Environmental Sustainability United States

Environmental Sustainability United States
Olawunmi Ibraheem
Cosc 110
Environmental Sustainability in the United State
Professor Timothy Oladunni
4/27/17
Environmental sustainability is the rates of renewable resource harvest, pollution creation, and non–renewable resource depletion that can be continued
indefinitely. If they cannot be continued indefinitely then they are not sustainable (Daly 1990). It is a state in which the demands on the environment
can be met without reducing its capacity to allow all people to live well, now and in the future. The question here is whether the United States is
environmentally sustained, my answer would be yes, to the best of their ability. In order to do this, they are environmental sustainability laws in the
United States which include ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The goal of environmental sustainability is to conserve natural resources and to develop alternate sources of power while reducing pollution and harm to
the environment (Rinkesh 2009). Their mission is to promote sustainable engineered systems that supports human well–being and that are also
compatible with sustaining natural environmental systems in other words, environmental sustainability in the United States ensures that incorporating
preservation areas and contributing to the overall preservation of a different wetland area that the damage is balanced out. It argues that the local
economic benefits will lead to more funding to create environmental protection areas elsewhere.
Why is environmental sustainability important in the United States? Environmental sustainability in the United States is extremely important because
it sets a balance between the needs of a growing and changing population and the ability of natural resources to support growth. Environmental
sustainable helps support smart growth, retain residents in our county and preserve opportunities for future generations. Environmental sustainability is
important because humans tend to be bad at systems thinking. Environmental sustainability professionals are employed to help balance, or improve,
the human role in environmental
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The Economic, Economic And Economic Value Of Biodiversity
According to the National Geographic, a recent scientific study predicts that our planet is home to 8.7 million species; however, only about 1.2
million species are known (86 Percent of Earth's Species Still Unknown?). The National Wildlife Federation defines biodiversity as, "the variety of
life" (What is Biodiversity?). It can be studied on a small scale, for example, species, or a larger scale such as genetics and ecology. In order to fully
understand the biodiversity of a certain species, it's imperative to understand both their genes and environment, as well. Although many people do not
recognize the various species within our ecosystem as important, they are the main reason life is sustainable. Biodiversity has extreme fundamental
value to a healthy life and ecosystem. It is the framework upon which we rely for our needs and well–being. It provides us with food resources, such as
fruits and grains, as well as meat, fish, and milk products. Humans are dependent on biodiversity for cultural, economic and environmental stability.
For example, farmers rely on bees to pollinate their crops, which allows for a greater supply of food and work. The economic value of biodiversity
stems from its production of many everyday essentials such as food supplies, medicine, and raw materials. A healthy ecosystem can provide us with a
source of clean water, fresh food, and clean air (Value of Biodiversity). A healthy ecosystem can also withstand disasters and recover sooner. These are

How Urbanisation Significantly Influences Bird Communities...
INTRODUCTION
The most drastic influences of human modifications result from urbanisation, a progression characterised by human disturbance, buildings and other
artificial infrastructure (Hahs and McDonnell 2006). Such modifications have significant effects on biodiversity, often with little thought being given to
the long term effects and ways of mitigating them.
In most cases, human alteration of the environment has reduced biological diversity by replacing the native flora with new ecological spaces.
However, urbanization, especially in suburbia, can introduce many new resources (McDonnell and Pickett 1990; Pickett et al. 2001) which coexist
with the natural biota and increases diversity of avifauna in semi–urban environments. It is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These sites varied from industrial/urban areas to native vegetation hotspots, parklands and residential areas. At each site the "standardised search" bird
survey method was used (Watson 2003)– with the boundaries of the designated patch provided, the area was searched for any birds present (on
ground, in trees or in flight). Each detection was recorded according to their species, number observed and the time observed. This process continued
until no new species was sighted for 20 minutes. Any observations about the site's vegetation, man–made infrastructure and number of large native trees
(over 50 cm wide) were noted.
Then, a polygon was created for the shape of each site using Daft Logic (http://www.daftlogic.com/projects–google–maps–area–calculator–tool.htm)
and converted into a KML file (using http://converter.mygeodata.eu/) where the .shp file was opened in i–Tree Canopy (http://www.itreetools.org
/canopy/index.php). The site's landscape features and coverage were characterised according to the categories: trees/shrubs, impermeable surfaces,
grass, water and soil/bare ground with 20 random sampling points used per hectare. This was also conducted for the surrounding landscape (a 250 m
radius around centre of site). All coverage data was collated and cross–examined to explore the similarities and difference in bird diversity and richness.
RESULTS
A total of 218 birds

Persuasive Essay On Rights Of Nature
Cedric Quintana
Prof Cassidy Litle
Eng 122–008
July 15, 2017
Rights of Nature
We must take care of our environment by continually educating our youth on natural selection and the four laws of ecology, and supporting
environmental movements that recognize the rights of nature.
Impacts of climate change are increasingly felt by Earth's inhabitants including us, humans. The current warming, which is only one degree Celsius, has
affected different ecological processes such as "species' genetics, seasonal response, overall distribution, and even morphology" (Hance). Species are
suddenly disappearing. A study conducted by "PLOS Biology found that more than 450 plants and animals have undergone local extinctions due to
climate change" (Hance). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Martin)
We still should maintain that the ecosystem consists of living species, which in their nature have the right to evolve. Significantly, in 2008 Ecuador
granted a statutory right on nature in which a sustainable model of progress guarantees the "conservation of biodiversity and the recovering capacity of
ecosystems.
For example, "fish and other species in a river may be recognized as having the right to exist and evolve" (Martin). Ecologists are then pursuing legal
protection of nature's right to evolve. This is an appropriate response to Darwin's implications of natural selection. But why such law does not seize the
attention of the global audience?
Ecuador, Bolivia, and Argentina are the only countries, so far, which embrace the right of nature to evolve (Laitos). Instead, we misuse natural
resources which results in health–issues and pollution (Laitos). We also accelerate the nature's course toevolution through artificial selection or
selective breeding.
Artificial selection gets in the development of nature, which in turn produces lesser quality of a species. As Darwin puts it: "How fleeting are the

wishes and efforts of man!", "How short his time, and consequently how poor will his products be, compared with those accumulated by nature during
whole geological periods." (Martin)
In other words, we weaken the art of nature. We selfishly only look at our own interest. Our own

