This document discusses different types of plant and animal tissues. It describes in detail the various types of plant tissues including meristematic tissues, permanent tissues (simple and complex), and their functions. The simple permanent tissues discussed are parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma. The complex permanent tissues discussed are xylem and phloem. It also describes the various types of animal tissues like epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue is described in more detail covering the different types like squamous, cuboidal and columnar epithelium.
Riccia is a bryophyte under the order Marchantiales. It has a small thalloid plant body which is not differentiated into root stem and leaves and the plant body is a gametophyte
The document discusses the five kingdom classification system used to categorize life on Earth. It describes the basic characteristics of each kingdom - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Within each kingdom, examples of different phyla, classes and species are provided to illustrate the diversity of life forms that make up each kingdom. The five kingdom system aims to group organisms according to their most fundamental attributes such as cellular structure, nutrition, and mode of reproduction.
The document discusses the class Reptilia and its three orders: Testudines (turtles, tortoises and terrapins), Squamata (snakes, lizards, amphibians) and Crocodilia (crocodiles). It notes that reptiles are ectothermic, lay eggs, have scales and breathe air. It provides details on sea turtles, marine iguanas, sea snakes and saltwater crocodiles. It also discusses threats facing some reptile species like habitat loss and overexploitation.
Plant anatomy is the study of internal plant structure and organization. There are two main tissue types: meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are made of actively dividing cells found in growth zones, and can be classified based on position, origin, function, and plane of division. Permanent tissues develop from meristematic tissues and lose the ability to divide. The two types of permanent tissues are simple tissues composed of one cell type (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), and complex tissues with multiple cell types. Parenchyma is the most common simple tissue and can be storage, aeration or photosynthetic. Collenchyma and sclerenchyma provide
This document describes the classification and characteristics of vascular plants. It discusses how vascular plants have translocation systems made of phloem and xylem tubes that transport food and water. The key systems in vascular plants are also summarized, including roots that absorb water and nutrients, stems that support the plant and transport fluids, leaves that perform photosynthesis, and flowers, fruits, and seeds that reproduce the plant. Different types of fruits, seeds, and methods of seed dispersal are also outlined.
Here are the answers to the exercise questions:
Q1- Tissue is a group of cells having similar origin, structure and function.
Q2- Meristematic tissues are actively dividing tissues found in growing regions of plants. Permanent tissues are formed from meristematic tissues and do not divide further.
Q3- Xylem components are- tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibers. Phloem components are- sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibers.
Q4-
a. Parenchyma tissue has loosely packed thin walled cells with intercellular spaces. Some contain chlorophyll.
b.
The document summarizes the external features of birds. It describes their compact, streamlined shape and size of about 33 cm in length. It then details the division of the bird's body into head, neck, trunk, and tail. The head possesses features like a beak, nostrils, eyes, and ears. The neck is flexible and the trunk is divided into thorax and abdomen. The document also lists the appendages of birds, including wings which are modified forelimbs used for flight, and legs which are attached to a strong pelvic assembly.
Riccia is a bryophyte under the order Marchantiales. It has a small thalloid plant body which is not differentiated into root stem and leaves and the plant body is a gametophyte
The document discusses the five kingdom classification system used to categorize life on Earth. It describes the basic characteristics of each kingdom - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Within each kingdom, examples of different phyla, classes and species are provided to illustrate the diversity of life forms that make up each kingdom. The five kingdom system aims to group organisms according to their most fundamental attributes such as cellular structure, nutrition, and mode of reproduction.
The document discusses the class Reptilia and its three orders: Testudines (turtles, tortoises and terrapins), Squamata (snakes, lizards, amphibians) and Crocodilia (crocodiles). It notes that reptiles are ectothermic, lay eggs, have scales and breathe air. It provides details on sea turtles, marine iguanas, sea snakes and saltwater crocodiles. It also discusses threats facing some reptile species like habitat loss and overexploitation.
Plant anatomy is the study of internal plant structure and organization. There are two main tissue types: meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are made of actively dividing cells found in growth zones, and can be classified based on position, origin, function, and plane of division. Permanent tissues develop from meristematic tissues and lose the ability to divide. The two types of permanent tissues are simple tissues composed of one cell type (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma), and complex tissues with multiple cell types. Parenchyma is the most common simple tissue and can be storage, aeration or photosynthetic. Collenchyma and sclerenchyma provide
This document describes the classification and characteristics of vascular plants. It discusses how vascular plants have translocation systems made of phloem and xylem tubes that transport food and water. The key systems in vascular plants are also summarized, including roots that absorb water and nutrients, stems that support the plant and transport fluids, leaves that perform photosynthesis, and flowers, fruits, and seeds that reproduce the plant. Different types of fruits, seeds, and methods of seed dispersal are also outlined.
Here are the answers to the exercise questions:
Q1- Tissue is a group of cells having similar origin, structure and function.
Q2- Meristematic tissues are actively dividing tissues found in growing regions of plants. Permanent tissues are formed from meristematic tissues and do not divide further.
Q3- Xylem components are- tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibers. Phloem components are- sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibers.
Q4-
a. Parenchyma tissue has loosely packed thin walled cells with intercellular spaces. Some contain chlorophyll.
b.
The document summarizes the external features of birds. It describes their compact, streamlined shape and size of about 33 cm in length. It then details the division of the bird's body into head, neck, trunk, and tail. The head possesses features like a beak, nostrils, eyes, and ears. The neck is flexible and the trunk is divided into thorax and abdomen. The document also lists the appendages of birds, including wings which are modified forelimbs used for flight, and legs which are attached to a strong pelvic assembly.
Selaginella, commonly known as club moss or spike moss, is a genus of vascular plants that has worldwide distribution, especially in tropical regions. It reproduces both sexually and asexually. The plant body is differentiated into roots, stems, microphyllous leaves, and ligules. The stems are green and branched. Microspores and megaspores are produced in sporangia and develop into male and female gametophytes, respectively, through precocious germination. Fertilization occurs when sperm from the male gametophyte fuses with eggs in the female gametophyte, forming a diploid sporophyte.
