For Civil Engineers,
Presenting you the Civil Engg. Facts about Shells and Roof Structures,
It's also containing valuable informations about the Tensile Structures and Paraboloid Structures
Thank you.
4. SHELL STRUCTURES
A Shell is a type of structural element which is
characterized by its geometry, being a three-dimensional
solid whose thickness is very small when
compared with other dimensions.
In structural terms, by the stress resultants calculated in the
middle plane displaying components which are both
coplanar and normal to the surface. Essentially, a shell can
be derived from a plate by two means: by initially forming
the middle surface as a singly or doubly curved surface, and
by applying loads which are coplanar to a plate's plane
which generate significant stresses.
6. OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT SHELLS
Structures,which keep their shape and support loads,even
without a frame, or solid mass material inside, are called
Shell structures.
Shell structures use a thin, carefully shaped, outer layer of
material, to provide their strength and rigidity. The shape
of a shell structure spreads forces throughout the whole
structure, which means every part of the structure supports
only a small part of the load, giving it its strength.
Examples are Igloos, Egg cartons, Turtle shell, Food or pop
cans or even bubbles in foam and cream puffs.
10. DOME STRUCTURES
A dome is an element of architecture that resembles the
hollow upper half of a sphere.
Dome structures made of various materials have a long
architectural lineage extending into prehistory.
Dome is a rounded vault made of either curved segments
or a shell of revolution, meaning an arch rotated around its
central vertical axis.
A masonry dome produces thrusts down and outward, So
Domes can be divided into two
kinds: Simple and Compound, depending on the use.
11. FACTS ABOUT DOME
Domes are concave from below, they can reflect sound
and create echoes.
The earliest domes in the Middle East were built with
mud-brick and, eventually, with baked brick and stone.
Wooden domes were protected from the weather by
roofing such as copper or lead sheeting.
Brick domes were the favoured choice for large-space
monumental coverings until the Industrial Age, due to
their convenience and dependability.
The domes in the churches where semi-domes (apse), for
example, echoed the chants of the people.
12. EXAMPLES OF DOMES
TAJMAHAL in India is one of the best examples of Dome structures.
13. EXAMPLE OF DOME STRUCTURE
Dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
crowned by a cupola. Designed primarily
by Michelangelo, the dome was not
completed until 1590
ROOFTOP OF BASUNDHARA CITY
MODERN DOME STRUCTURE
14. TYPES OF DOME
Beehive dome
Bulbous dome
Cloister vault
Crossed-arch dome
Geodesic dome
Hemispherical dome
Onion dome
Oval dome
Parabolic dome
Sail dome
Saucer dome
Umbrella dome
From clockwise: Large saucer dome, Umbrella dome
and Onion Dome
16. BARREL ROOF
A barrel roof is a curved roof that, especially from below,
is curved like a cut-away barrel.
They have some advantages over dome roofs, especially
being able to cover rectangular buildings , due to their
uniform cross-section.
The barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault: effectively
a series of arches placed side by side, i.e., one after
another.
It is a form of barrel roof.
17. BARREL ARCH VAULT
A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon
vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion
of a single curve along a given distance.
The curves are typically circular in shape, lending a semi-cylindrical
appearance to the total design.
Barrel vaults are known from Ancient Egypt, and were
used extensively in Roman architecture.
This form of design is observed in cellars, crypts,
long hallways, cloisters and even great halls.
19. BARREL ARCH
As with all arch-based constructions, there is an outward thrust
generated against the walls underneath a barrel vault. There are
several mechanisms for absorbing this thrust.
An elegant method is to build two or more vaults parallel to
each other; the forces of their outward thrusts will thus negate
each other.
This method was most often used in construction of churches,
where several vaulted naves ran parallel down the length of the
building.
The third and most elegant mechanism to resist the lateral
thrust was to create an intersection of two barrel vaults at right
angles, thus forming a groin vault.
20. BARREL VAULT LATERAL DISTRIBUTIONS :
•Pointed barrel vault
showing direction of lateral
forces.
• The barrel vault structure
must rest on long walls
creating less stable lateral
stress, whereas the groin
vault design can direct
stresses almost purely
vertically on the apexes
22. CONE STRUCTURES
•The conical structure as an example
has a diameter at eaves/gutter level of
8500 mm and a roof pitch of 40
degrees.