Meaning Of Circular Economy
CIRCULAR ECONOMY
NAME: Siddharth Shukla
STUDENT ID:500491513 Bangor Business School
Date:8th December 2017
ASB–4413 INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC MANAGMENT
A Report Analysis on the Circular Economy using innovative ideas and different case studies of manufacturing and service sector.
CONTENTS
Executive summary
Introduction
Definition
"A Circular economy as a regenerative system in which resource input and waste, emission, and energy leakage are minimized by slowing, closing, and
narrowing material and energy loops. This can be achieved through long–lasting design, maintenance, repair, reuse, remanufacturing, refurbishing, and
recycling." (Martin Geissdoerfer a, 2017)
Concept
We can state that in "Circular economy" utilizing old merchandise and utilizing crude material which is as waste, and it can be replicated and reused
by reusing the item by utilizing the imaginative thoughts remembering that it doesn't influence the earth. This will help everyone to spare cash and it
will give steady employment to individuals to work more in up and coming future. As we probably are aware we are in the new time of the business
world as individuals are presently moving from paper cash to plastic cash and it is the change time frame for the world economy. Along these lines,
same applies to our items as they require some change on the grounds that the entire world is moving towards the cutting–edge world. "Looking beyond

the current [take, make and dispose] extractive industrial model, the circular economy is restorative and regenerative by design". (1.macarthur,
2017) The circular economy can be explained as using raw materials, recycle it and use new technologies to make more efficient so that our
product can be sustained for long period of time. While we are performing these task, we can generate more jobs and we require more employees as
we are in producing phase, so we need more and more employees to perform the job. This sector works perfectly because we are recycling the waste
and reproducing it by using different ideas, procedures and technologies to make our product perfect. (1.macarthur, 2017)
Figure 1: – Self–Reference
Figure 2: –" Diagram for

Ecology Club
High School Clubs and Activities
I initiated the creation of the Ecology Club and I was the president of this club. I have enjoyed watching the Ecology grow in members and volunteers.
This team helps garden the school, bring environmental awareness to others. The club, additionally, has taken care of the landscaping of Waukesha
North, started a school recycling program, and created a raised bed butterfly and vegetable garden. During the summer, the vegetables are donated to
students who need food or the food pantry. в—‹ Initiated a school recycling program by creating flyers and awareness videos. (09/14) в—‹ Coordinated
and led an event with the special education students that recognized their вЂЁimportance to the school and the impact on ... Show more content on
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I wish to realize my full potential as an individual. My industry and motivation to improve can be shown through my involvement between school
and community activities. For instance, two especially important experiences that I have been involved in are the Ecology Club and NuGenesis.
NuGenesis allowed me to gain more awareness and understanding, fostering the path for my passion towards environmental conservation. I have
used my experiences learned at NuGenesis in order to initiate an ecology club at my school so that opportunities such as those at NuGenesis were
more accessible to students at North. I was honored to be the president and one of the initiators of this new school organization. The Ecology Club
recognizes the importance of the world and the concept that every action has a consequence or a reward. One of my school's worst kept secrets was
that we did not recycle any materials at our school. This meant all the paper teachers and students using were not being recycled. Furthermore,
everyday materials such as numerous types of the drinks that are held in plastic, aluminum, or glass bottles were not being disposed of properly.
Therefore, this club is specifically significant to me, and I hope others, because it has led the path to many great changes at Waukesha North such as
the creation of a of recycling program at the school. This organization has created a sense of awareness around my school and within the community. I
believe this allows individuals to become more culturally aware of their surroundings and more understanding or empathetic to certain

The, Narrow Mindedness, Intolerance
Concepts: myopia narrow–mindedness, intolerance. the neglect that we show the environment is unimaginable however until we understand the
myopia we share in regards to our solutions to problems if they negatively impact our bottom line i doubt that any real steps toward sustainability will
happen wen a large, crowded city or a crowded urban district:
Detroit used to be a wen of a city. sustainability the quality of not being harmful to the environment or depleting natural resources, and thereby
supporting long–term ecological balance: it seems like a promising dream but reality is dominated by greed in every level of our economy. If this
goal is to every to be reached then we must be willing to restructure everything and be willing to hold the environment i the the highest priority. loss
biodiversity the continuous extinction of species both known and unknown globally.
The fact that we are able to prove our actions are causing a measurable and unintended reduction of the amount of life in all of creation. stands a
testament of our own willful ignorance and nonnative reality of existence. urbanization is a population shift from rural to urban areas, the gradual
increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas
The combination of rapid urbanization and the concentrated growth within underdeveloped urban centers. I believe will result in both war which will
bring about the deep social change the world needs to manage this grand challenge. population growth is the

Capitalism and the Natural Environment Essay
Concept of capitalism can be difficult to understand. It is commonly identified by economist and political philosophers as a system in which the means
of production are privately owned and operated in the free market in exchange for a profit (Galbraith, 1952). The economical/social system determines
the structure of production, the allocation of inputs and outputs, and consumption of goods. Capitalism remains popular in America because it values
freedom, much like the people in our country. This is true because it allows individuals to set their own plans and pursue their own goals; in addition,
one can decide what career they would enjoy most, thus creating an incentive and reward for achieving ones ambitions. In a free market, everyone...
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Capitalism leads to the creation of unprecedented wealth, advanced technology, and wide prosperity. Yet capitalism is denounced as a system of greed,
materialism, and ruthless dog–eat–dog competition One positive implication capitalism has to the natural environment is industrial ecology, a system of
chain production and consumption, serving to the lowest environmental impacts in a most environmentally sustainable economy as the main goal of
operation (Richards & Pearson, 1998). The Companies in a like to operate in such way because of four major reasons. The most important factor is
known as the corporate well–being, for it is determined by higher profits and growth provided by innovations in an industry. Profits are increased from
recognizing the production ineffiency costs that comes from wasted inputs and energy losses; this allowing cost savings to increase and ineffiency to
decrease. compliance with cleaner technology alternatives such as ones that produce less waste and less energy will provide long term savings which
are both beneficial to the environment and the business at hand. A real world example freight company changes their salvaged driving equipment to
hybrid vehicles. Money is temporarily lost, but the gasoline and maintenances cost savings will compensate in a long run period of time.
Industrial ecological systems are also used because of the consumer demand.

Sustainability. Sustainability Is A Concept To Meet The
Sustainability Sustainability is a concept to meet the needs of the future generation. Sustainability has been developing through the concern of
society to the economy and ecology. Sustainability is important in the long run because we live depending on the natural resources that we have so
in order for us to have a better life. In our generation we are already experiencing global warming, ozone depletion, greenhouse effect we have to
prevent it because it is us who will suffer from the effect of those problems. So we should start on solving these issues by minimizing the usage of
natural resources or we could replace it to be able for the next generation to have a resource to be use. It can also effect in the business in the long run...
4.The natural capitalism idea is that business will have opportunities without limitations in the resources. In order to be able to maintain its profit
business should practice sustainability, to increase the productivity, closed loop can also be applied and adopt zero waste in the industry to eliminate
waste and recognize natural resources.
5.Natural step aligns to stakeholders to understand the decisions and to be able to apply sustainability. In order for the community and the organization
to be successful there should be proper implementation and right usage of the resources.
6.The approach of the natural step is to have sustained by creating different strategies in order to have a healthy and to continue the process. There are
four phases of the program: stakeholders should have a common understanding and common decision to be able to meet sustainability,
7.Industrial ecology is considered as the science of sustainability. The concept of industrial ecology is like ecosystem there should be no waste and
the end of the one process should be the beginning of another. So we should know how to replace by of what we use in because a natural resource has
its limitations.
8.Zero Emissions Research Initiative (ZERI) goals are to have sustainability of biodiversity, to eliminate waste, to have creativity and efficient design.
Like Natural Step it has a similar concept

