13. Source-based Plagiarism
Examples:
● Misleading citation
- When someone cites a source that is
wrong or doesn’t exist
● Misdirecting citation
- When someone fails to cite a source’s
source, only citing the first source.
14. Source-based Plagiarism
Examples:
● Data fabrication
- When someone creates a false data and
research
● Data falsification
- When someone deliberately changes or
omits data to get the results they want.
16. Self or Auto Plagiarism
● When you use a portion of work you
previously created in another project
and don’t cite yourself.
17. Paraphrasing Plagiarism
● Rewriting someone’s sentences as your
own or making some minor word and
grammatical changes.
Example:
Original: Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay and
they can consume 75 pounds of food a day.
Paraphrase: A giraffe can eat up to 75 pounds of
Acacia leaves and hay every day.
18. Inaccurate authorship
● It is when someone does the work
but gets no credit or when someone
does not do the work and gets credit.
19. Mosaic Plagiarism
● It is difficult to detect because it
interlays someone else’s phrases or
text within its own research.
- Copying another person's work or borrowing
original ideas from someone else is what
many people consider plagiarism. The words
“copying” and “borrowing” can make people feel
like this is not quite as serious as it really is.
20. Accidental Plagiarism
● It happens unintentionally or as a neglect
or a mistake.
Examples of Unintentional Plagiarism: Failure to cite a
source that is not common knowledge. Failure to "quote"
or block quote author's exact words, even if cited. Failure
to put a paraphrase in your own words, even if cited.
25. Annotations are used in order to add
notes or more information about a topic
as well as to explain content listed on a
page or at the end of a publication.
These notes can be added by the
reader or printed by the author or
publisher.
27. Take notes for a class, prepare for
a presentation, book club or any
other occasion: You can make your
annotations as simple or elaborate
as you want.
33. ➔ isthe right thing to do to give credit to those
who had the idea
➔ shows that you have read and understand
what experts have had to sayabout your topic
➔ helps people find the sources that you used in
casethey want to read more about the topic
➔ provides evidence for your arguments.
34.
35. Citation Style
(Modern Languages Association)
➔ MLA
➔ APA (American Psychological Association)
➔ Chicago - Notes and Bibliography page
42. Quotation
Quoting is when you use the exact words from a
source, copying a passage of someone else’s
words and crediting the source. To quote a
source, you must ensure:
● the quoted text is enclosed in quotation marks
or formatted as a block quote;
● the original author is correctly cited; and
● the text is identical to the original.
43. When should you quote?
According to Jerry Plotnick (2002, Director of the University
College Writing Workshop) using a quotation is appropriate in the
following situations:
● The language of the passage is particularly elegant, powerful,
or memorable.
● You wish to confirm the credibility of your argument by
enlisting the support of an authority on your topic.
● The passage is worthy of further analysis.
● You wish to argue with someone else’s position in
considerable detail.
47. What is APA Reference?
APA style (also known as APA format) is a writing
style and format for academic documents such as
scholarly journal articles and books. It is commonly
used for citing sources within the field of behavioral
and social sciences, including sociology, education,
health sciences, criminal justice, and anthropology, as
well as psychology.
48. ORDER OF REFERENCES IN THE REFERENCE
LIST
1)Arrange entries in alphabetical order by
surname of the first author.
2) Single-author entries precede
multiple-author entries beginning with the
same surname:
Kaufman, J. R. (1981).
Kaufman, J. R., & Cochran, D. C. (1978).
49. 3) References with the same first author and
different second or third authors are arranged
alphabetically by the surname of the second
author, and so on:
Kaufman, J. R., Jones, K., & Cochran, D. F. (1982).
Kaufman, J. R., & Wong, D. F. (1978)
50. 4)References with the same authors in the same order
are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first:
Kaufman, J. R., Jones, K. (1977).
Kaufman, J. R., Jones, K. (1980).
5)The order of several works by different authors
with the same surname is arranged alphabetically by
the first initial:
Eliot, A. L. (1983).
Eliot, G. E. (1980).
55. EXAMPLES OF REFERENCE CITATIONS
IN TEXT--APA STYLE
1.If author's name occurs in the text, follow it with
year of publication in parentheses.
Example: Piaget (1970) compared reaction times...
2.If author's name is not in the text, insert last
name, comma, year in parenthesis.
Example: In a recent study of reaction times (Piaget,
1978)…
56. 3.If author's name and the date of publication have
been mentioned in the text of your paper, they should
not be repeated within parentheses.
Example: In 1978, Piaget compared reaction times...
4.Because material within a book or on a web page is
often difficult to locate, authors should, whenever
possible, give page numbers for books or paragraph
numbers for web pages in body to assist readers.
57. Page numbers (preceded by p. or pp.) or paragraph
numbers (preceded by ¶ or para.) follow the year of
publication, and are separated from it by a comma. For
websites with neither page numbers nor paragraph
numbers, cite the heading and the number of the
paragraph following it.
Examples: Hunt (1974, pp. 25-69) confirms the hypothesis...
(Myers, 2000 ¶ 5) (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
58. 5.If a work has two authors, always cite both names
every time the reference occurs in the text. Connect
both names by using the word "and."
Examples: Piaget and Smith (1972) recognize... Finberg
and Skipp (1973, pp. 37-52) discuss...
6.If a work has two authors and they are not
included in the text, insert within parentheses, the
last names of the authors joined by an ampersand
(&), and the year separated from the authors by a
comma.
59. Examples:
...to organize accumulated knowledge and order
sequences of operations (Piaget & Smith, 1973) ...to
organize accumulated knowledge and order
sequences of operations (Piaget & Smith,1973, p.
410)
60. 7. If a work has more than two authors (but
fewer than six), cite all authors the first time the
reference occurs; include the last name followed
by "et al." and the year in subsequent citations
of the same reference.
Example: First occurrence: Williams, French and
Joseph (1962) found... Subsequent citations:
Williams et al. (1962) recommended...
61. 8. Quotations: Cite the source of direct quotations by
enclosing it in parentheses. Include author, year, and
page number. Punctuation differs according to where
the quotation falls. 1) If the quoted passage is in the middle
of a sentence, end the passage with quotation marks, cite
the source in parentheses immediately, and continue the
sentence.
62. Example: Many inexperienced writers are unsure about
"the actual boundaries of the grammatical abstraction
called a sentence" (Shaughnessy, 1977, p. 24) or about
which form of punctuation they should use.
63. 2) If the quotation falls at the end of a
sentence, close the quotation with quotation
marks, and cite the source in parentheses
after the quotation marks. End with the
period outside the parentheses.
Example: Fifty percent "of spontaneous speech
is estimated to be non-speech" (Shaughnessy,
1977, p. 24).
64. 3) If the quotation is longer than forty words, it is set off
without quotations marks in an indented block (double
spaced). The source is cited in parentheses after the final
period. Example: This is further explained by Shaughnessy's
(1977) following statements: In speech, pauses mark rates of
respiration, set off certain words for rhetorical emphasis,
facilitate phonological maneuvers, regulate the rhythms of
thought and articulation and suggest grammatical structure.
Modern punctuation, however, does not provide a score for
such a complex orchestration. (p. 24)
65. 4) If citing a work discussed in a secondary
source, name the original work and give a
citation for the secondary source. The reference
list should contain the secondary source, not
the unread primary source.
Example: Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as
cited in Coltheart, Curtis,Atkins, & Haller, 1993)