Cell and Molecular Biology is the study of cells, their internal structures, and their functions. The document discusses the history of cell discovery using microscopes by Robert Hooke, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, and others. It describes the three main principles of the modern cell theory: all living things are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are summarized.
This document provides information on the classification of animals, describing their levels of organization, symmetry, embryonic layers, body cavities, and other characteristics used to group them into taxa. It discusses sponges, cnidarians, ctenophores, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates. Within chordates, it describes lampreys and hagfish, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, amphibians, and several classes of vertebrates. The classification system presented moves from simpler to more complex organisms and discusses key distinguishing features of each group.
The document discusses early embryonic development and the biodiversity of animals, focusing on invertebrates. It describes how a zygote undergoes cleavage and forms a blastula through gastrulation. It then classifies animals into phyla based on their body plan, discussing characteristics like symmetry, tissues, and protostome vs deuterostome development. Major phyla include porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, and chordata.
This document discusses plant tissues. There are two main types of plant tissues: meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are undifferentiated and can divide, while permanent tissues have differentiated and lost the ability to divide. The three main permanent tissues are dermal/protective, fundamental/supportive, and vascular/conductive tissues. Dermal tissue covers the plant, fundamental tissue provides structure and storage, and vascular tissue transports water and nutrients. Within these tissues are cell types specialized for different functions like photosynthesis, support, and long-distance transport.
Mitotic cell division is the process by which somatic cells reproduce through nuclear division (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). During mitosis, the genetic material duplicates and the duplicated chromosomes are separated into two identical nuclei. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm and organelles, producing two daughter cells with identical genetic and cytoplasmic content to the original cell. The cell cycle coordinates cell growth and division, consisting of interphase where the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase where it undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis to divide.
Bryophytes are a division of non-vascular land plants that include liverworts, hornworts and mosses. They lack conducting and strengthening tissues like vascular plants. Bryophytes reproduce using spores and have alternation of generations, with the gametophyte being the dominant generation and the sporophyte attached to it. They are generally found in damp environments where they absorb water through their general surfaces.
Abscission refers to the normal separation of senescent plant organs like leaves. It is a controlled process initiated during organ development with the formation of an abscission zone, a distinct layer of cells formed transversally across the petiole base. The abscission zone contains two layers - the abscission layer and protective layer. During abscission, the cells of the abscission layer separate due to dissolution of middle lamellae and cell walls by enzymes. Physiological changes also occur like chlorophyll degradation, decreased auxin, and increased ethylene production, which promote formation of cell wall degrading enzymes and abscission layer separation.
Morphological, anatomical and reproductive characters of MarchantiaSankritaShankarGaonk
This document provides an overview of the morphology, anatomy, and reproduction of Marchantia. It describes key characteristics of the Marchantia gametophyte including its thallus structure, rhizoids, gemma cups, and sex organs. The anatomy includes details on the epidermis, air chambers, photosynthetic and storage regions. Reproduction occurs vegetatively through thallus decay/gemmae or sexually with antheridiophores and archegoniophores on separate plants. Archegonium structure and the sporophyte regions of foot, seta, and capsule are also summarized along with references.
Rhynia is a single-species genus of Devonian vascular plants. Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii was the sporophyte generation of a vascular, axial, free-sporing diplohaplontic embryophytic land plant of the Early Devonian that had anatomical features more advanced than those of the bryophytes.
Coelenterata is a phylum of aquatic animals that includes jellyfish, corals, sea anemones and hydroids. They are diploblastic with two main cell layers, a gelatinous mesoglea in between, and stinging nematocysts. They exhibit radial or biradial symmetry and polymorphism. Reproduction can occur asexually through budding or sexually through external fertilization and a planula larva stage. The phylum is divided into three classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa.
This document summarizes the anatomy of roots. It describes the different layers from outer to inner, including the epidermis, cortex, and stele. The epidermis is the outermost layer, with thin parenchyma cells in a compact arrangement. The cortex beneath is loosely arranged with spaces. The innermost cortex contains barrel-shaped parenchyma cells. The stele in the center contains xylem and phloem arranged in a radial pattern around the pith.
The document provides details about the structure and features of pine trees (Pinus). Key points include:
- Pine trees are coniferous evergreen trees that are important forest makers. They have a taproot system and produce dimorphic branches and leaves.
- The internal structure of pine needles, roots, and stems show adaptations for photosynthesis, conduction, storage, and protection. Pine needles have epidermis, mesophyll and stele tissues. Roots and stems develop secondary tissues over time.
- Pine trees are gymnosperms that reproduce via pollen cones and seed cones. Their systematic position is in the division Gymnospermae, class Coniferophyta, order Coniferales
This document discusses monocot and dicot embryogenesis. It describes the key structures and regions of the embryonic axis in monocots and dicots, including the epicotyl, hypocotyl, cotyledons, plumule, and radicle. It also summarizes the different types of dicot embryogenesis based on the contribution of the apical and basal cells, such as the onagrad, asterad, solanad, and chenopodiad types. The embryogenesis process in the monocot Najas is also outlined in detail.
Plants can adapt to survive in extreme environments like deserts or bodies of water through specialized structures and processes. Xerophytes, or desert plants, have adaptations like deep, widespread root systems to access water, short lifecycles, thick waxy cuticles to prevent water loss, and opening stomata at night to take in carbon dioxide without losing much water. Hydrophytes, or water plants, have adaptations like air spaces to allow floating, and breathing roots that grow above the water to access carbon dioxide.
This document provides information on floral formulas, diagrams, and three plant families: Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Liliaceae. It describes the key vegetative and floral characteristics, economic importance, and floral formulas/diagrams for each family. Fabaceae examples include legumes and pulses. Solanaceae includes food crops like tomatoes and peppers. Liliaceae has ornamental flowers and medicinal plants like aloe. Overall, the document outlines the structural features used to classify and identify three economically significant angiosperm families.