Six Key Aspects of Ebm
Ecosystem and Human Activity
SIX KEY ASPECTS OF ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT
October 27, 2013
Table of Contents
Introduction3
Six Key Aspects of Ecosystem Based Management..........................................3
Integration of ecological, social, and economic goals and recognition of humans as key components of the ecosystem
.............................................................................3
Consideration of Ecological Not Just Political– Boundaries....................................5
Accounting for the Complexity of Natural Processes and Social Systems and Using an Adaptive Management Approach in the Face of Resulting
Uncertainties.........7 Engaging Multiple Stakeholders in a Collaborative Process to Define Problems and Find
Solutions..........................................................................................8 Incorporating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Urbanized areas also modify microclimates and air quality by altering the nature of the land surface and generating heat (Oke, 1987). Although
ecological impacts of urban development often seem to be local, urbanization also causes environmental changes at larger scales. Today's cities are
sustained by a socioeconomic infrastructure that operates on global scales; the ecologically productive area required to support an urban area can be
100 to 300 times larger than the urban region (Rees & Wackernagel, 1994). A new cooperative relationship between science, business and policy is
needed to gather all the information needed and to find a solution that benefits all of society. The study of urban ecology ultimately involves studying
how to integrate this new interdisciplinary knowledge about urban ecosystems into policymaking processes––to improve interactions between
policymakers and scientists so as to help society achieve more sustainable existence. Today, the scientific and political communities lack the effective
two–way communication and trust that they need to address urban ecological problems. Although science can help society formulate a range of options
to achieve societal goals, it cannot make value judgments. In addition, scientists often cannot deliver definitive answers to questions posed by
policymakers. To be able to find solutions to the larger issues

Current Australian Environmental Issues
Introduction Ecology is the division of biology that deals with the relationships and interactions amongst organisms and their environment, (including
other organisms). It derives from the Greek word 'Okologie', broken down oikos meaning 'house, place of dwelling or habitation' and logia which is
'study of'. Ecology is literally the study of where organisms live (Ecology, n.d.). It is widely believed that having an understanding of ecology can help
us to better manage Australian environments. Since settlement, European land management practices have placed our natural environments under
considerable pressure resulting in Australia losing nearly 40% of its forests, and a significant amount of the remaining native vegetation being highly
disintegrated (Bradshaw, 2012). Resulting in the degradation of habitats. This essay will discuss how better understanding ecology can assist us with
current Australian environmental issues. Forest habitats Firstly it should be noted that Australia could lose a large proportion of its remaining... Show
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Emphasis must be drawn on the maintenance of existing primary forest patches, and the regeneration of medium areas between fragments to increase
native habitat area, connectivity and ecosystem functions (Bradshaw, 2012). Australia had little forest cover to begin with so it is troublesome that
Australia has been subjected to such vast amounts of deforestation. The vegetation left is highly disjointed and ecologically disturbed to the point
where many flora and fauna species have already gone extinct or are in proximate danger of extinction. It was anticipated that over 80% of eucalypt
forests in Australia had been humanly modified, back in 1992 (Bradshaw, 2012). Half of these forests under current protection have been logged at
some point since European colonisation (Bradshaw,

Module To Cradle
Assignment 1 – Personal Reflections on Sustainability
Deliverables
Answer the following questions to the best of your abilities using the information covered in Chapters 1 – 6. Each response should be between 50–100
words. This is only a guide to your length and detail of your responses. Do not sacrifice quality for quantity in your response. External sources are not
necessary to support your responses, but can be used if you wish. If you choose to use external sources, please remember to cite them in your response.
You may answer directly underneath the existing questions below. This assignment is worth 35 marks.
Submission:
You must submit your final report via Blackboard. Assignments that are sent via email WILL NOT be marked.
You must submit your file in Microsoft Word format (.docx or .doc). Any other... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Are there ever any times where it is not important? (5)
Sustainability is not a temporary requirement of the ecology .Its permanent necessity of ecology .
With increase of population and pollution on the earth ,there are numbers of challenges increase to increase productivity against race of time. So it
started ruining our earths ecology.For the balancing purpose of nature and human it is must to take care of it.
What is the main purpose of the "Cradle to Cradle" Vision? Do you feel it is an effective vision to be following? Are we or would be benefiting as a
society from following this idea? (5)
The main purpose of Cradle to cradle vision to designing products in a way that actually replenishes and nourishes the environment rather than simply
using up natural resources.This vision deals with the eco –effectiveness rather than eco efficiency. . Yes it is benefitting idea to society.
The Lifecycle model is used to describe the beginning, middle, and end of a product. Give an example of an everyday product you use and it's

lifecycle. (5)
I would like to give example of plastic water

Outline Of The Sustainability Planning Process
I.Program Summary
II.Overview of the Sustainability Planning Process
III.Key Elements for Sustainability
IV.Acton Plans
Action Plan #1: [Immediate]
A.Rationale
B.Action Steps
Action Steps
(How will you get to where you want to be?)Responsibility
(Who will make it happen?)Timeframe
(When will it happen?)
Green sustainability trainingOrganization wideWithin 90 days
Energy efficient technologiesIT department Within 90 days
Document management programOrganization wideImmediate
Recycling programOrganization wideImmediate
C.Resources
D.Progress Monitoring
Action Steps AccomplishedWhat helped you accomplish this action?
Green sustainability trainingScheduled seminars
Website and video training

Energy efficient technologiesPower saving features implemented
Energy compliant option enabled
Website and video training
Document management programDigital implementation of
Copiers, faxes, scanners
Authorized printing procedures
Recycling programRecycle bin placement
Various recycling items
Recycle contracts with vendors
Challenges:
The biggest challenge is the training of personnel on the various areas of concern. The key elements for sustainability have played a big role in making
the change to the immediate action plan a success throughout the IT department. The cost has been a concern as well but with management supporting
the IT sustainability plan we have had little

