Work Study And Observation Of The Methods Of Carrying Out...

Work Study And Observation Of The Methods Of Carrying Out...
WORK STUDY & OBSERVATION
5.1) WORK STUDY:–
Work study is a term for techniques, particularly method study and time study, which are used for the
examination of human work in all its contexts, and which lead systematically to investigation of all the factors
which affect the efficiency and economy of the situation being reviewed, in order to seek Improvement in
performance & productivity.
Work study analyzes the work done in an organization and aims at finding the best and the most efficient way of
utilizing the available resources (man, material, money and machinery to achieve best possible quality work in
minimum possible time.
Work Study is the systematic examination of the methods of carrying out activities such as to improve the
effective use of resources and to set up standards of performance for the activities carried out.
With the help of the work study technique we can analyze the whole process, identify the unnecessary
movements & process which we can reduce or eliminate. Work study normally involves, a) Method study, b)
Time study,
Fig 5.1 WORK STUDY [12]
5.2) METHOD STUDY:–
Method Study is the systematic recording technique and critical examination of existing and proposed ways of
doing work & process, as a means of developing and applying easier and more efficient way and reducing
costs.Method study is the process of subjecting work to systematic, critical observation to make it more effective
and/or more
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Demand For Steel Mill Products
Macro–Environment
Nucor Corporation is the largest manufacturer of steel and steel products in North America. The worldwide
industry in which Nucor competes had record years of crude steel production in 2010 and 2011. Steel making
capacity worldwide was approximately 2,090 million tons in 2011, resulting in a 2011 capacity utilization rate of
80 percent versus just 75 percent in 2010. The demand for steel mill products had grown 5.5 percent annually
since 2000, but between 2000 and 2011 there have been periods of both strong and weak demand. Weak demand
caused over supplied conditions in the steel industry worldwide and allowed Nucor to expand via acquisition.
Steel product segments include the production of steel deck, steel joists ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Open hearth processing has become obsolete and continuous casting and the electric arc furnace has been
adopted. Information on the world steel industry including growth rates and production is listed in Exhibit 1.
Competitive Forces Rivalry in the steel industry is intense and price is the main factor for differentiation among
competitors. Steel products are considered commodities and quality can be inconsistent on occasion, for the
most part, steel plants turn out products of comparable metallurgical quality. The threat of new entry into the
market is moderate. There are several entry barriers to overcome, product differentiation being one of them;
however, costs would be the main barrier. The cost of raw materials can be very high since they are usually
purchased in large quantities. Minimizing fixed costs can also be very challenging. Competition from substitutes
is considered low. There are few substitutes for steel at this time. Steel is used for its strength and durability in
auto manufacturing and in construction. As technology advances there are possibilities for alternative materials
in the future. Supplier bargaining power is a high to moderate threat. Raw materials can be one of the largest
costs for a company so suppliers often have the upper hand. Having a cost effective strategy for the supply of
raw materials can have a huge effect on a company's bottom line. Many firms choose to establish a joint venture
with

Case Study on Nucor Corp
Case 2: Nucor Corporation: Competing Against Low–cost Steel Imports
The Company, Nucor Corporation, started its operation in nuclear instrument and electronics business in early
1950s to early 1960s. Facing bankruptcy, the board of directors opted for a new leadership and appointed
Kenneth Iverson as president and CEO. He concluded that to be able to avert bankruptcy is to exit the nuclear
instrument and electronics business and rebuild the company around its subsidiary, Vulcraft, which is engaged in
steel joist business. After its integration, it has expanded its operation in steelmaking seeing opportunities on
newly emerging technology to produce steel more cheaply.
At the turn of the century, Nucor was the second largest steel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These strategies have been very effective in terms of expanding its resources as well as conceptualization of new
technology (using electric arc furnace as alternative to conventional furnace) and improvement of plant
efficiency thru equipment upgrades. The usage of the technology has allowed low investment cost for facilities
and equipment that eliminated expensive steps in steel making. Also the use of scrap materials has lessened the
purchase of ore for steel making. Furthermore, joint ventures have given them option to join global market of
steel producers. However, Nucor should be also wary on possible entrants that could offer low cost steel which
might be a reason for a loss of customers which in–turn loose potential income and worst cut jobs.
Steel, being a commodity that is dictated by market demand, has been changing continually. But being a low
cost provider, it has resulted to numerous customers entering into non–cancellable contracts.
Organization and Management in Nucor had a simple and streamlined structure to allow employees to innovate
and make quick decisions. The company was highly decentralized with most day–to–day operating decisions
made by division or plant level managers and their staff. When someone is performing below expectations in

Essay On Internship
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE INTERNSHIP
Internship is an opportunity offered by various companies to potential students or candidates, called as "interns",
to work in the firm for a limited or fixed time period. Internship offers students lot of exposure to the practical
world and provides practical experiences in the industry relating to their field of study. This becomes a valuable
experience as it allows us to understand how our studies are applied in the "real world", and it gives a good
picture for our Curriculum Vitae`.
Internships can also be called as job training for professional careers. Internships generally, consists exchange of
ideas and services for experience between students and organizations. Some interns find permanent, paid
programme with the organizations for which they worked. This gives a benefit to the employer as they do not
have to search for a new employee, as the interns are trained previously and they are less demanding. Internship
experiences provide the opportunity to apply classroom theories into the real world, thus it enhances the
student's academic and their career goals.
Internships in India are career specific, college and school students often choose internships based on the branch
of study at their University. Internships for MBA graduates are the most common thing in ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The comprehensive document serves as the ethical roadmap for Tata employees and Group companies. In the
structure of Tata Steel's growing global presence the Tata Code of Conduct has been reviewed to accommodate
vital and appropriate alterations. This has ensured that diverse cultural and business related issues are addressed
universally across the Group. The Tata Code of Conduct was launched in Tata Steel (Thailand), Tata Steel
Singapore in July 2007 and in Tata Steel Europe in January

Recycling For A Green Economy
Recycling is a process where waste materials are transformed into new products to prevent waste of potentially
useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from
incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and
lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to plastic production.
Steel is the most important material in construction simply because it always contains recycled content. It is
completely recyclable at the end of its product life and may be recycled an unlimited number of times without
loss of quality. Steel is 100% recyclable, which means it can be reprocessed into the same material of the same
quality again and again. Also, it is easily recovered by magnetic separation. Once steel is produced, its life cycle
is potentially endless, making it a permanent resource for society as long as it is recovered at the end of each
product life cycle. Recycling is especially important in a green economy because it conserves valuable resources
and prevents useful materials going to landfill sites as waste. There are two main sources of recycled steel, also
called steel scrap: excess material from steel production and downstream manufacturing (pre–consumer scrap),
and steel at the end of a product's life (post–consumer scrap). All types of steel can be recycled, including food
tins, bottle tops, paint cans, aerosols, scrap metal and even structural steel

