwait of stealing Iraqi oil through slant drilling. At
the time Iraq had the fifth largest army in the world. They boasted more than a million men in
uniform in 1991 but only a third of those were skilled professional fighting forces. Iraq rule over
Kuwait was very brutal and harsh. America decided that it could not stand by had watch. By the end
of September 1990 there were nearly 200,000 American personnel in Saudi Arabia enough to repel
any Iraqi attack. The Gulf War coasted an estimation of 63 billion but, for the U.S this was a
relatively cheap war. Over 18,000 fighter jets were deployed to combat the Iraqi Air Force. This was
the most massive and effective air campaign ever with the U.S only losing 63 combat aircraft. Over
a short period of time the Iraqi death toll was over 9,000 the U.S on the other hand only had 1 M.I.A
soldier and 383 fatalities in the region more Americans died back home from H.I.V (29,850). The
U.S captured over 70,000 enemy troops in the eight months that the war took place. This war
brought many new technologies, the Army and Air Force were supplied with most of the new tech.
The Marines on the other hand were issued with Vietnam dated gear and outdated version of newer
tanks, aircraft, and guns. The U.S military at the time of desert storm used M16A1 M16A2 Car–15
XM4 Carbine M60 MP5 M249 m240 M9 M1911 Barret M82 M24 sniper M2HB M72Law M16 and
M47 Dragon. The U.S also a new and advanced platform of tanks known as the M1 series. They
used the M1 Abrams MBT

The Impact Of Depleted Uranium Against The Federal...
Abstract
The impact of the use of depleted uranium against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between 24
March and 5 June 1999 created seriously devastating effects not only on the country of Yugoslavia
but also numerous neighboring countries. The purpose of this paper is to inform the readers of the
detrimental effects of the use of DU on the environment, the impact of the health and quality of life
of the populations affected, a possible contributor to what is referred to as Gulf War Syndrome in
military personnel, and the flagrant violation of the international legal rules (Articles 55 and 56 of
Protocol I (1977) to the Geneva Convention of 1949). There is also suspicion of a conspiracy by the
United Nations with regards to the use of these highly radioactive weapons to cover up their use.
Legacy Impact of Depleted Uranium Use in Yugoslavia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is radioactive and poisonous and is so dense that when turned into a metal alloy, it can greatly
increase the power of a shell to penetrate armor. When the DU shell hits metal armor, it starts to
burn and releases tiny particles of the radioactive metal into the air. ( Catalinotto, n.d.). In high–
temperature explosions, uranium combustion releases fine particles of uranium oxide, which is
responsible for severely affecting respiratory organs of people within 300m of the explosion.
Besides the effects of radiation, uranium is also highly toxic and a potent carcinogen and mutagen
(PA, 2001). The particles from shell explosions are distributed by winds and settle on vegetation and

The Uranium: The First Atomic Bomb
Uranium was first discovered during the 18th century (Institute for Energy and Environmental
Research). It's a silver–white metal that is radioactive and has high density (Lenntech). However,
scientists studied uranium as it has radioactive properties but have found that uranium is only
harmful if you're exposed to it more often than usual or the natural amount (which I'll go over in the
second paragraph) (Lenntech). Natural uranium has three isotopes (which are essentially different
forms of the same element. While they have the same number of protons, they have a different
number of neutrons): uranium–238, uranium–235, and uranium–234 (Lenntech). Uranium plays a
major role in nuclear reactions and is essential when making nuclear weapons (Institute for Energy
and Environmental Research). In fact, the first atomic bomb that was used during war was an
uranium bomb (Lenntech). Depleted uranium (uranium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As of lately, alternative techniques have been becoming more popular. An example of this would be
something called in–situ leach mining where leaching liquid (also referred to as solutions) are
poured into deposits to dissolve the uranium. When mining uranium, you have a risk of getting lung
cancer as you are basically inhaling uranium decay (Lenntech). When mining and/or milling, we
release uranium. Tailings from those mines and/or mills can add more uranium in the environment
which can be quite problematic (Institute for Energy and Environmental Research). For example,
those tailings (which will mostly likely contain radioactive materials) can contaminate groundwater
and has been proven to. Water samples that were nearby these tailing pipes were discovered to have
so many materials or "contaminants" that it surpassed the government's acceptable level for drinking
water by hundreds (Institute for Energy and Environmental