•The dimension from eaves to apex on
the sloping line of the roof can be
calculated by simple geometry.
•This dimension is important in the
setting out and template making
procedure.
•The circumference of the roof must
also be calculated to find the total
conical diameter (3.14 x D)
•Normally used as roof structures and
Channel and I sections are used
•Rarely used in Residential areas.
24. HYPERBOLOID STRUCTURES
Hyperboloid structures are architectural
structures designed with hyperbolic geometry.
Often these are tall structures such as towers where the
hyperboloid geometry's structural strength is used to
support an object high off the ground, but hyperboloid
geometry is also often used for decorative effect as well as
structural economy.
The first hyperboloid structures were built by Russian
engineer Vladimir Shukhov (1853–1939).
The world's first hyperboloid tower is located in Polibino,
Dankovsky District, Lipetsk Oblast, Russia.
26. HYPERBOLOID STRUCTURES
AN EXAMPLE OF HYPERBOLOID
Cartesian coordinates for the hyperboloids can be defined, similar to spherical
coordinates, keeping the azimuth angle θ ∈ [0, 2π), but changing
inclination v into hyperbolic trigonometric functions:
29. HYPER PARABOLOID STRUCTURES
The Hyperbolic Paraboloid form has been used for roofs
at various times since it is easily constructed from straight
sections of lumber, steel, or other conventional materials.
The term is used because the form resembles the shape of
a saddle.
30. HYPER PARABOLOID STRUCTURES
It is usually made up of a combination of four of
intersecting hyper Paraboloids joined together to form
a square shape in plan view.
This form of structure is often used by architects to
roof large span exhibition halls and public buildings.
The distribution of various components of forces is
obtained to give designers an in–sight of the behavior
of such complex structures
34. FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURES
A thin walled building structure of the shell type.
Folded plate structures consist of flat components, or plates,
that are interconnected at some dihedral angle.
Structures composed of rectangular plates are said to be prismatic.
In modern construction practice the most widely used
folded plate structures are made of cast-in-situ
or precast reinforced concrete (including prestressed and
reinforced-cement structures).
The structures are used as roofs for industrial and public buildings.
35. FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURES
The main advantage of folded plate structures over other shells
(such as cylindrical) is the simplicity of manufacture.
More exact static calculations are based on limit
equilibrium and on P. L. Pasternak’s and V. Z. Vlasov’s general
theory of shells.
39. TENSION STRUCTURE
ATensile structure is a construction of elements carrying
only tension and no compression or bending.
The term tensile should not be confused with tensegrity,
which is a structural form with both tension and
compression elements.
Tensile structures are the most common type of thin-shell
structures.
Most Tensile structures are supported by some form of
compression or bending elements, such as masts (as
in The O2, formerly the Millennium Dome), compression
rings or beams.
41. TENSION STRUCTURE
Types of structure with significant tension
members
Linear structures
Suspension bridges
Draped cables
Cable-stayed beams or trusses
Cable trusses
Straight tensioned cables
42. EXAMPLE OF TENSION STRUCTURE : SUSPENSION BRIDGES
THE AKASHI BRIDGE SPANNING APPROX. 2 KILOMETERS IS A
EXAMPLE OF TENSION STRUCTURE.
43. ANOTHER TENSION STRUCTURE BY VLADMIR SHUKHOV
The world's first Tensile Steel
Shell by Vladimir Shukhov (during
construction), Nizhny Novgorod,
1895
44. TENSILE STRUCTURE
Three-dimensional structures
Bicycle wheel (can be used as a roof in a horizontal
orientation)
3D cable trusses
Tensegrity structures
Tensairity structures
Surface-stressed structures
Prestressed membranes
Pneumatically stressed membranes
gridshell
fabric structure
48. SKELETAL SPACE FRAME STRUCTURES
In architecture and structural engineering, a Space
frame or space structure is a truss-like, lightweight rigid
structure constructed from interlocking struts in
a geometric pattern.
Space frames can be used to span large areas with few
interior supports.