Pollution: The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Solar Energy
Herman Wong 8H Solar Energy
There are lots of pollution problem around the world, we have urban air pollution, contaminated water source,
industrial mining but the worst of them all, pollution caused by petroleum. Petroleum or fossil fuel is our main
energy source in today's world, but it has caused pollution in variety of ways. It caused environmental pollution,
the hydrocarbon molecules in petroleum is toxic to many living things including humans, it also has sulfur and
nitrogen compounds which can cause chemical reactions with our environment and produce poisonous
chemicals. It can also pollute our environment through adequately frequent oil spills. In 1 of the largest oil spills
ever in history, the Sea Island Installations, Persian Gulf oil spill in Kuwait 1991 has caused 240,000,000 gallons
of oil being lost and the mass is equivalent to 816,000 tons. These oil spills cause ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Solar Energy has lots of advantages, such as:
It is renewable, we have an infinite amount of energy from this source, not like fossil fuel, since fossil fuel needs
lots of time to be produced by nature and sunlight is here whenever its not at night. It has potential because if the
amount of sunlight the earth is exposed to is transferred to energy, we would have 20,00 times more energy than
we needed and most importantly it is Environmental Friendly, a factor petroleum does not have, Solar Energy
produces no pollution while using it to produce energy[4], therefore I think it can clean up the world's pollution
problem.
Solar Energy has created an impact in different places around the

The Use Of Secondary Steelmaking Techniques On The Control...
Introduction
The use of secondary steelmaking techniques has made a major input to the optimisation of inclusion population
for the control of modern steel properties. The development of new secondary steelmaking techniques was due
to an increasing demand for improved and consistent qualities of high grade steels for chemical, petroleum,
aerospace, and nuclear industries (Kiessling, 1989).( pg45). Secondary steelmaking includes provision for
temperature control, bath agitation, efficient slag–metal interaction and precise addition of alloying elements and
reactants. With those technologies of secondary steelmaking process the number, size, morphology, and
composition of inclusions can be controlled (Kiessling, 1989). (pg45).
The global demand for clean steel has increased in the last years due to the demand for better performance.
There is need to develop steel with fewer inclusions to improve performance. Steel inclusions impede
performance as they may act as sources of crack growth and propagation. Some inclusions affect steel properties
such as fatigue, ductility and weldability. According to Riyahimalayeri et al. oxide inclusions reduce the rolling
contact fatigue life of steel products even when the total oxygen content is below the 10 ppm (Riyahimalayeri, et
al., 2013). Inclusions like sulphur reduce steel toughness which hinders performance. It is imperative to develop
methods that are aimed at reducing steel inclusions for better performance. Improved steel cleanness

Account for the Different Physical Properties and Uses of...
Diamond is a giant covalent network structure, having each Carbon atom sharing electrons with four other
Carbon atoms, therefore having four single covalent bonds formed. These Carbon covalent bonds are extremely
strong and account for two of diamond's most prominent physical properties among all elements, hardness and a
high melting point. Diamond has a high melting point due to the fact that diamond is a covalent lattice, hence,
melting this covalent lattice involves breaking many strong covalent bonds. This melting process requires a large
amount of energy and, as a result, melting diamond requires a high temperature, approximately around 35500C.
Having strong covalent bonds, diamond also has a high level of hardness due to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It are these properties which allow graphite to be used to draw with (using a pencil), as the friction against weak
intermolecular forces on paper causes layers of graphite to rub off onto the paper. It is this layered structure and
the weak bonding between the "sheets" that determines the soft slippery feel of graphite, thus, creating graphite's
self lubricating property. Being used a lubricant, graphite can be used at very high or low temperatures for many
different works, such as: steelmaking, wire die extrusion lubricant, gear lubricant for mining machinery and to
lubricate locks. While natural graphite can be used in zinc carbon batteries in electric motor brushes and other
specific works.
From all of these uses, graphite also has the ability to conduct electricity, and we can the reason as to why when
looking at the electron arrangement in graphite. As each Carbon atom bonds to three other Carbon atoms, there
is a fourth electron remaining in the bonding level. These remaining electrons in each Carbon atom form into a
"sea" of delocalised electrons, moving around the whole sheet of atoms in the one layer. It is the ability of these
delocalised electrons to move freely through their own Carbon layer, hence, making graphite a good conductor
of electricity. Being a good conductor of electricity graphite, can be used as electrodes to an arc lamp and to
carry the electricity that heats electric arc furnaces.
Due to graphite's layered structure,

How a Steel Mill Works
How A Steel Mill Works
The principal consumables employed in steel production are iron ore, coal, scrap metal and electrical energy.
The importance of each of these consumables depends upon the technological processes adopted at each mill. In
a classic integrated mill, coal and iron ore are the main consumables.
In semi–integrated mills, scrap iron is the mainstay.
An integrated mill comprises four basic operations – reduction, refining, solidification, and rolling – to convert
iron ore into semi–finished or finished (rolled) steel products.
Reduction The objective is to convert iron ore – naturally occurring in the form of ferrous oxide – into pig iron.
In this operation, a coker converts coal into coke that is
then ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among these are refractories, electrodes, and alloying elements.
Refractories are materials that work as thermal isolators and are used to coat critical steel mill equipment such as
blast furnaces, ladles, and converters.
Their main function is to protect the equipment from extreme temperatures and to minimize wear and tear.
Electrodes constitute an important input in the operation of electric steel mills.
Alloying elements Metals such as zinc, tin, chrome and aluminum are employed in steel alloy production.
A steel mill uses industrial gases extensively. In addition to the jet of oxygen–fed converters in integrated mills,
oxygen is frequently injected into blast furnaces and electric furnances to improve overall operating conditions.
Given the volume of oxygen utilized, steel mills usually house one or more oxygen producing units. This used to
be integrated vertically into the steelworks themselves. However, in recent years, initiatives have been widely
employed to outsource this operation to specialized companies.
There are also non–integrated manufacturers which operate via a single processing phase: reduction or rolling.
In the first case are pig iron producers, the so–called ironers, that utilize coal in blast furnaces to make pig iron.
In the second case are the re–rollers of plates and billets acquired from integrated or

India Technological University For Projects
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are utmost thankful to Gujarat Technological University for including projects in our curriculum. We as
students have learned a lot and will continue doing so for the rest of the time period of the project. Thanks to our
internal guide Prof. Parita Giri for a search–light guidance in our project. They helped us quite for project and
report both. Special thanks to our HOD C.D. Kotawal for opening up a new way of seeing things and doing
projects. With his unflinching directions and clear mind he illuminated us. And last but not the least our parents
and friends for their patience, love and care while we dragged through this venture. For standing by us in
toughest of time, we thank them. Above all, to GOD, almighty, we bow and lay down our sincere prayers and
thank him. ABSTRACT
The project is designed to minimize penalty for industrial units by using automatic power factor correction unit
with the help of zig–bee. Power factor is defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power. This definition is
often mathematically represented as KW/KVA, where the numerator is the active (real) power and the
denominator is the (active + reactive) or apparent power. Reactive power is the non working power generated by
the magnetic and inductive loads, to generate magnetic flux. The increase in reactive power increases the
apparent power, so the power factor also decreases. Having low power factor, the industry needs

