4. Zollverein Von Metternich - Opposed a united Germany Prussia stepped forward Zollverein: economic union Eliminated tariff barriers among German states Still politically fragmented
5. Otto von Bismarck Prussian Junker Junker = conservative noble class 1862 – became chancellor under King Wilhelm I In just under 10 years, Bismarck would unify Germany under Prussian rule
6. Prussian Power Recognized importance of strong military Wanted more money spent on military Parliament said “no” Famous “Blood and Iron” speech
7. Bismarck (cont.) “Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism, but to her power…The great questions of the day are not to be decided by speeches and majority resolutions – that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849 – but by blood and iron!”
8. Blood and Iron Discuss with your partner what you think Bismarck meant by Germany’s power will be determined by “blood and iron.” 2 Minutes
9. Realpolitik Strong will Powerful manipulator Master of “Realpolitik” – politics of reality Politics based on practical matters rather than theory or ethics Often resulted in ruthless decisions
10. Bismarck’s loyalty Not a German nationalist Loyal to the Hohenzollerns – the German royal family
11. REAlpolitik at work Had wars with Austria & other territories - Prussia easily won No harsh terms of peace Allowed Austria & some other German states to remain independent Why would he do this?? Discuss with partner 1 minute
12. Practical Motives “We had to avoid leaving behind any desire for revenge.” Otto von Bismarck
13. 1870: Franco-Prussian War Growing rivalry between: France (Napoleon III) Prussia (Wilhelm I & Bismarck) Relative of Wilhelm offered Spanish throne France protested Bismarck rallies Germans (all Germans)
14. Ems Dispatch Bismarck rewrote & released in the press a telegram Wilhelm “insulted” French ambassador Napoleon III (France) declared war on Prussia
15. “On to Berlin!” France attacked Prussia Prussia – military superiority Spanked France Napoleon III surrendered (taken captive)
16. Germany Unifies January 18,1871 German Confederation made official Bismarck + 600 German princes, nobles, and generals gathered at Versailles Wilhelm I of Prussia proclaimed Kaiser of the Second German Empire
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18. France Pays the Cost of Peace Peace treaty signed May 1871 France paid $1 billion and had to give up the provinces of Alsace & Lorraine All that was left were bitter feelings and the desire for revenge…
20. Beginnings of Italian Nationalism Italian Peninsula - not unified since fall of Roman Empire Despite common language, most of peninsula divided into competing states with own government
21. Beginnings (cont.) Napoleon invaded Italy United many states under one gov’t Congress of Vienna - split Italian states Spirit of nationalism began to rise
22. National Groups Ignored COV had ignored national groups Placed them under control of large empires (sometimes w/ mixed ethnicities) Some states were under Austrian control, while others were under French control
25. The Path Toward Unity As nationalism grew, some Italians led unsuccessful rebellions Then, two men rose to lead a successful movement to unify Italy…
26. Count Cavour Camilio di Cavour Fought for Sardinia’s independence One of the most important leaders of Italian unification Founded the nationalist newspaper, Il Risorgimento - or “resurgence”
27. Kingdom of Sardinia 1852, Cavour became Prime Minister Worked toward rebuilding a thriving economy so that Italy could unify (as a monarchy) Cavour aligned Sardinia with France Sardinia supported France in war with Russia & gave them the provinces of Savoy & Nice In turn, France supported Sardinia in its war against Austria - (successful liberation)
28. Check for Understanding How did Cavour help Sardinia break free from the Austrian Empire? Talk with Partner 30 seconds
29. Garibaldi & the Red Shirts Many Italians consider Cavour “brain” of Italian unification, Mazzini “heart” Giuseppe Garibaldi has been called “sword” of Italy Garibaldi joined Young Italy movement, 1833 Nationalist activities forced Garibaldi to flee Italy twice Learned techniques of guerilla warfare while living in South America Returned to Italy often to continue fight to free Italy from Austrian domination
30. Garibaldi’s Return 1854, Garibaldi returned for good Cavour asked to lead part of Sardinian army in war against Austria After bitter fighting, Austrians agreed to give up Lombardy, retaining Venetia
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32. By July 1860, using guerilla warfare, Garibaldi, Red Shirts gained control of island of Sicily
43. 1864: Schleswig & Holstein Allied w/ Austria Seized Schleswig & Holstein from Denmark Split: Austria – controlled Holstein Prussia – controlled Schleswig
44. 1866: Austro-Prussian War Bismarck invented excuse to attack Austria Lasted 7 weeks Major victory for Prussia Prussia annexed Holstein and several other German states Dissolved Austrian gov’t & replaced with dominant Prussian one