Iran Pros And Cons
Under Supreme Leader Khamenei; moderate President Rafsanjani; and reformists President
Khatami, the Iran nuclear program received support in the 1990s from China, Russia, and the A.Q.
Khan network. China and Iran signed an agreement in 1990 and subsequently imported a metric ton
of uranium hexafluoride, a feed gas for gas centrifuges, from China in 1991. According to certain
safeguard agreements in place, Iran was supposed to report the transfer to the IAEA but they did not.
However, support from the Chinese stopped in 1992 after China joined the Nuclear Suppliers Group
and succumbed to U.S. pressures. These measures forced the Iranians to seek assistance from the
A.Q. Khan network again; therefore, Iran purchased more drawings and components for 500 P–1
centrifuges and drawings for the upgraded P–2 centrifuges. Russia also supported the Iranian
nuclear program in the 1990s. In the mid–1990s, picking up where the Germans left ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the official White House website, Iran currently has two means to produce a nuclear
weapon, which are highly enriched uranium (HEU) and plutonium. Assuming there are no other
secret facilities, uranium is currently produced at Natanz and FFEP, while plutonium is produced at
Arak. The website also mentions that Iran currently possesses enough HEU to produce eight nuclear
bombs, and that it possesses 20,000 centrifuges between the previously mentioned Natanz and FFEP
sites. The deal requires Iran to reduce its HEU levels by 98% and maintain the levels at or below the
3.67% while reducing the number of centrifuges to 6,104 for at least the next 10 years. Additionally,
the deal addresses concerns about future secret facilities, specifying that Iran is subject to
exceptionally vigorous monitoring, verification, and inspection measures as well as allowing the
IAEA access to any suspected nuclear

Bullet Containing Embedded Metal Fragments
Wounds containing embedded metal fragments are not a recent phenomenon. However, the
introduction of unique metal mixtures to the modern battlefield, as well as the insurgents use of
improvised explosive devices, have resulted in the potential of embedded fragment wounds with
materials whose toxicological properties are not well understood. The Armed Forces Radiobiology
Research Institute was one of the first laboratories to study the long–term health effects of
embedded fragments of military–relevant metals. Responding to concerns over the effects of
wounds containing depleted uranium, the Institute developed a rodent model system to investigate
this issue. As additional unique metal mixtures were incorporated into weapons systems, the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One aspect that did not change was the use of lead in ammunition. In the 1900s other metals and
metal mixtures were used to produce munitions. In response to the increased range of firearms and
the military requirement to defeat hardened targets, copper, tungsten carbide, and steel found their
way into munitions. Advances in medical care also resulted in increased survival rate of wounded
individuals, many of whom now carried embedded metal fragments in their bodies. Standard
surgical guidelines recommended leaving embedded fragments in place, unless they could be easily
removed, to lessen the collateral tissue damage that surgery can inflict. In addition, there were few
indications reported in the scientific literature to indicate that embedded metal fragments left in
place were a health hazard in either the short– or long–term. There were, however, the occasional
reports of adverse health effects resulting from the long time retention of lead fragments (Stromberg,
1990; Eylon et al., 2005). The effects were usually attributed to the solubilization of lead from the
fragments, as symptoms usually abated once the fragment was surgically removed (Linden et al.,
1982; Beazley and Rosenthal, 1984; Magos, 1994; Gerhardsson et al., 2002).
RESEARCH ON DEPLETED URANIUM
Increases in the ability of armored vehicles to withstand penetration by projectiles led to the search
for more effective armor–penetrating munitions and one material proved to be superior,

Oil And Petroleum Gas Market And Exploring New Areas Of...
TEAM MEMBERS: Abhay Sharma,Akash Jaiswal,Manjul Pandey
COLLEGE:University of Petroleum & Energy Studies,Dehradun;
EMAIL: abhaysharmaguitar@gmail.com , emperor.akash@gmail.com ,
manjulpandey1997@gmail.com
CONTACT NO.: 7060753804, 8853431388, 9411316585
COGNI ID: COG16/02934 , COG16/06545 ,COG16/003017
IDEAZ B: Plunge in the oil & petroleum–gas market and exploring new areas of energy.
Thorium as a Vehicle Fuel
It is estimated that useful life of world's well known petroleum reserves will last 40 years, natural
gas will last 61 years and coal reserves will be exhausted in 227 years. Decrease in fossil fuel
reserves due to fast consuming and environmental damages due to increasing environmental
pollution makes it necessary to orient towards new and renewable energy resources. Thorium is a
metal found in ores such as thorite, thorianite and monazid and it is an important energy source for
electronuclear power which is found three times more than uranium. It was proved only in 1993 that
thorium may be used as fuel in nuclear reactors. Study on first reactors planned to be commissioned
in 2010 is still performed by CERN (European Center for Nuclear Research). With this regards, it is
somewhat a raw material of raw material waiting its commissioning time.
Extracting its latent energy value in a cost–effective manner remains a challenge, and will require
considerable R&D investment. It is fertile rather than fissile, and can only be used as a fuel in
conjunction with a fissile