Nucor Steel Case Study
Nucor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nucor Corporation
Type Public (NYSE: NUE)
S&P 500 Component
Industry Steel & Iron
Founded 1940
Headquarters Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
Key people Daniel R. DiMicco, Chairman, CEO, & President
Revenue US$ 11.2 Billion (FY 2009)[1]
Net income US$ 293 million (FY 2009)[1]
Employees 20,400 (2010)
Website www.nucor.com
Nucor Corporation (NYSE: NUE), a Fortune 300 company headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina, is one of
the largest steel producers in the United States, and the largest of the "mini–mill" operators (those using electric
arc furnaces to melt scrap steel, as opposed to companies operating integrated steel works with blast furnaces).
Nucor claims to be North ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, Samuel Siegel, an accountant with Nuclear (and friend of Iverson) who had actively been looking to
leave the company, informed the Board of Directors he would remain with the company under two conditions:
Iverson would become President and he (Siegel) would become Chief Financial Officer, conditions the Board
quickly accepted.
[edit]The Nucor Era
Iverson and Siegel quickly reorganized Nuclear around its only profitable business, steel–fabricator Vulcraft. All
other businesses were either sold or liquidated. The company moved its headquarters yet again, this time to
Charlotte, North Carolina in 1966, to be closer to its main Vulcraft plant.
Unable to get favorable prices from American steel manufacturers, and unhappy with the imported steel
available at the time, Iverson (a metallurgist by training) decided to integrate Nuclear backwards into steel
making by building its first steel bar mill in Darlington, South Carolina in 1968. The company chose to purchase
an electric arc furnace, which was far cheaper than the traditional steel blast furnace, courtesy of a US
$6,000,000 bank loan from Wachovia. Although the early days were tough (once the American steel
manufacturers learned Nuclear was operating its own mill, they

The Steam Engine and Electricity Powered the Industrial...
The Steam Engine and Electricity Powered the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was an extremely important historical process in which the societies and cultures in
the West, and then throughout the world, transformed under the influence of technological and scientific
progress. The Western world, as industrialized as it is today, is the final result. Two major inventions, the steam
engine and electricity, were both crucial parts of the technological progress that turned the wheels of the
Industrial Revolution.
According to World History From 1500 by J. Michael Allen and James B. Allen, the Industrial Revolution could
not have happened without a new, reliable source of power (144). The steam engine became such ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1765 a brilliant Scottish inventor James Watt made a major improvement to the Newcomen's engine; the
resulting new engine required 75 percent less fuel. According to the History Channel presentation, Money and
Power, the new invention got immediate attention of a Scottish businessman Roebuck, who bought two thirds of
the patent. Later, unfortunately, the partnership fell apart, and Watt found a new partner in 1774, Matthew
Boulton. Together they built a new water pump engine in five months, and by 1776 a few of the pumps were
already in service. The new engine was far more affordable and efficient than Newcomen's engine and greatly
improved the production in the areas it was used. But more tasks were awaiting the steam engine; new machines
in various branches of industry needed power. As Egon Larsen writes in A History of Invention, "Boulton
badgered Watt to think of ways and means to convert the reciprocating movement of the engine into a rotary one
for use in factories and, later perhaps, for vehicles and ships" (37). Watt produced at least five different
solutions. So, in the last quarter of the eighteenth century, Watt's engines were running all over Britain and
abroad serving as pumps, blasting furnaces, and driving machinery in factories. As a result of these applications,
"In 1800 Great Britain was producing more coal and iron than the rest of the world combined: 12 million tons of
coal

Steel Making Methods
Steel Making Methods
| Advantages | Disadvantages | Basic Oxygen Furnaces | * Very high production rates and low residual element *
Does not burn fuel | * Good efficiency requires large amount of pig iron to continue production. * Requires
costly filtering process due to high levels of pollutants produced. * High refurbishing costs. * High dependence
on blast furnace/coking. | Electric Arc Furnaces | * Minimal emissions/pollution. * Filtering of scrap not
necessary. * Easy temperature control. * Precise alloying. * Economical to use scrap metal. * Contamination
free. * Simultaneous deep deoxidising and desulfurization actions. | * Excessive electricity required. * Requires
a steady supply of scrap ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Case Hardening Methods
Case hardening crucial for steel components that are subjected to severe or continuous impacts, high
temperatures and high pressures. It is a heat treatment process that produces the required attributes of a hard,
wear and fatigue resistant surface layer whilst maintaining a tough, durable core that allows for high stress
situations. These properties are achieved by altering the chemical, metallurgical and physical properties of the
components exterior without affecting its more ductile interior. For gears, case hardening is required to prevent
pitting and deformation of the gears teeth under cyclic stresses. This method is preferred to through hardening,
which is the uniform hardening of the entire component, as hardened metal is relatively less ductile and although
strong, would not offer the same degree of toughness desired at its core.
There are several different case hardening techniques used in the manufacturing industry. The different methods
determine which physical properties, (such as surface hardness, strength, ductility, case depth and wear
resistance) the component gets. This can be done by altering temperatures, heat source, time period, and quench
media.
Carburising
This is a diffusion–based process used on low–carbon or mild steels where a component is subjected to
thermochemical phases. The component is packed in a carbon–rich environment at high

Technology And Innovation : A Competitive Advantage
– Adaptation: to be survived, after suffer through several money–losing and facing bankruptcy, in 1964, the firm
moved forward from the nuclear industry to steel industry.
– Technology and innovation: that is the central strength of the firm, because they can reduce using of the
amount the resources as well as making plants with environment–friendly, for instance in 2005–2006, the firm
was regarded as the low–cost steel producer and technologically innovative steel producer in the USA. And
– Using energy efficient Electric Arc Furnaces and mini–mills to produce both hot and cold rolled steel. By
supplementing raw material requirements with scrap and scrap steel substitutes
– Non–stop innovations that allow Nucor to hold its technological edge in the competition. The firm is always
improving its business cycle through the use of continuing innovation as well as it was the industry leader when
it comes to innovation.
– The emphasis on cost control: To be a competitive advantage the market with little product differentiation.
Therefore, the price is the major competitive factor. One of Nucor 's core competencies is that its expertise in
remaining costs low whereby adopting technology innovation that supports in production.
– Strong & unique management philosophy, Strong and efficient leadership combined with a pool of talented
and productive workforce for instance: it had a good philosophy of empowering its worker and minimising the
inefficient levels that plagues firm, the