Roots have several primary functions including anchoring the plant, absorbing water and minerals, transporting nutrients, storing food, and reproducing. Most dicots have a taproot system with one main root and smaller branch roots, optimized for support and storage. Monocots have a fibrous root system of many similarly sized roots that maximizes absorption. Adventitious roots develop in unusual locations to aid reproduction or support. Specialized roots include storage, gas exchange, photosynthesis, and parasitic roots. Mycorrhizal and nodular roots form mutualistic relationships with fungi and bacteria respectively.
Echinoderms are marine invertebrates with a pentaradial symmetry as adults and a water vascular system. They include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies. The document describes the key characteristics, anatomy, lifecycles, and functions of the five classes of echinoderms.
Xylem contains tracheids and vessels which are dead cells with lignified walls that transport water and minerals throughout the plant. Tracheids are elongated cells with thickened walls, while vessels are formed from rows of cells with dissolved walls to form continuous channels. Phloem contains sieve tubes, companion cells, bast fibers, and parenchyma. Sieve tubes are long thin-walled cells joined end to end to transport food, while companion cells are associated with sieve tubes and remain connected via pores. Bast fibers are dead sclerenchyma fibers in phloem, while parenchyma is ordinary plant tissue.
The production schedule outlines the filming of Black Journal at Cedars Park on October 14th and 15th. On the 14th, all actors and crew will meet at 6pm to sign contracts and prepare props, establishing shots will be filmed from 6:15pm, and the main shooting will take place from 6:30-8pm following the storyboard. A short break is scheduled for 7:15-7:30pm. On the 15th, filming will continue from 6:30-8pm to complete all remaining shots. A reshoot date is scheduled for October 21st if needed.
PCORI helps people make informed health care decisions by funding comparative effectiveness research guided by patients and caregivers. It focuses on improving outcomes for various subpopulations through research on prevention, diagnosis, treatment and healthcare systems. PCORI is establishing a National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network involving clinical research networks, patient groups, and other partners to facilitate large-scale, real-world research.
Selaginella, commonly known as club moss or spike moss, is a genus of vascular plants that has worldwide distribution, especially in tropical regions. It reproduces both sexually and asexually. The plant body is differentiated into roots, stems, microphyllous leaves, and ligules. The stems are green and branched. Microspores and megaspores are produced in sporangia and develop into male and female gametophytes, respectively, through precocious germination. Fertilization occurs when sperm from the male gametophyte fuses with eggs in the female gametophyte, forming a diploid sporophyte.
Cell and Molecular Biology is the study of cells, their internal structures, and their functions. The document discusses the history of cell discovery using microscopes by Robert Hooke, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, and others. It describes the three main principles of the modern cell theory: all living things are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. The key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are summarized.
This document provides information on the classification of animals, describing their levels of organization, symmetry, embryonic layers, body cavities, and other characteristics used to group them into taxa. It discusses sponges, cnidarians, ctenophores, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates. Within chordates, it describes lampreys and hagfish, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, amphibians, and several classes of vertebrates. The classification system presented moves from simpler to more complex organisms and discusses key distinguishing features of each group.
The document discusses early embryonic development and the biodiversity of animals, focusing on invertebrates. It describes how a zygote undergoes cleavage and forms a blastula through gastrulation. It then classifies animals into phyla based on their body plan, discussing characteristics like symmetry, tissues, and protostome vs deuterostome development. Major phyla include porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, and chordata.
This document discusses plant tissues. There are two main types of plant tissues: meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are undifferentiated and can divide, while permanent tissues have differentiated and lost the ability to divide. The three main permanent tissues are dermal/protective, fundamental/supportive, and vascular/conductive tissues. Dermal tissue covers the plant, fundamental tissue provides structure and storage, and vascular tissue transports water and nutrients. Within these tissues are cell types specialized for different functions like photosynthesis, support, and long-distance transport.
Mitotic cell division is the process by which somatic cells reproduce through nuclear division (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). During mitosis, the genetic material duplicates and the duplicated chromosomes are separated into two identical nuclei. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm and organelles, producing two daughter cells with identical genetic and cytoplasmic content to the original cell. The cell cycle coordinates cell growth and division, consisting of interphase where the cell grows and replicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase where it undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis to divide.
Bryophytes are a division of non-vascular land plants that include liverworts, hornworts and mosses. They lack conducting and strengthening tissues like vascular plants. Bryophytes reproduce using spores and have alternation of generations, with the gametophyte being the dominant generation and the sporophyte attached to it. They are generally found in damp environments where they absorb water through their general surfaces.
Abscission refers to the normal separation of senescent plant organs like leaves. It is a controlled process initiated during organ development with the formation of an abscission zone, a distinct layer of cells formed transversally across the petiole base. The abscission zone contains two layers - the abscission layer and protective layer. During abscission, the cells of the abscission layer separate due to dissolution of middle lamellae and cell walls by enzymes. Physiological changes also occur like chlorophyll degradation, decreased auxin, and increased ethylene production, which promote formation of cell wall degrading enzymes and abscission layer separation.
Morphological, anatomical and reproductive characters of MarchantiaSankritaShankarGaonk
This document provides an overview of the morphology, anatomy, and reproduction of Marchantia. It describes key characteristics of the Marchantia gametophyte including its thallus structure, rhizoids, gemma cups, and sex organs. The anatomy includes details on the epidermis, air chambers, photosynthetic and storage regions. Reproduction occurs vegetatively through thallus decay/gemmae or sexually with antheridiophores and archegoniophores on separate plants. Archegonium structure and the sporophyte regions of foot, seta, and capsule are also summarized along with references.
Rhynia is a single-species genus of Devonian vascular plants. Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii was the sporophyte generation of a vascular, axial, free-sporing diplohaplontic embryophytic land plant of the Early Devonian that had anatomical features more advanced than those of the bryophytes.
Coelenterata is a phylum of aquatic animals that includes jellyfish, corals, sea anemones and hydroids. They are diploblastic with two main cell layers, a gelatinous mesoglea in between, and stinging nematocysts. They exhibit radial or biradial symmetry and polymorphism. Reproduction can occur asexually through budding or sexually through external fertilization and a planula larva stage. The phylum is divided into three classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa.