Nuclear Energy : Not The World
Nuclear Energy: Not the World's Answer to Energy Independence
Humanity is at a critical point in its history. Sea levels have risen by around three millimeters per
year since 1993 ("Sea Level"), and atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are measured at
399.3 parts per million (ppm) as of November 2014 ("Carbon Dioxide"). This is particularly
shocking when one considers that over the past 800,000 years, carbon dioxide fluctuations have
stayed between 180 and 300 ppm (Smol). Global average temperature, the central focus of climate
change, has increased by 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1880. In fact, the current century has seen ten
of the warmest years on record ("News and Features") These and other statistics are all commonly
attributed to human activity and industrialization. Furthermore, the world population will continue
to grow, and third–world countries will begin to develop in the coming years, thus adding millions
more people in need of electricity. Progressions such as these emphasize the need for a cleaner and
more sustainable source of energy to replace fossil fuels. Many supporters of renewable and
alternate energies turn to nuclear power as a source of energy security in the future. Common
nuclear plants use the process of atomic fission to break apart atoms of uranium, releasing heat in
the process. This heat is then used to convert water into steam that drives a generator, producing
electricity. Theoretically, the process produces no greenhouse gasses

M1 Abrams Tank Research Paper
The topic of this paper will be a brief history on the production and combat operations of the M1
Abrams tank. A very versatile and combat effective piece of equipment added to the United States
Army's inventory. It is young compared to the total age of the United Stated military, but it is a tried
and true piece of equipment. The Chrysler Corporation has had ties to military tank development
and production that go all the way to World War II. However, the M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank
came into production much later. In 1973, the Department of Defense realized it had a greater need
for a new and improved tank model. Thus, the Chrysler Defense Division began developing tanks to
compete with the M60. In 1976, the XM–1 prototype ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the inception of its production in Lima, Ohio to its dominance on the battle field during the
Gulf War and in Iraq during OIF. This incredible machine is a huge reason why we as a military
have been so successful on the battlefield. From the gas turbine engine to its armament and armor to
include the upgrades added to the M1A1 and M1A2, this proven vehicle has more than earned its
place in American history. I hope that one day soon we will see what the M1A3 capabilities will be
and how it will compares to its

The Nuclear Metals Incorporation and the Mess They Left...
The Nuclear Metals Incorporation or the Starmet Corporation is located on a 2229 Main Street in
Concord, Massachusetts. The site produced depleted uranium products for armor piercing
ammunition. They also created metal powders for medical applications, photocopiers, and specialty
metal products, such as beryllium tubing for aerospace needs. From1958 to 1985, the holding basin
that contained all the industries waste such as depleted uranium and copper was unlined, which
caused issues. The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering took ground
water samples that showed volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) in the supply well. This well was
formerly used for drinking water for the community. The results indicated that the ... Show more
In 2004, the Army financed the removal of approximately 3,800 drums of depleted uranium and
other waste materials. The process lasted between the years 2005 to 2007. Presently, it is owned by a
private general contractor, Demaximis Inc., that's main purpose is to stabilize the site. The threat of
problems for the population was high because soil over a mile from the nuclear dump at the site was
radioactive. A 1993 study discovered the town's residents suffered higher rates of cancer than the
state average. The most contaminated area on the site was adjacent to Camp Thoreau, which is a
summer camp for children three years old and up. The waste was not in a remote are but rather a
very residential town. One person, Citizens Research and Environmental Watch leader Rick Oleson,
reported to the media that: "People later could put a house there and dig a well there, or grow
vegetable's". This brings the issue to life as the waste affected and could affect many more families.
The media reported a waitress at an ice cream shop in Concord, Massachusetts, was shocked to hear
of a Superfund site "On Main Street?". The portal of it through the media was that it would be one
of the most difficult cleanups because there was radioactive material on site. The media enjoyed
reminding the readers or viewers that Concord was "the crucible of the American Revolution, where
the 'shot