The Calcium Carbide Industries Incident
Introduction
We use commercial goods in our everyday lives that are made from thousands of different chemicals, but large
use of these chemicals in manufacturing industries are subject to accidental spills, fires, and explosions. The
following summary is just one example out of any where incidents have occurred at chemical manufacturing
facilities where tragedy occurred.
Calcium Carbide Industries Incident
On Monday, March 11, 2011, Carbide Industries, located in the Rubbertown area of Louisville, Kentucky,
suffered two major explosions and a fire, when water leaked into an electric arc furnace (EAF) and over
pressurized, spewing contents heated to 3800 degrees Fahrenheit. According to the U.S. Chemical Safety Board
(2013), the furnace ejected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to, training personnel to act as on–site emergency responders and communicating with the local fire
departments on identifying where responders are needed should another incident occur. As noted in the final
incident report, "a mechanical integrity program for the electric arc furnace and cover, including preventive
maintenance based on periodic inspections, and timely replacement of the furnace cover" (CBS,

The United States Steel Industry
Steel has an intricate past and present. When scientist discovered how to mass–produce steel the moment
marked the modern society's genesis. During that time, the United States Steel Corporation dominated the steel
industry. Today, the steel industry sees competition not only from native business but from abroad as well. Steel
is used in almost every major commercial load bearing structure. Combined global competition and mixed uses
has increased the need for civil engineers to conduct specialized research.
A Brave New World
The United States steel industry has a rich history. America started its love affair with steel in the mid–1800's
when Sir Henry Bessemer of England engineered what is today known as the Bessemer Process. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United States Steel Corporation led the field in steel production in early America. As of 2015, the United
States Steel Corporation is still a major player in the industry, but they also compete against giants such as the
Nucor Corporation, Steel Dynamics Incorporated, ArcelorMittal USA and AK Steel Holding Corporation and
the AK Steel Holding Corporation. In all, there are approximately 50 major steel manufacturers in the United
States. Three quarters of these manufacturers hold membership in the Steel Manufacturers Association.
Collectively, these member companies employ over a half million workers. The group works together to set
industry standards the server the interest of the public and its members. They regulate steel industry policy in
areas such as operations, environment, human resources, safety and transportation. These industry regulations
create a demand for civil engineers who can carry out these objectives.
The Role of Steel in Modern Construction
Steel is a very versatile building material. Construction companies use steel in a variety of settings. The most
notable setting is in the building construction arena. Steel serves as the backbone of some of the most strikingly
beautiful structures in the United States. Designing these buildings so that they are safe, to its occupants and the
environment is a formidable feat. These projects are so formidable that several engineers may have to work on a
single project within specialty scopes

Construction Industry Council ( Cic )
Steel has been one of the key materials for a modern society from the past to these days, while its manufacture is
one of the main contributors of carbon emission in the world. In order to drive the construction industry to apply
more sustainable materials, Construction Industry Council (CIC) has launched a voluntary and Hong Kong–
based Carbon Labelling Scheme for Construction Materials covering Cement, Reinforcing Bar, and Structural
Steel. Steel, being a very significant material in building industry in Hong Kong, has a considerable carbon
footprint throughout its life cycle.
There are two different routes of steel making, Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS) and Electric Arc Furnace
Steelmaking (EAS).
Basic Oxygen Steelmaking is a primary steelmaking method, in which convert carbon–rich molten pig iron into
steel due to oxidizing action. Oxygen was blown into the melt under a basic slag. It is the most powerful and
effective steel making method. The converter used for steel making is called as Basic Oxygen Furnace. There is
about 67% of steel in the world is produced using Basic Oxygen Steelmaking. The process of Basic Oxygen
Steelmaking was developed in 1948 by Robert Durrer and commercialized in 1952–1953 by Austrian VOEST
and ÖAMG. The modern furnace takes a charge of up to 350 tons iron and converts it into steel within 40
minutes.
The advantage of using Basic Oxygen Steelmaking is cost efficient, as it doesn't burn fuel. However, it requires
the separate creation of

Life Cycle Assessment Paper
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Life–cycle assessment is a tool for systematically analyzing environmental
performance of products or processes over their entire life cycle, including raw material
extraction, manufacturing, use, and end–of–life (EOL) disposal and recycling (Cabeza et.al.
2013). Hence, LCA is often considered a "cradle to grave" approach to the evaluation of
environmental impact.
The concept of life cycle studies has been developed over the years, mainly in the
70's and 80's. Moreover, life cycle studies had focused on the quantification of energy and
materials used and wastes released into the environment throughout the life cycle. With the
current push toward sustainable construction, LCA has gained importance as an ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, it also
includes Sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons carbon monoxide and
hydrogen fluoride.

External Analysis Tools Pest, Porter 's Five Forces And...
1. The industry which Nucor operates can be described using the external analysis tools PEST, Porter's Five
Forces and Major Strategic Groups.
Environmental Analysis – PEST
Political
State Tax Breaks: In the U.S., when a manufacturing firm is looking for a new location to set up operations,
there is a large incentive for local governments to offer large tax credits towards the organization in order to
entice them to locate within their region. This is because the jobs that a manufacturing plant brings greatly
improve the prosperity of the region. An example of the tax breaks available is when Nucor opened a steel mill
in North Carolina costing $300 Million, Hertford County offered Nucor $155 Million in tax breaks to bring 300
jobs to the region.
Anti–Dumping Tariffs: During the early 2000's, U.S. Steel prices were plummeting to 20–year lows and all but
the two largest manufacturers were posting losses. In 2001, Bush posted anti–dumping tariffs in order to protect
the US steel industry from bankruptcy. While this upset the World Trade Organization, steel prices began to
recover in 2002 and 2003 until Bush withdrew the tariff. In addition, China imposed their own three–year tariff
on Imports which improve steel prices as well.
Economic
Rising Energy and Ore Prices: Energy and ore prices have continued to increase, threatening integrated mill
producers. In addition, U.S. steel scrap prices have been increasing, affecting mini–mill producers the same.
With these

The Steel Industry in the USA
The Steel Industry in the USA Steel has been part of the greatest achievements in history. It was the "iron horse"
and steel rails that helped carve a nation out of the frontier. Steel is the backbone of bridges, the skeleton of
skyscrapers and the framework of automobiles. Now in the 21st century, it is still revolutionizing the way we
live. It is high strength frames for eyeglasses; it is a strong durable frame in housing and it's precise surgical
instruments used in hospital operating rooms around the world. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the workers, modernization has meant learning new skills to operate sophisticated equipment. Competition
also has resulted in increasing specialization of steel production as various producers attempt to capture different
niches in the market. As international and domestic competition continue for U. S steel producers, the nature of
the industry and the jobs of its workers are expected to continue to change.
Domestic steel prices declined significantly during 1998 and 1999, allegedly because of dumping of subsidized,
low–priced steel products onto the U.S market by foreign producers. The steel industry appealed to the
Government for vigorous enforcement of trade laws in response to the alleged dumping and received support
from the U.S. Department of Commerce in the form of antidumping duty margins against several countries.
Later, the International Trade Commission ruled against the industry claiming that the industry did not suffer
irreparable damage from the extra imports. (4)
The U. S Antidumping Act of September 8, 1916 allows civil actions and criminal proceedings to be brought
against importers who "commonly and systematically' have imported or sold foreign–produced goods in the
United States at prices which are 'substantially less' than the prices at which the same products are sold in a
relevant foreign market, provided that such action is