This document summarizes the anatomy of roots. It describes the different layers from outer to inner, including the epidermis, cortex, and stele. The epidermis is the outermost layer, with thin parenchyma cells in a compact arrangement. The cortex beneath is loosely arranged with spaces. The innermost cortex contains barrel-shaped parenchyma cells. The stele in the center contains xylem and phloem arranged in a radial pattern around the pith.
The document provides details about the structure and features of pine trees (Pinus). Key points include:
- Pine trees are coniferous evergreen trees that are important forest makers. They have a taproot system and produce dimorphic branches and leaves.
- The internal structure of pine needles, roots, and stems show adaptations for photosynthesis, conduction, storage, and protection. Pine needles have epidermis, mesophyll and stele tissues. Roots and stems develop secondary tissues over time.
- Pine trees are gymnosperms that reproduce via pollen cones and seed cones. Their systematic position is in the division Gymnospermae, class Coniferophyta, order Coniferales
This document discusses monocot and dicot embryogenesis. It describes the key structures and regions of the embryonic axis in monocots and dicots, including the epicotyl, hypocotyl, cotyledons, plumule, and radicle. It also summarizes the different types of dicot embryogenesis based on the contribution of the apical and basal cells, such as the onagrad, asterad, solanad, and chenopodiad types. The embryogenesis process in the monocot Najas is also outlined in detail.
Plants can adapt to survive in extreme environments like deserts or bodies of water through specialized structures and processes. Xerophytes, or desert plants, have adaptations like deep, widespread root systems to access water, short lifecycles, thick waxy cuticles to prevent water loss, and opening stomata at night to take in carbon dioxide without losing much water. Hydrophytes, or water plants, have adaptations like air spaces to allow floating, and breathing roots that grow above the water to access carbon dioxide.
This document provides information on floral formulas, diagrams, and three plant families: Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Liliaceae. It describes the key vegetative and floral characteristics, economic importance, and floral formulas/diagrams for each family. Fabaceae examples include legumes and pulses. Solanaceae includes food crops like tomatoes and peppers. Liliaceae has ornamental flowers and medicinal plants like aloe. Overall, the document outlines the structural features used to classify and identify three economically significant angiosperm families.
Roots have several primary functions including anchoring the plant, absorbing water and minerals, transporting nutrients, storing food, and reproducing. Most dicots have a taproot system with one main root and smaller branch roots, optimized for support and storage. Monocots have a fibrous root system of many similarly sized roots that maximizes absorption. Adventitious roots develop in unusual locations to aid reproduction or support. Specialized roots include storage, gas exchange, photosynthesis, and parasitic roots. Mycorrhizal and nodular roots form mutualistic relationships with fungi and bacteria respectively.
Echinoderms are marine invertebrates with a pentaradial symmetry as adults and a water vascular system. They include sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies. The document describes the key characteristics, anatomy, lifecycles, and functions of the five classes of echinoderms.
Xylem contains tracheids and vessels which are dead cells with lignified walls that transport water and minerals throughout the plant. Tracheids are elongated cells with thickened walls, while vessels are formed from rows of cells with dissolved walls to form continuous channels. Phloem contains sieve tubes, companion cells, bast fibers, and parenchyma. Sieve tubes are long thin-walled cells joined end to end to transport food, while companion cells are associated with sieve tubes and remain connected via pores. Bast fibers are dead sclerenchyma fibers in phloem, while parenchyma is ordinary plant tissue.
The production schedule outlines the filming of Black Journal at Cedars Park on October 14th and 15th. On the 14th, all actors and crew will meet at 6pm to sign contracts and prepare props, establishing shots will be filmed from 6:15pm, and the main shooting will take place from 6:30-8pm following the storyboard. A short break is scheduled for 7:15-7:30pm. On the 15th, filming will continue from 6:30-8pm to complete all remaining shots. A reshoot date is scheduled for October 21st if needed.
PCORI helps people make informed health care decisions by funding comparative effectiveness research guided by patients and caregivers. It focuses on improving outcomes for various subpopulations through research on prevention, diagnosis, treatment and healthcare systems. PCORI is establishing a National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network involving clinical research networks, patient groups, and other partners to facilitate large-scale, real-world research.
This document provides an overview of the four major types of animal tissue: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It describes the structure and function of each type of tissue and some examples. Epithelial tissue covers and lines body surfaces and forms glands. Connective tissue includes fibrous, supportive, and fluid tissues that bind other tissues together. Muscle tissue includes three main types - smooth, cardiac, and skeletal - that enable movement. Nervous tissue is composed of neurons and neuroglia that react to stimuli and transmit nerve impulses. The document examines the characteristics of each tissue in detail.
There are four main types of tissues in the body: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue forms protective barriers and lines body surfaces. Connective tissue provides structure and support. Muscle tissue allows for movement. Nervous tissue controls and coordinates the body through electrical signaling. Each tissue has distinct cell shapes, arrangements, locations in the body, and functions.
Presentation03 - Plant and Animal TissuesMa'am Dawn
There are four main types of plant tissues: meristematic, dermal, ground, and vascular tissues. Meristematic tissue contains cells that can divide to facilitate growth. Dermal tissue forms the outer covering of the plant. Ground tissue provides support, carries out photosynthesis, and stores food and water. Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and food throughout the plant.
Esta es una guía de trabajo para acercarnos a la importante relación entre docencia e investigación en todos los niveles de educación, muy especialmente, en la universidad.
Tissues are groups of cells that perform similar functions in multicellular organisms. There are two main types of tissues - plant tissues and animal tissues.
Plant tissues include meristematic tissues, which are responsible for growth, and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues that provide structure and support. Complex plant tissues include xylem and phloem tissues that transport water/minerals and food respectively.
Animal tissues include four main types - epithelial tissues that provide protection, connective tissues that connect and support other tissues, muscular tissues that allow movement, and nervous tissues that coordinate the body's activities and reactions. The document provides examples and functions of different types of
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Tissues'. For Class - 9th.