1970s Environmentalism Conspiracy
Our planet faces a lot of problems such as resources, energy supply, waste and pollution, habitats and species becoming endangered. These problems
lead to environmentalism conspiracy. There are many different ideas or understandings of environmentalism. In a recent address to the CATO Institute
in Washington, President Klaus declared "environmentalism" is a religion, but environmentalism conspiracy is a different way of thinking in which
people attempt to care about the planet more and the long–term survival of life on earth these idea created by primarily middle–class lobbying groups
became a political movement in the late 19th to the mid–20th century these groups worried about nature conservation, wildlife protection, and the
pollution that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
and the health consequences of pollution during the Industrial Revolution. Most early environmentalist believed that market shouldn't have been
charged with protecting the environment; they believed that the government should. In the 1970s environmentalist tried to develop strategies for
limiting environmental decline through recycling. There are two different understanding of environmentalism conspiracy. Emancipatory
environmentalism is human–welfare ecology understanding that aims to enhance life by creating a safe and clean environment, is a part of wide
concern with even justice and reflected tendency, later industrial societies to place more importance on "quality–of–life" issues than on traditional
economic concerns. The other understanding is anthropocentric this approaches the negative effects of environmental degradation has on humans and
their interest, health, recreation, and quality of life. The features of anthropocentric are that it considers the moral liability that humans have to each
other. Environmentalist point out the need for government to regulate market, they also do not ignore the destitute problems that are being

Ecocritical Analysis Of Nehru
Abstract: The main objective of this study is to attempt an ecocritical analysis of Jawaharlal Nehru's Glimpses of World History. Jawaharlal Nehru
(1889–1964) is one of the greatest statesmen and writers of the twentieth century. He has written a number of books of which Glimpses of World
History is an outstanding contribution to Indian Literature in English. His letters to his daughter clearly reveal Nehru's interest on ecocritical tropes
and his ecological sensibility. As a lover ofnature, he imparts this characteristic to his daughter, Indira Gandhi too. Ecocriticism has gained the
attention of many scholars over the last three decades throughout the world. It depicts the relationship between human and nature – depiction of nature
in literature. This theory has been gaining popularity day by day because of the ecological disaster which the humans witness in everyday life. This
study analyses the letters of Nehru from an ecocritical point of view by using various ecocritical tropes like wilderness, pastoral, animals, and pollution
and apocalypse (ecocide) for understanding the ecological sensibility of Nehru. This study's approach is to concentrate on the major ... Show more
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He loved mountain trekking, especially the Himalayas of Kashmir. In 'The Last Letter', Nehru writes that mountain climbing is a joyful experience.
In 'Empires in Western Asia', Nehru talks about the wilderness in Kashmir where there are many fine glaciers. Nehru notes that he loved the Pindari
glacier, which was the nearest glacier for him and Indira from where they stayed, and he went to it when he was a small boy. He always loved to
quench in the wilderness of Kashmir. For Nehru, a peaceful life is possibly greatly in the wilderness. In 'A Holiday and a Dream Journey', Nehru
remarks that the peace dwells in the snow–crowned Himalayas. Hence, for him, wilderness gives peace of

The Material Flow And Variable Chances For Improvement
Abstract: Among the challenges faced by manufacturers in mean time, Improvement in material efficiency and the impact of material on environment
are given most priority. Presently, managements mainly focus on maximizing outputs in economic terms but not on the damage caused due to
processing and disposal of material. Few methods can determine the product's impact on environment but no method can assess the material efficiency
in production system. This Journal Material Flow Assessment in Manufacturing System shows the framework for effective material flow and variable
chances for improvement. Introduction: Resource Efficient Manufacturing (REM) focuses on reducing production costs like labor, material, energy
costs and to maximize profits, increasing output sales. Certain tools for REM such as lean manufacturing and process optimization seems to be
inadequate to meet sustainability goals. Resources which has greater financial impact on business are mainly focused by managers and given higher
priority. Availability of resources is linked with other sources, the degree of scarcity of certain source is specified to both region and season. Material
Efficiency Strategies: The provision of product with less material production has clear environmental benefits as the decreased amount of material used
in production will ultimately reduce the impact on environment. MES are grouped as design changes and process changes. Material elimination,
minimization, reducing yield losses and

What Is Ecocriticism?
"Just as feminist criticism examines language and literature from a gender–conscious perspective, and Marxist criticism brings an awareness of modes
of production and economic class to its reading texts, ecocriticism takes an earth–centered approach to literary studies." Cheryll Glotfelty (xviii)
Man is a part of this earth as the plants and animals are. Man is considered to be the only literary creature on the earth and here the superiority of human
minds arise and forget that he is the only part of this physical surrounding. It has no doubt that we, Human Beings, depend on Nature for our survival.
The human culture directly or indirectly connected to the physical world. This intimate relationship between human and non–human worlds has ... Show
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Cheryll Glotfelty, one of the forerunners of Ecocriticism defines Ecocriticism as, "the study of the relationship between literature and the physical
environment" (xviii). According to Glotfelty, William Ruckert introduces the term Ecocriticism in his essay Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in
Ecocriticism in 1978, where he means by the term "the application of ecology and ecological concepts to the study of literature"(xx). After this, lots of
other terms like ecopoetics, environmental literary criticism and green cultural studies were circulating in the literary world. Ecocriticism means how
nature is presented in literature. Cheryll Glotfelty states for ecocriticism, "As a critical stance, it has one foot in literature and the other on land; as
theoretical discourse, it negotiates between human and the non–human."(xix). Ecocriticism is a swiftly mounting area of research which shelters wide
range of texts and theories and studies the relationship between man and nature. In the literary texts, through the nature imagery, man–woman
relationship, culture, tourism, gender construct etc. the issues of environment has been studied which have wider meanings than what is actually
exhibited in their literal expressions. William Howarth observes in Some Principles of Ecocriticism, "Since ecology studies the relations between
species and habitats, ecocriticism must see its complicity in what it

The Struggle Between Economics And Ecology
Right from the end of the 19th Century and the beginning of the 20th Century, there has been a fierce debate concerning how economic growth or
development affects the environment or ecological setup of a country. The debate has its basis on whether it would be recommendable for a nation to
concentrate on growing its economy while at the same time hurting or harming its ecological system. Naturalists like Pinchot Gifford, John Muir, Love
Canal and Cuyahoga County always argued in favor of environmental preservation as opposed to concentrating all efforts towards developing the
economy (Olmes 154; Miller 150–51). This paper will, therefore, discuss the struggle between economics and ecology specifically looking at particular
events across the Twentieth Century. It will also attempt to explain the factors involved in the pursuit for change on the way people and the
administration perceived the environmental conservation as opposed to economic growth.
The Twentieth Century conservationists like John Muir andGifford Pinchot always argued that it was important for the government of the day to strike
a balance between the two conflicting goals of economic development and environmental conservation. According to Menzel (2007; 3– 4), other
environmental movements in the USA had been in constant conflict with industrial enterprises. The major root cause of conflict being the fact that
industrial enterprises had ignored the fact their activities were hurting the environment through

Final Exam Env100
ENV100 Principles of Environmental Science
Final Exam –
Name:
1. The interdisciplinary study of humanity's relationship with other organisms and the non–living physical environment is termed
a) ecology
b) sociology
c) political science
d) risk analysis
e) environmental science
2. What activity/activities contribute(s) to making the human species the most significant agent of environmental change on Earth?
a) continued population growth
b) consuming non–renewable resources
c) eradicating unique species
d) ignoring the environment
e) All of the above
3. In order for a country to progress from a less developed country (LDC) to a moderately developed country (MDC), the country would have to
a) increase rate of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
b) an estuary.
c) a freshwater wetland.
d) the oceanic province.
e) a reef.