Pcb Case Study
Association between blood levels of PCDDs/PCDFs/dioxin–like PCBs and history of allergic and other disease
in the Japanese population
Nakamoto et al. conducted a cross–sectional study on over 2000 Japanese women and men exposed to
background, rather than occupational or war–time, levels of dioxins including PCDDs, PCDFs, dioxin–like
PCBs. Dioxins in this study were likely present because of combustion of chlorinated materials and older
manufactured electronics components. The study participants lived in urban areas, farming and fishing villages
for at least ten consecutive years and had no concomitant occupational exposure to dioxins. They had a mean
age of 43.5 ± 13.6 years in men and 45.3 ± 14.0 years in women. Participants volunteered ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The study showed a non–complicated hypertension risk ratio of 2.23 and an RR of 2.01 in cases of complicated
hypertension, defined as hypertension with organ damage (17). Circulating levels of p,p'–DDE are related to
prevalent hypertension in the elderly
This study included 1016 participants who were ethnically–Caucasian men and women aged 70 or older living
in Uppsala, Sweden. Average supine blood pressure was calculated via three sphygmomanometer measurements
after 30 minutes of rest. Lind et al. measured a set of 23 POPs in the serum using high–resolution
chromatography/ high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS), including 16 PCB congeners, 5 OC
pesticides, OCDD, and one brominated biphenyl ether congener, and lipid normalized the values. They used a
logistic regression model to assess POP levels and prevalent hypertension, defined as measured BP ≥ 140/90
mmHg or use of antihypertensives, adjusting for gender, BMI, smoking status, exercise, and education.
Circulating lipid–normalized POP levels PCB 180, 138, 170, and 1,1–Dichloro–2,2–bis(4–dichlordiphenyl)
ethylene (DDE) were among the highest of the COIs. They did not find a clear relationship between TEQ and
hypertension, and with

Power Quality Audit In Electrical Utilities. (User Defined
POWER QUALITY AUDIT IN ELECTRICAL UTILITIES
(User Defined Project)
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
Nirav Patel (130990109035)
Kenil Gandhi (130990109009)
Digpal Mahida (130990109020)
Guided by
Mr. Praful P. Chudasama
Head, Dept. of Electrical Engineering
In fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SHROFF S.R. ROTARY INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, VATARIA
Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad
SHROFF S.R. ROTARY INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, VATARIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Date:
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled "POWER QUALITY ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chudasama
Head of Dept.
Dept. of Electrical Engg.
Head of Department
Dept. of Electrical Engg. Praful P. Chudasama Acknowledgement
"Acknowledgment is an art, one can write glib stanzas
Without meaning a word on the other hand one Can make a simple expression of gratitude."
We convey our heartfelt gratitude to all the respected ones from whom we have got considerable support and
encouragement during the Project work session of semester 7th. It is the matter of appreciating the respected,
highly esteemed and the knowledgeable devoted guides of College.

We would hereby like to express our profound sense of gratitude to Mr. Praful P. Chudasama, Head–Department
of Electrical Engineering, SRICT for being our project internal guide, who guided us through the project also
gave valuable suggestions and guidance for completion of the part of project in semester 7.
Respected guide helped us to understand the intricate issues involved in project doing besides effectively
presenting it. These intricacies would have been lost otherwise.

Nucor's Company Culture
Nucor has followed a low–cost provider strategy that permeates throughout Nucor's company culture. There are
no company planes or cars, executives have modestly furnished offices, there are no reserved parking spaces, no
company–paid country club memberships, or other perks. Former CEO Ken Iverson flew coach class and even
took the subway in New York City to set an example for the rest of the organization. Nucor boasts a lean
organizational structure with incentive–laden compensation systems and highly efficient steel mills, all with the
purpose of keeping costs down. Nucor's cost leadership strategy is built upon superior technology. They have
made substantial investments in their 23 steel mills to maximize manufacturing efficiency and minimize

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Flexible AC Transmission...
A Power system is an connection of generators to load centres. Through H.V. electrical lines & in general is
controlled mechanically. It can be divided into 3 subsystems: Generation, X'mission and Distribution–systems.
The electric power demand is Growing and building of new generating units & transmission circuits is becoming
difficult because of environmental & economic reasons. So, power utilities are forced to depend on utilization of
existing generating units and to load existing lines close to their heating limits.
In 1980s the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has introduced a new technology program known as
Flexible AC Transmission System (FATCS).
Idea of program was to increase controllability and optimization of utilization ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The current has larger values for lower and higher values of excitation. In between, the current has minimum
value corresponding to a particular excitation. The variations of I with excitation are known as V curves.
For the same mechanical load, the armature current varies with field excitation over a wide range. When over–
excited, the motor supplies vars to the grid and when under–excited it absorbs vars from the grid.
Disadvantages of Sync Condensers:
Considerable losses in the motor.
Maintenance cost is high due to rotating component.
At low power rating the cost is high compared to static capacitors method.
As the synchronous equipment is not self–starting, so extra excitation equipment is needed for that purpose.
Hence we opt to use the SVCS instead of Synchronous Condensers.
2.3 STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR–
Static VAR compensator– it's a set of devices to provide fast–acting reactive power on high–voltage electricity
X'mission networks. SVCs are part of the FACTS family, regulating voltage, power factor; harmonics &
stabilizing the system. SVC has no significant moving parts (except internal switchgear).
SVC is an automated impedance matching device. SVCs are used for:
Connected to the power system, to regulate the transmission voltage ("Transmission

Basics Of Steel Making : Oxygen Steelmaking And Electric...
As mentioned in the introductory part, there are two basics of steel making: oxygen steelmaking and electric arc
furnace. Steel manufacturing sites, sometimes–called integrated sites, use blast furnace to refine iron ore into
steel. The most basic process applied by most steel manufacturing companies if the Basic Oxygen Furnace to
change iron into steel. At the site of production, liquid iron flows into the BOF section where pure oxygen is
blown into the iron at very high speed. The oxygen comes in through a lance put at the entrance of the BOF. This
oxygen serves to eliminate carbon and other impurities. The next step involves the addition of lime and certain
fluxes to transform it into a liquid slag that absorbs impurities. Addition of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The second basic in steel making is electric steelmaking. In this process, there is the employment of electric arc
furnaces. The type of furnace takes steel scrap, DRI, HBI, or pig iron as mentioned in the introduction. These
forms of iron are solid; therefore, an electric arc furnace melts them to produce steel. In the EAF, electricity is
the main source of energy used to melt steel scrap (Engineer 's Handbook, 2004). Some furnaces may use
oxygen, carbon and hydrocarbon fuels to speed up the process. In this process, there is no need to remove much
carbon, as is the case in the BOF process. However, some impurities should be removed to increase the purity of
the final steel produced. Regardless of the process used in steel making: integrated sites or EAF, the most
important thing is the economics, location or history. Available literature shows that at the beginning of
steelmaking, there was evidently little scrap traces. However, in today's production, it is hard to meet the
demands for steel. The implication is that depletion is taking effect in steelmaking processes.
Secondary Steelmaking Process Essentially, steel produced using the two processes discussed initially is the
same except for minimal differences that are crucial only in special grades. These procedures of steelmaking are
a bit different at the secondary stages of steelmaking. Secondary stages are called ladle metallurgy. The process
happens after the tapping the crude steel from the BOF or EAF