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
Tissues are composed of groups of cells that perform specialized functions. There are four main types of tissues in animals: epithelial tissues cover and line body structures, connective tissues connect and support other tissues, muscular tissues allow for movement, and nervous tissues detect and respond to stimuli. The major animal tissues include epithelial (squamous, cuboidal, columnar), connective (blood, bone, cartilage), muscular (striated, smooth, cardiac), and nervous tissue. Each tissue type has characteristic structures and locations throughout the body.
slide1- introduction
slide2-Plant Tissue
Plant tissues are of two types :-
Meristematic tissue
Permanent tissue
slide3-Meristematic Tissue
Meristematic tissues continuously form a number of new cells and helps in growth and are generally made up live cells . Meristematic tissues are the group of cells that have the ability to divide. These tissues in a plant consist of small, densely packed cells that can keep dividing to form new cells. Meristems give rise to permanent tissues and have the following characteristics:
the cells are small,
the cells walls are thin,
cells have large nuclei,
vacuoles are absent or very small
there are no intercellular spaces.
Types of Meristematic Tissue
Apical Meristem:- Apical meristem is present on root apex, stem apex, leaf buds and flower buds. They are responsible for growth in length, i.e. primary growth.
Lateral Meristem: Lateral meristem is present along the side of the stem. They are responsible for growth in girth, i.e. secondary growth.
Intercalary Meristem: Intercalary meristem is present at the base of leaf or internodes. They are present on either side of the node.
slide4-Permanent Tissue [Plant Tissue]
Once the cells of meristematic tissue divide to a certain extent, they become specialized for a particular function. This process is called differentiation. Once differentiation is accomplished, the cells lose their capability to divide and the tissue becomes permanent tissue. Permanent tissues are of two types, simple permanent tissue and complex permanent tissue.
Permanent tissue gives support and are generally made up of dead cells . The cells of permanent tissues do not have the ability to divide. These cells are already differentiated in different tissue types and is now specialized to perform specific functions. They are subdivided into two groups, simple tissues consisting of cells which are more or less similar, e.g. epidermis, parenchyma, chlorenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and complex tissues consisting of different kinds of cells, e.g. xylem and phloem.
slide5-Parenchyma tissue
The cells of parenchyma have thin cell wall. They are loosely packed; with lot of intercellular spaces between them. Parenchyma makes the largest portion of a plant body. Parenchyma mainly works are packing material in plant parts. The main function of parenchyma is to provide support and to store food.
It is loosely packed and inter cellular spaces are there .
In aquatic plants , air is filled in parenchyma tissue , so they are called Arenchyma .
Parenchyma in which chlorophyll is present is called chlorenchyma .
slide6- Collenchyma tissue
In collenchyma tissue , the cells are generally elongated and are circular , oval or polygonal in cross- section. Cell wall is evenly thickened with cellulose at the corners . It is present on internodes of the plant . It is closely packed and intercellular spaces are generally absent. It is a living cell and vacuo
This document provides an outline and overview of plant tissues. It begins with an introduction to plant meristematic tissues, which are undifferentiated tissues responsible for growth. There are three types of meristematic tissue: promeristem, primary meristem, and secondary meristem. The document then discusses the four main types of permanent plant tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and vascular tissues - detailing their characteristics and functions. It concludes with an overview of the three main tissue systems in plants - dermal, ground, and vascular tissues - and their roles in structure, protection, and conduction within plants.
This document provides an overview of plant tissues. It begins by outlining the chapter which covers basic plant cell types, vascular plant tissues, an overview of vascular plants, and plant growth and development. The objective is to identify and describe plant tissue types, including their structure, location, and function. The document then describes the three main types of plant tissues - meristematic tissues, permanent tissues, and complex permanent tissues. It provides details on each tissue type, including characteristics, classification, and functions. In summary, the document provides a detailed overview of the different plant tissue types, their structures and roles in vascular plants.
BIOLOGY STD 11
SANJAY SIDDHAPURA
HELPFUL FOR NEET/ GSET/NET EXAMINATION PREPARATION
TYPES OF PLANT TISSUE, ANATOMY OF ROOT, STEM AND KEAVES OF MONOCOTS AND DICOTS PLANTS, SECONDARY GROWTH, CAMBIUM
This document provides an overview of the course "Plant Anatomy and Physiology". It discusses the study of plant anatomy and physiology, the general structure and types of plant cells, plant tissues including meristematic, epidermal, ground and vascular tissues, and the anatomy of roots and stems in gymnosperms. The key systems in plants including epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems are also summarized.
Tissues are groups of cells that perform specific functions. There are two main types of tissues - plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue, which contains undifferentiated cells, and permanent tissue, which contains non-dividing cells. Permanent tissue is further divided into simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Animal tissues include epithelial tissue, which covers surfaces, and connective tissue, which connects and supports. Epithelial tissue is classified into squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated and glandular tissue. Connective tissue includes fluid tissues like blood and lymph, skeletal
This document discusses plant tissues. There are two main categories of tissues - plant tissues and animal tissues. Plant tissues include meristematic tissue, which is responsible for plant growth, and permanent tissues. Permanent tissues are either simple, with cells of one type, or complex. The three types of simple permanent plant tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma cells are living, thin-walled cells that serve storage, metabolic, and mechanical functions. Collenchyma cells have thickened walls that provide strength and flexibility. Sclerenchyma cells are not discussed further in this summary.
This document summarizes plant tissue systems. It describes the three main types of tissues - meristematic, permanent and secretory. Permanent tissues are further divided into simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Parenchyma is the most common simple tissue and performs many functions. Xylem conducts water and minerals throughout the plant and consists of tracheids, vessels, fibers and parenchyma. Phloem transports organic compounds and consists of sieve elements, companion cells, parenchyma and fibers. The document also discusses secretory tissues and their structures.