21. Which of the following statements concerning urbanization is not correct?
a) Urban and rural areas often have different proportions of males and females.
b) After a heavy rainstorm runoff can overwhelm sewage systems and result in sewage spills.
c) Most workers in cities in the United States have to commute only one or two miles from home to work.
d) Growing urban areas impact land–use patterns and water drainage.
e) Factories and commercial enterprises in urban areas cause a buildup of airborne emissions. 22. What are the specific roles of the troposphere and
stratosphere in the overall ecology of the Earth?
The stratosphere absorbs the UV radiations. The troposphere is the lowest part of Earth's atmosphere.
23. The birds pictured below illustrate
a) differential reproductive success
b) evolution by natural selection
c) primary succession
d) the biodiversity that occurs on islands
24. Which of the following is not a source of human impact on the marine environment?
a) coastal development, both residential and industrial
b) global warming
c) trash
d) increased levels of O2
e) chemical pollution from pesticides, heavy metals, and synthetic chemicals
25. What is the relationship between locations of earthquakes and plate tectonics?
a) Earthquakes frequently happen where

American Environmentalism Essay
The status of nature and the environment in American society had not been given much priority in the political sphere due to it being deeming trivial,
and its proponents basing their argument on moral and aesthetic grounds, yet the surge of scientific data and new information through the birth of the
field of ecology, would prioritize the status of America'snatural environment in the political process, and lashed back against the increasingly polluted
world Americans lived in, on a legal level. Rather than a spiritual belief in the divinity of nature's beauty, environmentalists drew upon a new rationale,
being the new science of ecology, that grew through the support and funding of government agencies, educational institutions as well as ... Show more
It came to the point where ecology was ushered in due to the great wave of scientific data and findings, along with the other traditional fields of science
such as physics or chemistry, and where the work of ecologists would continue to fuel the environmentalist movement, promoting public action, and
establishing credibility for the movement. The concept of environmentalism had been revitalized in the midst of scientific advancement, where
environmental organizations such as the Wilderness Society and the Sierra Club entered the social justice movements of the 20th century reenergized,
with a commitment that was stronger than ever to environmental efforts. A new generation of professional activists for the environmentalist movement
emerged, ready to further the cause in both the legal and political sectors, where scientists provided irrefutable evidence, that backed up lawyers, who in
turn fought legal battles with government agencies and in the

Causes Of Food Waste Essay
Mini Project #5 Although each school of thought (Food Literacy, Food Justice, or Food Sovereignty) is drastically important in equal ways, we
decided to examine food sovereignty a little more in depth and, more specifically, food waste. The excessive amount of food waste being produced
around the world is being brought to the spotlight, and many individuals and organizations have taken the initiative to assist in fighting this battle.
Limiting food waste could not only decrease the damage done to the environment, but it could also assist in fixing many food insecurities around the
world.
This article by Quested, Marsh, Stunell, & Parry goes over some of the various causes for food waste. It discusses the difficulty of cutting back on food
waste in observable ways, making people less likely to do it. This is unlike with recycling, where it easy to see a bottle physically be placed in a
recycling bin. The action of reducing food waste is also a multi–step process that is usually time consuming, making it even harder for families to cut
down on waste. Food waste reduction is also not a one–size–fits–all problem, making it harder to easily cut back on. Storing produce in the refrigerator
may have better benefits for some families, while buying larger amounts less frequently could be a better fit for others. Food is also cheaper in larger
quantities, which makes it easier to justifiably buy more than needed, as well as making it more difficult for single–occupancy homes to

The Perspective On Demography And Its Effects On The...
Every aspect on demography comes into play when combined into unison from the perspective of a person's environment. Factors such as age,
ethnicity, gender and class are highly important in shaping a person's environment, where a different combination is met with a distinct response, thus
placing great emphasis on the understanding of intersectionality through the lens of the sociological imagination. Through social ecology,
intersectionality and the sociological imagination intertwines together to connect social issues and environmental problems as interrelated, where to
solve one side, the other side can not be ignored. To help protect ourenvironment, we must begin to consider beyond the industry cultures, but on the
combination of all our carbon footprint's effect on the environment. While equality is important, does all the countries have to reach the standard of
Western societies, instead for Western society to meet the developing countries somewhere in the middle. Perhaps Eurocentrism is not so great after all
when its existence is everywhere. The China Price provides an excellent example of the consequences of the industrial culture prominent in many
Western countries, in which this culture takes advantage of the poor and marginalized groups for the economy to prosper, as shown by the abundance
of goods made from China. The environment in many cities are covered with smog due to all the manufacturing and its byproducts going on in China,
and through this means,

Organic Architecture: The Different Forms Of Organic...
The organic concept is borrowed from biology, organism is related to the organism or evolved from the organism. The organic nature of the building is
an analogy of the building's organism in nature, and the architect seeks to show Similar to the natural order, to seek the building of their own elements
and the building and the environment between a harmonious and unified relationship. The architectural organic embodied in many aspects, I would
mainly from the architectural point of view to explore the organic building.
Talking about comparison of forms of Organic Designarchitecture. Organic design is more modernist and progressive style in the history. Until now
we still can see Organic shape and form in some other designs. Kunsthaus Graz ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This holistic design has been described as "living art". As early as the Middle Ages, sculptors had studied plant morphology and understood that the
external form of plants was always manifested as a function or subject to the needs of the organism; in the mid–eighteenth century, after the
combination of aesthetic research and psychology, Constitute the comparison in the organic sector, it is not seen as made, but as if the plant as a
natural foundation from the vitality of the natural growth. Just as Danish design leader Kay said "The things we create should be lifeful, there are
beats in the heart, and there should be vitality and warmth." Similarly, the Swedish Industrial Design Association also believes that everything should
reach the purpose it is trying to achieve, a chair to sit up to be comfortable, a table can give a comfortable work or dining, – bed sleep should be
comfortable. In general, the organic design is to learn the things of nature combined with the idea of the designer to create a harmonious theme of man
and