Structural Steel And Sustainability Of Construction Materials
Structural Steel and Sustainability The sustainability of construction materials is a huge topic in today's world of
engineering. Finding a way to improve the efficiency, costs, and environmental impact of construction is a key
discussion topic. When it comes to structural steel being used today, our society is pushing towards the use of
"green" steel. This term is used to represent the life cycle of steel as well as the production of structural steel.
While most construction materials differ significantly from one another, structural steel is manufactured from
recycled materials, but only at a limited number of locations. Another important aspect of green steel is the
cradle–to–cradle process that it goes through. The cradle–to–cradle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over ninety percent of structural steel is able to be obtained from recycled materials; only two percent of steel
goes into landfills after the use of its lifetime, while the other ninety–eight percent is used again for other
buildings and needs. One thing to keep in mind is that once the steel is recycled, it does not lose any of its
attributes and is not considered to be down–cycled. Structural steel is able to maintain all of it characteristics and
can be used to build just about anything. Not only do buildings being constructed today have recycled steel from
old structures, but they can also contain material from old vehicles and appliances. A very important component
of recycling structural steel is mill production. The cradle–to–cradle nature of steel has caused an increase in
efficiency and waste utilization of steel mills. The recycling process has improved so much over the years that
we are even able to capture the dust that is produced in the process and in turn use it to our advantage. Mill
production has become very efficient and will only improve as our electric grid improves. As the electric grids
across the United States become more renewable, we will in turn be able to decrease the carbon footprint left
behind by steel production. Since 1980, we have been able to produce the same amount of steel at almost twelve
hours faster. Today we are able to produce

Nucor Corporation
NUCOR COrp. | Final Report | Submitted to Dr. Vitton | | Nick Pickard, Kyle Nelson, Nathan Elness – Team 6 |
11/27/2012 |
Completed as a partial requirement for Mgmt 475: Strategic Management in the 11:00 AM Section. |
Table of Contents: Introduction. 2
Industry Analysis.....................................................................................................................................................3
Marketing....................................................................................................................................................................6
Production/Operations.............................................................................................................................................9
Financial
Analysis.....................................................................................................................................................14
Appendixes:
A. Works Cited 17
B. SWOT
Analysis.....................................................................................................................................................18
C. Nucor Ratio ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Boyd, 2000) Another trend is the growing demand for scrap metal. In 1994 prices jumped from 50–170$ per ton
with 10 percent of scrap metal being exported to offshore customers according to metalprices.com. Now
currently scrap metal is near $300/ton. This makes it more expensive for steel companies like Nucor to buy back
the steel and recycle it.
–Other notable trends involve European production as well as new Antidumping rulings.
Industry Key success factors
To be successful in the steel industry a company must be very innovative and able to differentiate their products
from the next guy. Steel is steel and it is not important as to how it is packaged or how it looks but whether it
serves the customer's needs. In order to be successful production must be efficient, delivery must be on time, and
innovation is the key.
Competition
Being a steel manufacturer there is a lot of competition that Nucor faces. U.S. Steel and Alcoa are two large
competitors with similar financial figures and both are ranked between 100 and 200 on the Fortune 500
company list. Below are some financial ratio comparisons between Nucor and these top two competitors.
Industry financial ratios
Industry averages for metal manufacturer/distributors
*Current: 2.1 Quick: 1.2 Inventory Turnover: 7.1 Return on Total Assets: 9.8 Cash Flow to Total Debt: .2
*Numbers are from the Almanac of Business and Industrial Financial Ratios
Nucor vs.

Novel Signal Processing For Fast Fault Detection
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT "Novel Signal Processing For Fast Fault Detection"
UNDER SUPERVISION OF:
Mr. Sandeep Kharate Larsen & Toubro Limited
Electrical & Automation
L&T Business Park
Gate 5, TC–2, Level 7,
Powai Campus, Saki Vihar Road,
Mumbai 400 072, INDIA
Submitted by:
NIKHIL KUMAR SHARMA
B.TECH. IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING WITH M.TECH. IN POWER ELECTRONICS
ENROLLMENT NO.–12212006 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROORKEE
Acknowledgement
We cannot achieve anything worthwhile in the field of technical education unless or until the theoretical
education acquired in the classroom is effectively wedded to its practical approach that is taking place in the
modern industries and research institutes. It gives who were associated with our training at Larsen & Toubro
Limited.
First of all thankful to Larsen & Toubro Limited for providing me with an opportunity to undergo my training at
Larsen & Toubro Limited, Electrical & Automation, Powai Campus.
I express my gratitude to L&T authorities for allowing me to undergo our training in this prestigious
organization. My most thanks to Mr. Sandeep Kharate, Mr. Kedar Purandare and Ms. Swati Tandon, L&T,
Powai without their kind & best benedictions this training work would have been impossible. I will always
remain indebted to them for their constant interest & excellent gratitude in this project work. Moreover for
providing me an opportunity to work gain experience.
Ms. Swati

Iron & Steel Industry in India
The objectives of the study are as follows: To analyze the top and bottom five Iron and Steel Industries in India
Analyzing the trend of key ratios across the top and bottom five Iron and Steel companies in India Finding the
factors responsible in the production of Iron and Steel To analyze the data of the associated factors and finding a
model for demand in Indian Iron and Steel Industry in 2010 Overview The steel industry is a dynamic,
innovative sector, which is constantly adapting and refining itself to become more competitive in the market.
The industry does this by developing new, improved steel grades and production procedures that produce better
and more cost–effective product lines for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the 1973–4 oil crisis put a brake on the fast pace of steel production growth and further led the global
steel industry into a transformation era lasting two decades. The period 1975–2000 was characterized by
production stagnation, in terms of scale, and structural transformation driven by widespread technological
innovation which created 75% of the categories of steel products used today. Current Global Scenario In the year
2000, the World Crude Steel production was 848 million tonnes, showing an impressive growth of 7.6% over the
previous year. The world steel consumption also rose by almost 8%. The international steel trade constituted
around 303 million tons or 40.5% of the production. In 2001 and 2002, world crude steel production was 833.70
million tonnes and 886.70 million tonnes, respectively. The following significant developments have been
witnessed recently in the global steel scenario: There has been a spate of mergers and acquisitions all over the
world in the steel industry. This is a relatively new development in the steel industry and is not confined only to
companies within the same country but often involved cross border acquisitions and mergers. China has
emerged as the most vibrant market for steel production and consumption. The crisis of excess capacity and