Like the truss, a space frame is strong because of the
inherent rigidity of the triangle;
flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted as
tension and compression loads along the length of each
strut.
49. SPACE FRAME SKELETAL STRUCTURES TYPES
Curvature classification
Space plane covers
These spatial structures are composed of planar
substructures.
Their behaviour is similar to that of a plate in which the
deflections in the plane are channelled through the
horizontal bars and the shear forces are supported by the
diagonals.
Barrel vaults
This type of vault has a cross section of a simple arch.
Usually this type of space frame does not need to use
tetrahedral modules or pyramids as a part of its backing.
50. SPACE FRAME SKELETAL STRUCTURES TYPES
Spherical domes and other compound curves
Usually require the use of tetrahedral modules or pyramids and
additional support from a skin.
THIRUMALAI MRTS RAILWAY STATION BARREL SPACE
FRAME STRUCTURE
51. SPACE FRAME SKELETAL STRUCTURES CLASSIFICATIONS
Classification by the arrangement of its elements
Single layer grid
All elements are located on the surface to be approximated.
Double layer grid
The elements are organized in two parallel layers with each other at a
certain distance apart.
Each of the layers form a lattice of triangles, squares or hexagons in
which the projection of the nodes in a layer may overlap or be
displaced relative to each other.
The diagonal bars connecting the nodes of both layers in different
directions in space.
In this type of meshes, the elements are associated into three groups:
upper cordon, cordon and cordon lower diagonal.
Triple layer grid
Elements are placed in three parallel layers, linked by the diagonals.
They are almost always flat.
52. SPACE FRAME SKELETAL STRUCTURES CLASSIFICATIONS
L‘Agora SPACE FRAME
STRUCTURE , SPAIN
54. PNUEMATIC STRUCTURES
An air-supported or air-inflated structure which consists of
internal pressurized air i.e. structural fabric envelope.
Air is the main support of the structure, and where access is via
airlocks.
It is usually dome-shaped, since this shape creates the
greatest volume for the least amount of material.
The materials used for air-supported structures are similar to
those used in tensile structures, namely synthetic fabrics such
as fibre glass and polyester.
In order to prevent deterioration from moisture
and Ultraviolet radiation, these materials are coated with
polymers such as PVC and Teflon.
56. PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES
Advantages:
Considerably lower initial cost than conventional buildings
Lower operating costs due to simplicity of design.
Easy and quick to set up, dismantle, and relocate .
Unobstructed open interior space, since there is no need for
columns
Able to cover almost any project
Custom fabric colours and sizes, including translucent fabric,
allowing natural sunlight in.
57. PNEUMATIC STRUCTURES
Disadvantages:
Continuous operation of fans to maintain pressure, often
requiring redundancy or emergency power supply.
Dome collapses when pressure lost or fabric compromised
Cannot reach the insulation values of hard-walled structures,
increasing heating/cooling costs
Limited load-carrying capacity
Conventional buildings have longer lifespan
59. GRAIN STORAGE STRUCTURE
Grain storage structures are also known as the bins, or wheat
bins,
Grain silos spread around the wheat belt ofWestern
Australia at grain importing locations
GRAIN SILOS COMES
UNDER THE
STORAGE
STRUCTURES .
61. A GEODESIC DOME DESIGNED BY BUCKMINSTER FULLER (A NEO
FUTURISTIC ARCHITECT)
62. ABOUT BUCKMINSTER FULLER
Buckminster Fuller, an American Engineer,
invented the geodesic dome in the 1950’s
Geodesic domes are made from separate
pieces of ‘material’ arranged in triangles,
pentagons and hexagons
The position of the shapes and their sizes is
critical and needs Maths to work it out
Geodesic Domes are the strongest lightweight
structures you can make
64. ABOUT VLADIMIR SHUKHOV
Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (1853 –1939)
was a Russian engineer
polymath, scientist and architect
He is renowned for his pioneering works on
new methods of analysis for structural
engineering that led to breakthroughs in Civil
as well as Industrial designs.
Hyperboloid structures, Diagrid shell structures
, tensile structures, Grid shell structures, Oil
reservoirs, pipelines, boilers, ships and barges
were his works.
He is also the inventor of the first cracking
method.