Human Ecology And Its Effects On Society
The world we live in is a complex place full of networks and connections that are often veiled from our immediate perspectives. The natural resources
and, material culture stemming from that, made available to humans directly affect the ways in which we are able to organize and conduct our lives.
The ways in which we organize the space around us is a clear indication of wealth, race, or ethnicity. The minorities are often kept in isolation from the
wealthier areas of society (be that economic wealth or natural resource wealth) which directly affects the jobs the minorities are able to obtain and
further inhibits a lessening of racism by preventing a mixed association of races and different groups of people. Without the understanding of other
people, racism is allowed to continue through the simple lack of social interaction.
It is things such as these that interests ecologists. Human ecology is a study that focuses on relationships between different social lives and the
implications of the connections between those and the physical world around them. A vivid example of the altered relations through a shifting physical
environment is found within the creation of central heating. Before each room was able to be heated, families would often gather together in a central
room where there was warmth around a fireplace. This setting promoted people to interact on a regular basis and thus encourage the familial
relationship. After the creation of central heating, those

A Short Note On The Global Ecology Center
Arch 100 Term Paper.
The Global Ecology Center
Lihao Wang,
May 19
The word "sustainable" is very popular recent years. Many countries are trying to reduce the carbon emission. They tried controlling the smoke of the
car. They tried controlling the use of the electric and recycle everything they can use again. However, thecarbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of buildings
is more than either the transportation or industrial sectors. According to US Green Building Council's research,In 2004, total emissions from
residential and commercial buildings were 2236 million metric tons of CO2, or 39% of total US. Also, buildings consume 70% of the electricity
load in the US.(USGBC) A building called Global Ecology Center reduced 72% reduction in carbon emissions and 50% in embodied carbon for
building materials. Global Ecology Center is located in Stanford, and it was chosen as an AIA Committee on the Environment Top Ten Green Project
for 2007. The capacity is 10,900 ft2. It completed in March 2004. Global Ecology Center combined with laboratories and offices. It owned by and
occupied by Carnegie Institution of Washington, Corporation.(nonprofit) All told, the GEC achieved a 72 percent savings over a 2001 California Title
24–compliant building, the strictest energy code in the nation, for a modest capital cost premium paid back between two and five years. In short, this
is a good example for the sustainable buildings and works very well. I visited the building twice and I found

The Navajo Creation Myth Analysis
As we continue to grow and have a greater impact on the Earth's systems, it is essential that we address our role and relationship with nature. The
separation of humans from nature encourages environmentally irresponsible behavior because it allows us to take on the conqueror role, giving us the
ability to manipulate the landscape with the duty to provide and proliferate. Throughout human history, we have made advancements in technology and
agriculture, resulting in the imbalance and overuse of land. The ability of humans to manipulate the landscape and recognize the consequences of doing
so makes us an invasive species. Our dependency on Earth's resources and services put us at competition with the environment. In order to understand
our role ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We must see beyond our narrow contemporary cultural assumptions and values, and use the conventional wisdom of our time and place. We can hope
to attain full mature personhood and uniqueness when we achieve the meditative deep questioning process. Thoreau identifies four necessities to live
off the land with minimal hindrance: food, shelter, clothing, and fuel. Any attempt at luxury is likely to prove more a hindrance than a help to an
individual's improvement. "These cellar dents, like deserted fox burrows, old holes, are all that is left where once were the stir and bustle of human
life, and "fate, free–will, foreknowledge absolute," in some form and dialect or other were by turns discussed" (Former Inhabitants.12). Thoreau
examines these remnants of past human residences and contemplates what is really perpetual in human life. In an industrialized society fueled by
greed, over–consumption, power, and expansion, humans reap the our Earth's soil to make establishments for businesses, apartments crowded and
stacked on another while our tin–can–sardine–society becomes branded. Humans have grown into societal molds; we have become products assembled
by pseudo–events, shaping our lives to create a better brand rather than discovering our own

Cost Systems
Costing Systems Costing systems are part of the overall accounting system used by companies to measure sustainability performance and identify and
account for expenditures accurately (Tatum, 2011). Three cost methods used as part of the decision–making process are Activity–based costing (ABC),
Life–cycle costing (LCC), and Full cost accounting (FCA). The benefits and limitations of each in relation to sustainability efforts are examined.
Analysis
Comparison Traditional cost accounting methods were based on labor intensive industries consisting of no automation and minor product specialization
or diversification (Emblemsvag, 2010). Cost was driven by product development and services (Epstein, 2008). However, activity–based ... Show more
Thus, while ABC focuses on cause and effect related to activities, LCC measures present and futurecosts of a business activity, product, or service
(Dorf & Kusiak, 1994). Full Cost Accounting (FCA) is the third account system. FCA determines the price of products and services by assessing their
true cost including social and environmental costs (Conway–Schempf, 2011). FCA incorporates the bottom line costs of a company's activities with the
impact of these activities on the full social costs to society (Conway–Schempf, 2011). For example, societal costs from business activities include
external costs such as health issues from car emissions. Inasmuch as many externalities are intangibles such as preserving ecosystems, factoring them
into a company's cost structure is problematic. However, according to Conway–Schempf (2011), "recognizing these externalities makes long–term
sense for corporations and governments – today's external costs become tomorrow's internal costs as a result of regulation and legislation" (p. 19).
Thus, FSA allows companies to place a dollar value on costs connected with present and future environmental changes (IISD, 2011). Consequently,
FSA relates LCC's financial impact of the stages of a product, service, or activity by accounting for the full societal

Implications Of Wildlife In Wildlife
Wildlife
Introduction
Purpose
I would like to briefly summarize why wildlife is important and I'm examining this because it's truly important that we as people recognize that
wildlife plays a big role in how we live.
Problem
Nature is losing its wildlife! The loss can be attributed to two main causes. The first cause is human interaction. Humans are having too much
interference in nature. According to the World Wide Federation (2017), the forests, swamps, plains, and lakes are being destroyed to make room for
roads, pipelines, and industrial development. These areas serve as the natural habitat for our wildlife. Without a home, these animals are dying off at
record numbers and becoming extinct.
According to Morris (2003), Humans are also killing the animals for food and this choice also destroys the natural habitat. Many humans are making
the choice to catch fish faster than the oceans can restock. When people choose to destroy these animal's homes, it has a negative effect on the food
chain. When one sees the impact of human interaction on the natural habitat, society must realize that they have a responsibility to do something
because our future as a species on this planet is in jeopardy.
Procedures/Methodology
The raw data that was collected was 20 random people. You can find the collection on the next page. I used the stratified sampling method. The survey
question was "Do you think wildlife is important?" and people answered either yes or no.
Data and Results