Components Of Engineering Design And Analysis
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. ENGINEERING MATERIALS Materials are an important aspect of
engineering design and analysis. The importance of engineering materials can be noted from the fact that
historical ages have been named after materials. Materials Science forms the basic foundation for engineers in
product development because the structures, components, and devices that design are limited by the properties
of the materials. In the customer driven competitive business environment, the product quality is of paramount
importance [1]. The product or end application quality has been found to be influenced by the engineering
design, type of materials selected and the processing technology employed. Therefore, the importance of
engineering materials and their process techniques are art of today's engineering world. There are wide
categories of materials available which have shown their potential in various engineering applications ranging
from aerospace to household. The materials are usually selected by considering their properties, specific
application areas, advantages and limitations. The challenge for designers is to select an optimal material
suitable for the specific design requirements. The complex design need in modern science generally lead to
development of newer materials to meet the specific operating conditions and regimes [1]. The new materials are
today developed from the conventional materials by both structural and surface (extrinsic) modifications. In

The Iron Metal Of Steel
Introduction
Stainless Steel is a generic term for a large family of corrosion resistant alloys from iron (FE), are containing
carbon (C) and chromium and may contain other alloying elements to get different properties of steel like
Nickels, Molybdenum, Titanium and Manganese.
Steel metal is the most common and most widely used in major construction industries because it 's can be
malleability to sheets, beams and bars, and also its very god to transfer the heat, electric and liable to
Magnetization.
There are no limited period on the discovery of steel, but the period since 300 BC _ 200 BC is a period in which
the human use of mild of steel , it's been industries, home tools, war and hunting tools such as swords and
shields.
The modern ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With over 11% chromium, steel is about 200 times more resistant to corrosion than mild steel. These steels can
be divided into five type
Stainless steels can be divided into five categories:
1. Martensitic Stainless Steels:
These alloys have a chromium content that ranges from 11.50 to 18.00%. They have relatively high carbon
content from 0.15 to 1.20% compared to other stainless steels and molybdenum can also be used. These grades
can be hardened through heat treatment to offer strength and hardness. They are magnetic. The common uses are
knife blades, surgical instruments, shafts.
2. Ferritic Stainless Steel:
Alloys In ferritic grades, carbon is kept to low levels (C<0.08%) and the chromium content can range from10.50
to 30.00%. only chromium is present as the main metallic alloying element. Common uses are automotive
exhaust systems (11.00%Cr), automotive trim (17.00%Cr–1.50%Mo), hot water tanks (18.00%Cr–2.00%Mo–
Ti).
3. Austenitic Stainless Steels:
Alloys In austenitic grades, carbon is usually kept to low levels (C < 0.08%). Chromium content ranges from
16.00 to 28.00% and nickel content ranges from 3.50 to 32.00%. This chemical composition allows them to
maintain an austenitic structure from cryogenic temperatures up to the melting point of the alloy. These alloys
cannot be hardened through heat treatment. The key properties of these types of stainless steel are excellent
corrosion resistance, ductility and

Welding History
History of Welding The history of welding has traveled from all around the world and has improved so
much.Welding has believe to have started from 4000 B.C. and is still going on right now. The people that are
making these tools are called Blacksmith and still are called that right now even from many years ago.The role
of the Blacksmith was very diverse on how it was not just called a toolmaker but a dentist, or a doctor.The
Blacksmith was at the heart of every country and was often thought as a magician, due mostly to his great
understanding the mastery of the iron working and the ability to understand the metallurgy of that iron he used to
get the result he wants. The Blacksmith made many type of tools and other objects out of metal.

The Physics Of Welding Process
WELDING PROCESS
Overview:
It is defined as a process of joining two pieces of metals by heating the metal at high temperature which results
in softening or melting of metals. There are various other ways of welding, they are as follows:
With or without application of pressure.
With or without the use of filling metals (Melting point is 800º F)
There is a tremendous progress in recent times over the new methods, applications and systems for welding.
HISTORY OF METAL WORKING:
This processes are practiced since the humans began to found that they could shape rocks by chipping them with
other rocks. The first metal which were used by early human beings was copper that is Ductile (It can be easily
bend or drawn, hammered). The welding technology began 3000 years ago in Egypt (4000 B.C and USA before
2000 B.C). The Old Testaments which were recovered from the earth's crust reflects the use of Forged metals,
bronze and iron metals. In between 3000 and 2000 B.C Bronze metal was developed and Iron came into
existence several thousand years after the invention of copper. Philistine recovered four iron furnaces of 1300
B.C this was the same metals used in production of swords, chisels, daggers and spearheads. Egyptian began
making iron tools during 900 to 850 B.C, they replaced usage of bronze in various manufacturing applications
with iron after 800 B.C.
INTRODUCTION:
Welding is a process of joining two different materials, the large bulk of materials which are welded together

Lehigh Steel
[pic]
Managerial Accounting and Control–II
Case: Lehigh Steel
Date of submission: 16 December 2011
Sec: E Group: 4
Group Members:
Anand Muralidharan
Divay Manhas
Nallaballe Mayur
Dharmendra S
Sumit Kumar Saha
Susmita Lakra
Sangana Vinod Babu
Executive Summary:
Lehigh Steel is a company specialised in the production of specialty steels for high strength, high use
applications. In 1988 the company experienced record profits, but then in 1991, it reported record losses due to
the decreasing demand as a result of recession. After the crisis, the demand rose again, but Lehigh Steel could
not transform its revenue into profits. Therefore the management at Lehigh decided to rationalize the product
mix to address the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cost was a significant competitive weapon in determining share and profits. Efficient short production runs were
required in order to avoid inventory build up of customized products. Industry profitability fluctuated widely
ranging from –16.7% to 5.0%.
1.3 Market and Products:
Customers were classified into 33 market segments ranging from original equipment manufacturers to forge
shops, distributors to metal workers.
Lehigh had 7 product lines – Alloy, Bearing, Conversion, Corrosion, Die Steel, High Speed and High Temp – of
which three – Alloy, Die Steel and High Speed comprised 70% of sales.
Die steel was steel strengthened for use in machine dies and molds.

High speed products served endurance applications, such as mental cutting and punching, and were narrower in
focus.
Alloys were used in aerospace frames, landing gears, missile cases and fasteners.
Lehigh also carried niche products lines – Bearing, Corrosion and High temp – whose volume fluctuated with
market conditions.
Conversion process was also carried out which involved the processing the non Lehigh owned materials on the
CRM. The company product hierarchy was in the following order: product lines, grades, shapes, SKUs.
1.4 Production Operations:
Scrap steel was the primary raw material which was recycled.
Production process involved 6 steps:
1. Melting: The scrap compound was melted in the Electric Arc Furnace, where