Nuclear Weapons Research Papers
A nuclear explosion is a reaction when the atoms split in half, this give off tons of energy and
particles collide with more atoms causing massive explosions. The best way to create a nuclear
bomb is by using enriched uranium and plutonium, which are extremely reactive. Nuclear weapons
today are larger, more explosive, and more dangerous than what we saw in Hiroshima during world
war II. More countries also have nuclear weapons than in WWII as well including: USA, Russia,
Britain, France, Pakistan, North Korea, India, China, and Israel. These are the countries that we
know for certain. Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, and North Dakota have the Minuteman
III missiles in the US, this missile is projected to go around 15,000 miles an hour. ... Show more
The US has 94 nuclear bombers, including the B–2 and B–52 bombers. The US has one of the
largest missile stockpiles in the US, the W88, is measured out to be 455 kilotons of TNT. There is an
Estimated total of 4650 nuclear weapons in the US stockpile. Costs about 10 billion dollars for a life
extension program for the B61. In the world today there is an estimated 16,000 nuclear weapons,
Russia and the US have around 1800 ready to launch at any given time, so they can be launched in
just minutes. Two different types of bombs are A–Bombs, and H–Bombs. A–Bomb being atomic,
H–Bombs being hydrogen. A–Bombs use only nuclear fission, while H–Bombs use nuclear fusion.
H–Bombs tend to be much more explosive and deadly than the A–Bombs. There have been 2053
nuclear test bombs in the world. The largest bomb ever tested was the Tsar bomb by russia. 24
countries in the world contain uranium mines, the largest are in Canada, Russia, Australia, Namibia,
Nigeria, South Africa, and the Us. Uranium miners are much more likely to get lung cancer, and
waste from the mine keep 85% of the radioactivity behind. 31 countries have 440 nuclear power
plants across the world to generate electricity. Iran is looking to build nuclear weapon in the next
couple of

Fallujah Essay
Fallujah In November 2004, coalition powers drove by the US Marine Corps blockaded the town of
Falluja in Al Anbar Province, utilizing extraordinary shelling with supporting airstrikes to decimate
the Sunni extremists' fortress there. Up to 20 percent of Falluja's structures were devastated, and
one–half to 66% of those remaining experienced remarkable harm rockets, airstrikes and tank fire.
(The assaults review the notorious remark a war journalist ascribed to an anonymous source in 1968,
who said it was important to wreck the South Vietnamese town of Ben Tre so as to spare it.) After
the battling stopped and uprooted inhabitants gave back, the rubble of destroyed structures and
different debris of war were bulldozed to the bank of the Euphrates ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Automobile producers eventually sponsored this move when it was found that leaded gas obstructed
exhaust systems. Amid the 50 years of leaded gas use, lead fixation in the blood rose 400 percent.
As auto use is heaviest in urban focuses, the inward city and the populaces that live there – poor
people, blacks, Latinos and transient populaces – encountered the impacts of lead lethality the most.
These impacts incorporate mental hindrance; hypertension; neurological issues, including fits,
emotional episodes, memory misfortune, shivering and/or deadness in the limits, muscle
shortcoming and cerebral pains/headaches; unsuccessful labors or untimely births; diminished or
changed sperm; and extreme substantial agony. As lead is actually happening and a stable, non–
breaking down component, lead focus inside the body won't lessen under ordinary procedures. On
the off chance that somebody was presented to lead, then, the impacts of the

A New Paradigm Of Nuclear Energy
Albert Ai
Intro to Nuclear Physics
4–28–2015
Term Paper
A New Paradigm of Nuclear Energy – Thorium Based Breeder Reactors
Nuclear energy is one of the safest and cleanest forms of energy used today. At a rate of 1 death per
25 TWh generated, nuclear energy is 11 times safer than solar energy, which has an efficiency rate
of 1 death per 2.27 TWh generated and over 4000 times less deadly than coal at 161 deaths per TWh
(Wang, 2011). However, the inherent dangers, of a nuclear reactor meltdown still exists, despite the
safeguards implemented to make them increasingly unlikely. Meltdowns and breaches can occur due
to various factors, such construction defects, aging infrastructure, operator error, and natural
disasters as seen in widely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Below is an equation outlining one possible fission reaction: Figure 1. An example fission reaction
for Uranium–235 (Bodner Research Group, n.d.)
Therefore, with each interaction releasing three more neutrons than it started with, the reaction can
perpetuate with no further energy input. In power plants, excess neutrons are absorbed by rods to
control the rate of reaction. If there is any error, the reaction can quickly get out of control and cause
a runaway reaction, creating a meltdown due to excessive heat.
By far and beyond, widespread catastrophic meltdowns are the cause of the general public's anxiety
when it comes to nuclear power. The most recent major nuclear disaster was at the Fukushima
Daiichi Reactor in Fukushima, Japan in 2011 (Simon, 2011). An earthquake–triggered tsunami
damaged the reactor and caused a meltdown, as well as a massive hydrogen gas explosion. This
explosion vented contaminated steam and radioactive material into the plant's surroundings, which
eventually made its way to nearby ocean currents, prefectures, and countries. With such a largely
publicized recent meltdown, the imminent dangers of containment breaches and meltdowns are still
fresh in the public's perception of nuclear power.
However, there are long–term waste disposal issues for