Herman Miller: Sustainability Along The Global Supply Chain
Essay
Sustainability Along the Global Supply Chain Spring Term 2011
Herman Miller Case Analysis
Name: Victoria Kondratova, Ekaterina Tarkhova Address: Bischof
–Dirichs–Str. 56, 65375 Oestrich–Winkel Submitted to: Prof. Dr. Julia Wolf
Submission Date: April 1st, 2011
Table of Contents:
Table of Contents List of Abbreviations 1. Introduction 2. Herman Miller's Environmental Protection Strategy and its Necessity 3. Cradle–to–cradle
Design Protocol 4. TPU verses PVC Approach 5. Implementation of C2C Protocol in Herman Miller 6. Advantages and Disadvantages of C2C
Protocol 7. Conclusion Reference List 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 6
Sustainability Along the Global Supply Chain ii
List of Abbreviations
C2C C2G DfE EQAT MBDC PVC
TPU ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sooner or later all companies will be pushed to make their products and processes more sustainable. By realizing such trends today, Herman Miller
makes its investments right now in order to secure high pay offs in future.
3. Cradle–to–Cradle Design Protocol
C2C protocol became an alternative to the previously accepted C2G approach. C2G was based on monitoring every aspect of a product through its
entire life cycle; from design to disposal (Business Dictionary, 2011). C2C, in its tern, is a holistic economic, industrial and social framework that
seeks to create systems that are not just efficient but essentially waste free (Lovins, L. Hunter, 2008). C2C is based on two premises: в€’

Eco–effectiveness vs. eco–efficiency Eco–efficiency is achieved through delivery of competitively priced goods that satisfy human needs while
reducing environmental impacts and resource intensity throughout the entire life–cycle. However, being an eco–efficient company is not enough now.
Therefore, the central design principle of eco–effectiveness is waste equals food. в€’ Waste equals food
Sustainability Along the Global Supply Chain 3
At the end of a product life cycle, product can be reused; therefore creating a virtually closed loop. There are four aspects helping to implement C2C
approach into life: 1. Biological and technical nutrients (these two types of nutrients should be separated during the production process; otherwise it
will be impossible

Beatrice Kogg Supply Chain Case Study
Beatrice Kogg Responsibility in the Supply Chain Interorganisational management of environmental and social aspects in the supply chain Case studies
from the textile sector Doctoral dissertation the international institute for industrial environmental economics Lund University, Sweden IIIEE
DISSERTATIONS 2009:2 Responsibility in the Supply Chain Interorganisational management of environmental and social aspects in the
supply chain Case studies from the textile sector Beatrice KOGG Doctoral Dissertation May 2009 The International Institute for Industrial
Environmental Economics Internationella miljГ¶institutet The picture on the front cover is painted by Rufus Kogg RГ¶jder, aged 3 ВЅ....
I am therefore tremendously grateful to Verner Frang and H&M, two organisations that had the generosity and the courage to share their
experiences with an external researcher and allow me access to the actors in their respective supply chains. I am grateful and indebted to all the
individuals who took time out of their busy schedule to allow me to interview them in connection with my case studies. However there are a few
persons that I would like to mention in particular. In relation to the Verner Frang1 study I'd particularly like to thank Stefan Bergman, Orlando
Rivera, Raoul Gerbolino and Roberto Atuncar. These people did not only share their experiences with me but also opened doors and provided
invaluable practical support in preparing for, and during, my field research in Peru. At H&M I am deeply grateful to Ingrid SchullstrГ¶m and Henrik
Lampa, who made the decision to let me go ahead with my study and who both took time out of their busy schedules to allow me to interview them
and to help me set up the field research. I am also very grateful to Arzu AkgГјn at H&M's production office in Turkey who in addition to openly
sharing her experiences of auditing also helped me set up the interviews with 1st tier suppliers to H&M in Turkey. Thank you also to all my excellent
fellow FLIPPers: Calle, Lotta, Chris, MГҐrten, Г…ke, Lars, Thomas and HГҐkan at the IIIEE, Emma, Johan, AnneMarie and Kicki at Environmental
Systems Analysis

The Importance Of Landscape Architecture
ARC252 Close Readings in
Landscape Architecture
Bhavika Sharma
(1003417509)
TA: Carlos
1C: Term Essay
Urban transformation, has been rapidly increasing at a global scale as witnessed in the past century. Crossing the 50th percentile, the global population
is moving towards inhabiting purely urban spaces. Amid a post–industrial world, it is crucial the ecological knowledge be applied to building systems
to solve urban environmental needs and concerns. Ian McHarg, in his seminal text Design with Nature, suggests that landscape should be the
overarching principle that governs urban space . The incorporation of green infrastructure such as native vegetation, natural materials, and fabricated
soils, into urban spaces is crucial in improving overall human ecology
Fredrick Law Olmstead, a figurehead in landscape architecture, suggested a design for New York City's Central park with human ecology in mind.
Using the Victorian English country park as an outline, he created a green space that negated the hustle and bustle of the populous city. The need for
such a park was obvious to Olmstead, providing a "refreshment to both mind and nerves. " Following such a model is Teardrop Park, which
successfully acts as both a refuge and restorative addition to New York City. Located in the lower Manhattan region the park was designed by Michael
Van Valkenberg.
Valkenburg and his team of associates employed McHarg's Strategy, incorporating knowledge from environmental scientists into

The Complex Processes Of Urban Development
The complex processes of urbanisation overarches and entails a set of social, cultural, economic, political, environmental and technological functions
that result in sprawl and densities, proportional to core size and settlement. Further implicating the extensive use of natural resources from fringes and
rural spheres within city limits to be consumed and then later in turn converted into waste. Urban ecosystems are therefore, complex multifaceted
systems that require a burdensome amount of natural resources input and negotiations for their adequate development. In urban discourse, the lack of
interdisciplinary and trans–disciplinary interest partly due to an absence of tools to which all disciplines can use to further incorporate ecological
theories to assessment and planning of urban centers. All these connections have been made and academics have divided the complex concept into
biophysical processes and socioeconomic processes when examining cities in case studies. The urban ecology theory and a closely related concept of
urban metabolism can explain the technical aspects of urban density and growth but human influences are not accounted for in the assessment.
However, human scholarship is a key component that shapes the metabolic processes in urban ecologies and in turn alters the initial footprint.
By examining the historical context of urban ecology, the early stages and latter results of the urban ecology theory being transformed from a
multidisciplinary concept into

Consequences of Urban Sprawl
Since the development of cities, urban sprawl has reached unprecedented levels and is expected to continue to increase at an alarming rate. Urban areas
are highly modified environments that undergo significant structural changes (fragmentation, degradation and loss of habitat), increased disturbance
(noise, light pollution, human activities) and amplified pollution (gases, fine particles, heavy metals. Thus, urban life imposes difficult and restrictive
condition that can have detrimental effects on wildlife.
Among all the major urban–associated factors, one has recently received a lot of attention: Anthropogenic noise. Expanding urbanization had led to a
strong increase in the levels of background noise and there is increasing evidence that noise pollution can have a collection of harmful effect on wildlife,
especially birds because they considerably rely on acoustic communication. Urban noise is characterized by high amplitude and low spectral
frequencies. As a result, urbanization creates a novel acoustic environment in which high noise level can mask songs and others important avian
communication signals. To date, most of the work about the impact of chronic noise exposure on wildlife has mainly focused on the masking of avian
acoustic signals and the consequences of communication impairment. Because birds use songs mostly to attract mates and to defend their territories
masking of these biologically important acoustic signals may have a dramatic impact on their