This document describes the different types of plant tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem. It provides details on the characteristics, structure and functions of each type of tissue. Parenchyma is a simple living tissue made of thin-walled cells involved in plant metabolism. Collenchyma has elongated cells with thick non-lignified primary walls that provide support to growing organs. Sclerenchyma includes thick-walled and often lignified cells that provide mechanical strength. Xylem and phloem are complex tissues - xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant while phloem transports food.
Plant tissues are divided into meristematic and permanent tissues. Permanent tissues lack the ability to divide and include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Animal tissues include epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues. Amoeba is a unicellular organism that uses pseudopodia for movement and food capture, while Brassica is a multicellular plant with vegetative and reproductive parts like roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. The digestive system of frogs includes a coiled alimentary canal and accessory glands, while the respiratory system uses pulmonary, cutaneous and bucc
- The document discusses plant and animal tissues. It describes the four levels of tissue organization from cells to organisms.
- Plant tissues include meristematic tissues, permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem.
- Animal tissues include epithelial tissues, connective tissues, and muscle tissues. Epithelial tissues cover the body and include squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and ciliated cells. Connective tissues connect and support organs.
An edited version of Plant tissue previously posted. This presentation provide a good understand of plant tissues, types, and every necessary information concerning tissues in plant.
This document summarizes plant tissue systems. It describes the three main types of tissues - meristematic, permanent and secretory tissues. It focuses on mature or permanent tissues, which are divided into simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Parenchyma, the most common simple tissue, includes storage, aerenchyma and transfer cells. Xylem conducts water and minerals, containing tracheids, vessels, fibers and parenchyma. Phloem transports organic compounds using sieve elements, companion cells, fibers and parenchyma. Secretory tissues produce and secrete substances through internal and external structures.
This document discusses plant tissues and tissue systems. It defines tissue as a group of cells that perform a common function. It describes 3 types of meristematic tissues - apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems - which are responsible for growth. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem conducts water and minerals, containing tracheids, vessels, fibers and parenchyma. Phloem conducts food, containing sieve tubes, companion cells, fibers and parenchyma.
This document provides an overview of plant and animal tissues. It defines tissue and discusses the main types of plant tissues - meristematic and permanent tissues. It describes three types of meristematic tissue and the characteristics of simple and complex permanent tissues. It also defines the four main types of animal tissues - epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues - and provides examples of each. The learning outcomes are to understand the classification, structure and function of different plant and animal tissues. Students are assigned exercises from the textbook and tasks to create fact sheets and mind maps about tissues.
This document provides information about plant tissues. It discusses the main types of plant tissues as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are dividing tissues found in growing regions that help the plant grow. Permanent tissues do not divide and include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients. Xylem transports water and minerals upward while phloem transports food in all directions. The document also describes different cell types, functions, and locations of tissues in plants.
Plant tissues can be divided into meristematic tissue, permanent tissue, and epidermis. Meristematic tissue includes apical, lateral and intercalary meristems that allow for growth. Permanent tissues are divided into simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and complex tissues like xylem and phloem that transport water and nutrients. Parenchyma is the most common ground tissue while sclerenchyma provides structure. Xylem transports water and minerals upward and phloem transports food downward. The epidermis forms the outer protective layer of leaves, stems and roots.
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Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
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Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
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This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
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Overview
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Key Topics Covered
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- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
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3. What is ArgoCD?
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12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
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UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
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What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
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What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
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5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
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Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
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-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
4. • Since the function of cells are taken up by
different group of cells, we can say that there is
division of labour in multicellular organisms.
• A group of cells that are similar in structure and
work together to achieve a particular function
forms a tissue
• Plants and animals are made up of different
types of tissues
• The term tissue was coined by the scientist
Bichat in 1792, and the study of tissues is called
Histology.
• He is known as the father of histology.
5. THE IMPORTANCE OF TISSUES
• Formation of tissues has brought about a division of
labour in multicelluar organisms
• Tissues become organised to form organs and organs
into organ systems
• As a result of improved organisation and higher
efficiency multicellular organisms have higher
survival
• Plants are autotrophic organisms, so prepare their
own food by photosynthesis, they are stationary and
do not move from place to place, hence they do not
need much energy. Most of the tissues in plants are
dead and provide structural strength.
6. • Animals on the other hand are heterotrophic
organisms, they move in search of food and
hence need more energy compared to
plants, most of the tissues they have are living.
• Hence the plants and animals are made of
different types of tissues.
• There are some tissues in plants which divide
through out their life, they divide for the growth
and reproduction of the plant
• Such ever dividing tissues are localised in certain
regions of the plant body, thus based on the
dividing capacity of the tissues they are classified
into two
7.
8. MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
• They divide continuously and help in increasing
the length and girth of the plant
• They are similar in structure and have thin
cellulose cell walls
• They are spherical or isodiametric in shape
• They are compactly arranged and no intercellular
spaces between them
• They have few vacuoles or no vacuoles at all
• They are found in the growing regions of the
plant, according to their positions, meristems are
apical, lateral and intercallary
9.
10. APICAL MERISTEMS
• They are situated at the growing tip of the stems
and roots, i.e., at shoot apex and root apex
LATERAL MERISTEMS
• They are found beneath the bark and in vascular
bundles of dicot roots and stems. Cambium is
the region which is responsible for growth in
thickness.
INTERCALLARY MERISTEMS
• They are located at the base of the leaves or
internode , e.g., stems of grasses and other
monocots
11. PERMANENT TISSUE
• Cells derived from division of meristematic tissue
take up specific role and lose the ability to divide
thus forming a type of permanent tissue.
• The developmental process by which cells
derived from meristematic tissue, take up a
permanent shape, size and function is called
differentiation
• The permanent tissue is divided into two
The simple permanent tissue and
The complex permanent tissue
12. SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUE
• They are composed of cells which are structurally
and functionally similar
1. PARENCHYMA
• It forms the bulk of the plant body
• They are living and possess the power of division
• The cells are rounded or isodiametric in shape
• The cell wall is thin and can be said to be having
living protoplasm.
• Intercellular spaces are abundant
• It is widely distributed in plant bodies such as
stems, roots, flowers and fruits
13.
14.