History of Chemisty: Nuclear Power Essay
Nuclear power is a very broad field that is compromised by many aspects of science including
physics and chemistry. It was discovered in the early 1900s. It is a power source widely used by the
United States due to the shear amount of energy that can be created from just two atoms. Nuclear
fission, the most widely used form of nuclear power, creates incredible amounts energy incredibly
efficiently and due to this it is actually really popular. Nuclear power is hailed to be eco–friendly but
it is argued that the radioactive wastes and the constant potential for something to go wrong is too
great a risk to the environment and people.
1. A Not So Brief History
In 1789 German chemist Martin Klaproth discovered uranium, naming after Uranus. It ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They said that the neutron was captured by the nucleus which resulted in extreme vibrations that
caused the nucleus to split into two parts. "They calculated the energy release from this fission as
about 200 million electron volts" ("Outline History of Nuclear Energy"). Frisch confirmed this in
1939 through experiments thus confirming a paper Albert Einstein wrote that was on the
equivalence of matter and energy. All of the discoveries in 1939 sparked the interest of many
scientists and caused many laboratories to begin experimenting. It was theorized at the time that this
fission could lead to a self–sustaining chain reaction that would produce incredible amount of
energy. This theory was confirmed by experimentally by Joliot and other scientists in Paris and then
by Leo Szilard and Fermi in New York. The final piece that had lead to the use of nuclear fission
and the creation of the atomic bomb was introduced by Francis Perrin. Perrin stated that uranium
needed a certain critical mass in order to sustain the reaction and later used a water–uranium
solution to demonstrate a sustained reaction. Perrin's group also introduced the idea of using a
neutron absorbing substance to act as a buffer and control the reaction ("Outline History of Nuclear
Energy"). Scientists Peierls and Frisch pushed the atomic bomb by writing a paper that gave the
theorized amount of uranium it would take to make a bomb equivalent to several thousand tones of
dynamite and even

Uranium Research Paper
A Brief Look At Uranium Uranium was discovered by German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in
1789. He obtained it out of a uranium mineral ore called "pitchblende" from a silver mine in what is
now the Czech Republic. Uranium when it was first discovered was not considered very valuable as
it had no uses to anyone who wasn't a chemist other than coloring glassware. When Klaproth
discovered uranium, he actually discovered uranium dioxide, a black crystalline powder. Uranium
was founded in it's pure form by French scientist Eugène–Melchoir Péligot using a platinum
crucible and heating uranium oxide and potassium together inside of it. Interestingly radioactivity
was discovered from a sample of uranium by Antoine Henri Becquerel in 1896 ... Show more
Meaning that the wastes it produces do not pollute the atmosphere. Vast amounts of money are
funneled into the research and funding into this revolutionary form of energy. The United States
government holds this form of energy in such high regard that in 2005 the "Energy Policy Act" was
placed into effect. This gave certain tax deductions and even government assured loans for nuclear
power plants that were built to aid the civilian population. To date there are currently 61 operating
nuclear power plants in the US alone, with 450 known power plants operating worldwide and 60
additional plants under construction. With this many nuclear power plants in existence uranium will
continue to play a key role in the nuclear power world for as long as energy is required in our day to
day life. Uranium has revolutionized the post–modern age. From preventing the deaths of hundreds
of thousand of Japanese and American forces in the 1940's to bringing affordable power to those
across the globe who otherwise wouldn't be able to afford that luxury, it has been a constant force of
good. In addition to it's uses in times of war and in our everyday civilian life it also has
reinvigorated the commercial mining trade, supplying countries all over the globe with increased job
percentages and a boom in trade as the need for uranium increases. Uranium needs continue to
increase as more and more plants are constructed every year in different countries

Depleted Uranium Contamination

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