Leadership From A Natural Sciences Standpoint
There have been many studies and papers written about leadership by looking at all sorts of perspectives. More recently, researchers have started to
look at the keys to leadership from a natural sciences standpoint. The world is starting to understand that our views of leadership in organizations have
to be consistent with the nature of the world outside. Richard Wielkiewicz and Stephen Stelzner go so far to say that the key to effectiveleadership is by
looking at and having a fair representation of all perspectives, that includes an environmental perspective. They not only give assertions about
leadership as a whole, but they also give criteria for looking at leadership from an ecological standpoint as to better understand it.
In the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A third assertion says organizations are more adaptive when diversity of input is present. This is an easy statement to understand. If people with
different backgrounds give input, there will be a wider range of thoughts and ideas. If an organization takes these diverse perspectives into account,
they will be better able to adapt to changing thoughts and societal norms. The final assertion given is related to Wheatley's notion of new and old
science. Wheatley suggests that old science is a mechanistic view that is no longer relatable and that her idea of new science is one that needs to be
followed (Wheatley, 2006, pg. 15). On the other hand, Wielkiewicz and Stelzner say that instead of just rejecting old science, there should be a tension
between the two approaches. One needs to find a resolution between the traditional "industrial approach" and the lesser known neglected "ecological
approach".
There are four ecological principles than can help explain organizational leadership. They are interdependence, open systems and feedback loops, the
cycling of resources, and adaptation. By looking at each principle, one can relate it back to their organization and hopefully be able to integrate the
things learned with previous notions in order to make leadership more efficient. While it is an interesting idea to use scientific

A Brief Note On Science And Its Effects On The Middle Of A...
Dylan Fox
Professor Brinkerhoff
3/4/15
Advanced Ecology Midterm (1) Why is scale important in ecology?
Ecology is the study of the distribution and abundance of organisms, their interactions between each other and their environment, and the structure and
function of ecosystems. To this end, the scale (spatial, functional, temporal, organizational, etc.) at which we observe nature and the multitude of
environments that comprise it is an extremely important factor in the study of ecology. Dumping sewage effluent in the middle of a small pond is not
going to register even a slight disturbance on a global or even regional scale , but there is a still massive disturbance to the organisms at the small scale
of that pond ecosystem. Similarly, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Large–scale variations in these gradients are easy to observe, like an ecotone transitioning grassland into desert. Smaller scale variations are harder to
detect with the naked eye, and micro–variations in habitat are harder to see still. The physical size of environmental heterogeneity / variation is not
indicative of its importance to biodiversity or its ecological relevance, however, as Hutchinson reveals in his 1959 paper. He discusses the importance
of the mosaic nature of the environment as a significant contributor to biodiversity. While large–scale variations in habitat are certainly important
factors in organismal diversity and are responsible for niche differentiation, smaller scale and even microscopic habitat variations are arguably just as (if
not more) important factors that contribute to biodiversity around the globe. Because the vast majority of animal species on Earth are physical small,
even the tiny variations in a landscape that define its mosaic nature allow for more numerous and specialized niche differentiations than larger (and less
numerous) land animals can fill . Hutchinson's mosaic nature postulate was an extremely important breakthrough in modern Ecology, and helped
spawn further research into the importance of examining nature at many different scales – microscopic, macroscopic, and everything in between.
Scale is an extremely important

Municipal Park Location
After visiting several locations across southeast Portland it became clear which of the urban ecology terms defined fit with each location. All the
locations we visited I believe can be classified as a municipal park (neighborhood park), we defined a municipal park as a green space to the residents
of and visitors to a neighborhood. This definition includes a green space, so all of the locations can also be classified as a green space. The only
location we visited that was an open space as well as a wildlife refuge was Beggars–Tick. This location can also be classified as a natural area as well
as parts of Mt. Tabor, parts of Kelly Butte, parts of Powell Butte, Columbia Slough and Johnson Pond. Playgrounds and sports facilities were also

Chicago School Of Social Ecology Theory
Chicago School of Social Ecology has played its vital role in the development of urban ecology theory as the sociologists and ecologists from
aforementioned school such as Robert Park and Earnest Burgess propagated that Central Business District (CBD) impacts urban and downtown
planning, urban renewal, urban expansions, housing projects, commercial activities, industrialization, community development and urban ecological
system. Next, the Berlin School of Urban Ecology also extended the aforementioned theoretical argument when the theorist Herbert Sukopp elaborated
on studying the importance of biodiversity patterns, environmental transformations and natural changes in the global ecological system, processes and
structures. Therefore, the theorists, academicians, researchers, sociologists and environmentalists argue that the theory of urban ecology broadly
incorporates the facets of other crucial disciplines related to education, health, economy, psychology, social sciences, sociology, anthropology, history,
environment, biosciences, economy, politics, international relations, geography, urban architecture and technology. One of the major developments
pertaining to urban ecology theory is the comprehensiveness of modern urban system by incorporating social consciousness, social structures, social
and government institutions, community relationships, migration, public infrastructure, governmental revenue streams, unemployment and
underemployment problems. In other words, the

Ecocriticism In Silent Spring
As a criticism of the trend, "Ecological criticism" originated from the United States. The publication of Silent Spring written by Rachel Carson
symbolizes the beginning of the American ecological movement. Just as Uncle Tom's Cabin written by Harriet Beecher Stowe started Civil War, Silent
Spring is the triggers of American environmental protection movement. Since then, ecocriticism gradually emerged as the times demand.
This concept can be traced back to the 1970s when Joseph Meek came up with the term "literary ecology" in his essay entitled "The Comedy of
Survival: Studies in Literary Ecology " in 1974, advocating that literary criticism should explore "the relationship between humans and other species,"
and carefully examine and explore the literature's impact on human's behaviors and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first stage of ecocriticism is the research about how nature and environment are expressed in the literature text. Next stage of ecocriticism
concentrated on the promotion of nature–writing literature that has been neglected for a long time, explore and analyze the history, development,
achievement and writing styles of the former nature–writing works. While the third stage of ecocriticism, the scholars try to establish the new concept
of ecological poetics in the hope of enhancing the ecological theories construction through the concept of ecological system. Numerous ecological
theories have been founded during the three stages, such as Albert Schweitzer's ethic of reverence for life, Leopold's ecological holism, Paul W.Taylor's
biocentrism, Holmes Rolston's the value of nature, Tom Regan's animal rights, Peter Singer's animal liberation and so on. This dissertation just
attempts to interpret the ecological thoughts in Toms River by using some of the ecocriticism theories to reveal the truth about environmentalpollution
and the attitude and actions people should take when dealing with environmental

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