The Patent Infringement And The Judicial Present Situation
5.China's patent indirect infringement system legislation and the judicial present situation
As mentioned above, China has not set up the patent indirect infringement system, but the debate on the doctrine
of indirect infringement of patent has been going on for many years.
5.3 indirect infringement of patent in judicial practice
Phenomenons of indirect patent infringement in China have become increasingly serious, however，as
mentioned above，the system of indirect infringement is not prescribed in Chinese patent law, therefore，
although there have been a number of judicial practice of indirect patent infringement cases, there are still no
general rules， the trial basis of indirect patent infringement cases in courts across the country is inconsistent.
Many judges use Article 130 of the General Principles of the Civil Law and Article 148 of the Supreme People 's
Court 's (SPC) Opinions on Several Issues Relating to the Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil
Law as trial basis, while others follow indirect infringement of patent principles directly to judge infringement.
Three particular cases will be described in detail below.
5.3.1 Case1: Taiyuan Heavy Machinery Plant v. Taiyuan Electronic System Engineering Corporation
In this case, The plaintiff , Taiyuan Heavy Machinery Plant (HMP) was offered an utility model patent
ZL85203717 of "magnetic–mirror type direct current electric arc furnace" in August 1986. In February 1992,
one of HMP's service inventors

Global Warming And Its Effects On The Environment Essay
There's no argument about it now, global warming exists and is a problem. More and more people are becoming
concerned with greenhouse gases' effects on the environment as well as humans' effects on the environment
through our carbon footprint. Many activities humans participate in help add to the greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere and increase the size and the effect of the carbon footprint humanity is leaving behind. The carbon
footprint is the amount of carbon the humans create as waste through many processes such as the burning of
fossil fuels and more. Recycling is one of the first ideas used to combat pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
However, many people still argue recycling's effectiveness and whether the processes are helping and if the
processes are worth the money. Recycling helps reduce the carbon footprint by reusing multiple types of
materials, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, as well as creating alternative sources of energy. Recycling's main
idea is to reuse materials from past products that were already created and are no longer used or just the simple
reuse of a product the way it is. The recycling of old materials reduces the need to create or harvest raw
materials in which both of those processes release large amounts of greenhouse gases. Most people know of
recycling paper and plastic, but many more types of materials can be reused like metals and textiles. B. Zamani,
M. Svanström, G. Peters, and T. Rydberg (2015) state that "the reuse of

Nucor Case Analysis Essay
Nucor Corporation Case Analysis
Section 1: Recommendations
Recommendation 1: To expand more internationally by building plants in lower property taxed areas with low
tariffs to ship products out.
Recommendation 2: To put in place job descriptions for employees. By doing this it will save Nucor litigation
fees and troubles if something arises in the workplace between the employee and Nucor about job duties,
injuries, etc.
Recommendation 3: Other than expanding internationally, Nucor should make joint ventures with suppliers to
keep the cost down of the product. A lot of scrap that is used is imported so it would be a good idea for Nucor to
utilize that to reduce costs of making their products.
Section 2: Problem(s)
Even ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another recommendation that I have for Nucor is instead of buying existing plant capacity, make new plants
elsewhere or form a joint venture with a supplier to help save money. (Exhibit 3) This would decrease cost of
supplies so they would have the extra money to build elsewhere or build a ne plant. By using the SWOT analysis
(Exhibit 1) it let me break up Nucor into different parts to see what their strengths and weaknesses are. Nucor is
solid with technology and treating the employees correct but the weaknesses that affect Nucor are more market
based with some internal problems. Nucor has products for many different industries including automotive and
housing. This can cause issues for Nucor if those industries take a fall, which they have over the last 5 years. It's
a good idea to be in these industries but Nucor has to realize what can happen to sales and revenues when one or
both of those industries take a fall. Nucor has been expanding more in the United States, recently just building a
plant in Louisiana (Exhibit 5). This plant will be a 750 million dollar purchase and will be a mill for pig iron.
Nucor is expanding all over the United States but needs more presence internationally plan and simple. Nucor is
a solid company with shareholder equity increasing each year; they have a solid stock in the NASDAQ market
and continue to be a healthy steel company. They can and will

Steel Industry
Analysis of Indian Steel Industry
Submitted by: Purvi Tibrewalla Roll 146, Sec B.
Submitted to: Ms. Paramita Sarkar
1
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work presented in this Project entitled "Analysis of Indian Steel Industry" submitted to
Ms. Paramita Sarkar full–time faculty at Smt. J.D.Birla Institute (Department of Management), Kolkata is an
authentic record of my original work. The total word count of this paper is 18113 words.
Purvi Tiberewalla
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
"A student is always incomplete without the guidance of his teachers."
The successful completion of a task is incomplete without mentioning the name of the person who extended his
help and support in making it a success. Firstly, I would like ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
20 III.2. Steel production processes ................................................................................. 22 III.3. Types of steel
....................................................................................................... 24 III.4. Components of the cost of production
.............................................................. 25 IV. Institutional Design
............................................................................................... 27 IV.1. Introduction
........................................................................................................ 27 IV.2. Policy regime for the Steel sector in
India........................................................ 28
5
IV.3. Role of Government ........................................................................................... 29 V. Performance of the
Indian Steel Industry ............................................................ 30 V.1. Production of Steel
............................................................................................... 30 V.2. Steel Producers In India
...................................................................................... 32 V.3. Export and Import Of Steel
................................................................................ 33 VI. Industry Analysis36 VI.1. Michael Porter's Five Forces
Model

Essay on Nucor Case Analysis
Nucor Corporation – Case Study and Recommendations on Strategy
Nucor Corporation – Case Study and Recommendations on Strategy
Introduction
Nucor Corporation: Competing against Low Cost Steel imports deals with leading steel manufacturer Nucor
Corporation and trends in the steel industry affecting Nucor. Steel manufacturing is an old business, but is
currently facing the fast changes associated with new technologies, the rise of globalization, and changes in cost
and efficiency. To date, Nucor has maneuvered business cycles and market challenges to maintain a positive
profit margin in every quarter since 1966 (Thompson, 2008). The company's strategy of decentralized structure,
focus on disruptive technology, unique employee engagement ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The increased level of empowerment allows each division manger control over day–to–day decisions that will
increase profitability. This key success factor contributes to mitigating threats related to price and cost including
the cyclical nature of industry, raw material cost, and low cost competitors.
Strong Employee Relations – Nucor's employee relations practices were a key factor in their successful growth
through the ability to produce steel at margins that could compete with imports. Perhaps Nucor's most important
key factor of success, the building of successful employee relations is more difficult to imitate by competitors
than tangible business factors.
Use of Disruptive Technology – Nucor has an extremely a strong technological focus. Their introduction of the
mini–mill has proven to be industry changing with the manufacture of raw sheet for the auto industry.
Additionally Nucor introduced the first electric arc furnace, continuous casting, the process to avoid reheating
billits, and the twin shell furnace. The value added by Nucor technology in mitigating threats is proven by a high
sales volume and steady profits.
Strong leadership – While Nucor did have a decentralized management structure, it relied heavily on the aligned
visions of managers under the charismatic leadership of Ken Iverson. The company

Work Study And Observation Of The Methods Of Carrying Out...

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Work Study And Observation Of The Methods Of Carrying Out...

Similar to Work Study And Observation Of The Methods Of Carrying Out... (14)

More from Jill Baldwin

More from Jill Baldwin (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Work Study And Observation Of The Methods Of Carrying Out...