15. • If chlorophyll is present it is called
chlorenchyma, it performs photosynthesis
• in aquatic plants large air cavities are present in
the parenchyma to give buoyancy to the
plant, such type of parenchyma is called
aerenchyma
Collenchyma
• are a type of parenchyma cells, which are living
but is charecterised by the depositon of extra
cellulose at the corners of the cells .
• In collenchyma intercellular spaces are absent, at
times chlorophyll is present in them
16. Functions
• It is a mechanical tissue and hence provides
mechanical support and elasticity
• Thus it provides flexibility to the organs where
they are found
18. SCLERENCHYMA
• These are dead cells devoid of protoplasm
• The cell walls are thickened of lignin , such cell
walls are lignified
• The cells are closely packed with no intercellular
spaces
• The cells of sclerenchyma are of two types
Fibres and
sclerids
19.
20. Fibres
• The fibres consist of very narrow, thick and lignified
cells
• The fibres are usually pointed at both ends and are
clustered into strands
21. Sclereids
• In contrast to fibres the sclereids are called the stone
cells or the grit cells, which are dead cells
• The sclerenchyma occur in patches or in layers
• They are found in the stems, roots, veins of leaves, hard
covering of seeds and nuts
• Sclereids form the gritty part of most of the ripe fruits
and contributes to the hardness to the seed coat and
nutshell
• The husk of coconut is sclerenchymatous.
Functions
• It is mainly mechanical and protective in function
• It gives strength, rigidity, flexibility and elasticity to the
plant body
22. PROTECTIVE TISSUE
• The protective tissue include the epidermis and
cork (or phellem)
EPIDERMIS
• The epidermis is present in the outermost part of
the plant body such as leaves, flowers, stem and
roots
• The epidermis is one cell thick and is covered with
cuticle
• Cuticle is a waterproof layer of a waxy substance
called cutin, which is secreted by the epidermal
cells.
• Cells of epidermis are elongated and flattened and
do not contain any intercellular spaces
23. • They are living cells and are similar to parenchyma
cells
Function
• Their main function is to protect the plant from
desiccation and infection
• The cuticle heps to reduce water loss by
evaporation and helps in preventing the entry of
pathogens
CORK
• As plants grow older the outer protective tissue
undergoes certain changes, a strip of secondary
meristem called phellogen or cork cambium
replaces it.
• It has only one type of cells
24. • The epidermis of the leaf is not continuous at some
places due to the presence of small pores called
stomata .
• Each stoma is bounded by a pair of specialised
epidermal cells or two kidney shaped cells called
guard cells
• The guard cells are the only epidermal cells which
contain chloroplast
• The stomata helps in gaseous exchange to occur
during photosynthesis and respiration.
• During transpiration too, water vapour escapes
through stomata
25. COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE
• The complex tissue consist of more than one type of
cells having a common origin, they have a common
function
• They transports water, mineral salts(nutrients) and
food materials to various parts of the plant body
• They are of two types
1. Xylem
2. Phloem
• Xylem and the phloem are both the conducting
tissues and known as the vascular tissues ,
together they constitute the vascular bundles.
26. XYLEM
• Xylem is a vascular and mechanical tissue, it is a
conducting tissue
• It is composed of four different types of cells
1. Tracheids
2. Vessels or tracheae
3. Xylem parenchyma
4. Xylem sclerenchyma or fibres
• Except xylem parenchyma all the other xylem
elements are dead and are bounded by thick
lignified walls
• Of the four the vessels are the most important
27. Vessels
• They are shorter and wider than tracheids
• They are tube like structures formed by a row of
cells placed end to end
• the transverse walls between the vessels elements
are partially or completely dissolved to form
continuous channels or water pipes.
Tracheids
• They are elongated cells with tapering ends.
• They also conduct water
• Since they do not have open ends, water passes
from cell to cell via pits
28. • Xylem parenchyma stores food and helps in lateral
conduction of water
Function
• Conduction of water and mineral salts up from the
roots to all parts of the body
• Since the cell walls are lignified they give mechanical
strength to the plant
PHLOEM
• Phloem is composed of the following four elements
1. Sieve tubes
2. Companion cells
3. Phloem parenchyma
4. Phloem fibres
29. Functions
• The phloem helps in the conduction of
photosynthetically prepared food from the leaves to
the storage organs and later from there to the
different parts of the storage organs
32. • On the basis of the function they perform we can
think of different types of animal tissues
• Animal tissues can be mainly divided into 4
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscular tissue
4. Nervous tissue
33. EPITHELIAL TISSUE
• The protective tissue in the animal body is the
epithelial tissue
• The cells of the tissue are tightly packed without
intercellular spaces forming a continuous sheet
• It covers most of the organs and cavities within the
body
• It forms a barrier to keep different body systems
separate
• The epithelium is usually separated from the
underlying tissue by an non-cellular fibrous
basement membrane, which is made of a protein
called collagen
• Skin and lining of the mouth, blood vessels, alveoli
and kidney tubules are made of epithelial tissue
34. Functions
• The cells of the body surface form the outer layer
of skin
• The lining of the mouth, and alimentary canal and
some of the internal organs are protected
• They help in absorption of water and nutrients
• They also help in the elimination of waste
products
• Some epithelial tissues are secretory in function,
they secrete substances like sweat, saliva(mucus),
enzymes etc.
35. The different types of epithelial tissue are
i. Squamous epithelium
ii. Cuboidal epithelium
iii. Columnar epithelium
iv. Glandular epithelium
v. Ciliated epithelium
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
• They are irregularly shaped thin, flat cells which fit together
like floor tiles and form a compact tissue
• It forms the delicate lining of the cavities like mouth,
oesophagus, nose, alveoli etc and of blood vessels and
covering of the tongue and skin
Functions
• It protects the underlying parts of body from mechanical
injury, entry of germs, and drying.
• It forms a selectively permeable surface through which
filteration occurs
36.
37. STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
• This is found in the skin and covers the external
surface of the skin
• It is a type of squamous epithelium, the cells of
the tissue are arranged in many layers, to prevent
wear and tear
• Since they are arranged in many layers they are
called stratified squamous epithelium
38.
39. CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
• It consist of cube like cells which are square in
section
• It is found in the kidney tubules, thyroid vesicles
and glands ( salivary glands, sweat glands, etc)
• It provides mechanical support
40.
41. COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
• It consist of cells which are taller
• The nuclei are towards the base
• It forms the inner lining of the stomach, small
intestine, gall bladder and colon forming the
mucous membrane
• It facilitates functions such as absorption and
secretion
42.
43.
44. CILIATED EPITHELIUM
• Certain cuboidal or columnar epithelium cells
have a free border which bear thread like or hair
like cytoplasmic outgrowths called cilia
• These cilia can move and their movement pushes
the mucus forward.
• Such cells form the ciliated epithelium
• It forms the lining for the trachea(wind
pipe/respiratory tract), bronchi(lungs), kidney
tubules etc.
45.
46.
47. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
• The columnar epithelium is often modified to
form glands which secrete chemicals
• Sometimes the tissue gets folded inwards and
hence the glands are formed
48. MUSCULAR TISSUE
• The muscular tissue are made of muscle cells and these
cells are elongated and large sized , so they are also
called the muscle fibres
• The movement of the body or limbs are brought about
by the contraction and relaxation of the contractile
protein present in the muscle cells.
• Most of the muscular tissue is attached to the bones
and hence are called the skeletal muscles
• The movement of the muscles can be controlled as well
as uncontrolled
• The type of muscles in which the movement is under
our control are called the voluntary muscles
• And the type of muscles where the movement cannot
be controlled are called the involuntary muscles
49. • The muscular tissue can be divided into 3
1. Striated muscles
2. Smooth muscles
3. Cardiac muscles
STRIATED MUSCLES
• The muscles are also known as skeletal muscles or
voluntary muscles
• The type of muscles show light and dark bands or
striations when stained, hence they are also known as
striated muscles
• The cells of this tissue are long, cylindrical, unbranched
and multinucleate.
• They are attached to the bones and help in body
movements
• Each muscle cell is enclosed in a distinct plasma
membrane called the sarcolemma
50.
51. SMOOTH MUSCLES
• These are also known as the unstriated or the
involuntary muscles
• They occur as bundles which are spindle shaped
and have a single nucleus
• The movement of these muscles cannot be
controlled
• The tissue are often seen in the walls of the
alimentary canal, visceral organs except the heart
52.
53. CARDIAC MUSCLES
• They show the charecteristics of both the striated
and smooth muscles
• The cells of this muscles are branched cylindrical
and uninucleate, the intercellular spaces are filled
with the connective tissue
• They have dark and light bands on them
• The muscles around the heart show rhythmic
contraction and relaxation throughout the life ,
and hence these involuntary muscles are also
known as the cardiac muscles
54.
55. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• The connective tissue is specialized to connect
and anchor various body organs
• It connects the bones to each other, bind the
tissues and give support to various parts of the
body by creating a packing around the organs,
• Thus the main function of the tissue are
binding, supporting and packing
• The cells of the tissue are living and are separated
from each other
• A homogenous gel like intercellular substance
called the medium or matrix forms the bulk of the
connective tissue
56. • The space between the cells are filled with a non
living matrix which may be solid as in bone and
cartilage and fluid as in blood
• Thus blood is a type of connective tissue
• Blood has a fluid matrix called the plasma, in
which the RBC, WBC and platelets are suspended
• The plasma contains proteins, salts and hormones
• The bone is another example of a connective
tissue
• It is a strong and nonflexible tissue, embedded in
a hard matrix composed of calcium and
phosphorus compounds
57. • Two bones are connected to each other by
another type of connective tissue called ligament
• Tissue is very elastic and has strength and
contains very little matrix
• The muscles are connected to the bones by
another type of connective tissue called tendons
• Tendons are fibrous with great strength and
limited flexibility
• Cartilage is another type of connective tissue,
which has widely spaced cells
• The cartilage is seen at the surface of the joints,
nose, ear, trachea and larynx
58. AREOLAR OR THE LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• The tissue is found between the skin and the muscles, around
the blood vessels and the nerves and in the bone marrow.
• It fills the space inside the organs
• It supports the internal organs and helps in repair of tissues
after an injury
• Its matrix consist of two kinds of fibres
The white collagen fibres
The yellow elastic fibres or elastin
• Also scattered in the matrix are several kinds of irregular cells
like the
Fibroblast
Adipose cells
Macrophages
Mast cells
immunocytes
59.
60. Functions
• It act as a supporting and packing tissue between organs
• It fixes the skin to the underlying muscles
ADIPOSE TISSUE
• Its an aggregation of fat cells or adipocytes
• Each fat cell is rounded and contains a large droplet of fat
that almost fills it
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Tendons
Ligaments
SKELETAL TISSUE
Cartilage
Bone
61.
62. BONE
• The bone cells are present in the fluid filled
spaces called lacunae
• All lacunae of the bone communicate with each
other by a network of fine canals called canaliculi
CARTILAGE
• The matrix of the cartilage is composed of
proteins and is known as the hyaline matrix
• The matrix is maintained by the chondrocytes
63. BLOOD
RBC
WBC
Platelets
RBC
• Its large in number and have iron containing red respiratory pigment, the
haemoglobin
• The RBC is also known as the erythrocytes
• they transport oxygen
WBC
• Heamoglobin is absent in them
• The function of these cells is defence and immunity
• They are of five types
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Lymphocytes
Monocyte
64.
65.
66. NERVOUS TISSUE
• It is a tissue which is specialized to transmit messages
within the body
• Brain, spinal cord and nerves are all composed of
nervous tissue
• The cells of this tissue are called nerve cells or
neurons
• The neurons have the ability to receive stimuli within
or outside the body and to conduct impulses (signals)
to different parts of the body
• The impulse travels from one neuron to another
• Many nerve fibres bound together make up a nerve
• The neurons have the three main parts
67. The cyton or the cell body
The dendrons and the dendrites
The axon