Explanation about contribution of biodegradable additive in order to solve macro and micro plastic waste problems. Biodegradable additives added into conventional plastic to be come biodegradable naturally in the environment.

1. BIODEGRADABLE ADDITIVE
TECHNOLOGY
Isroi
Oct 2023
FIGHT AGAINST MACRO & MICRO
PLASTIC WASTE

2. Bioplastic
Technology
Quadrant
Additive
Kakadellis, Sarah, and Zoe M. Harris. "Don’t scrap the waste: The need for broader system boundaries in bioplastic food packaging
life-cycle assessment–A critical review." Journal of Cleaner Production 274 (2020): 122831.
Biodegradable additive
use to convert
conventional plastic to
be plastic that has
biodegradable feature.

3. Limitation of the
Biodegradable/Compostable
Bioplastic:
o price higher many times
than conventional plastic;
o process and manufacturing
limitation, i.e.: use special
machinery;
o limited application, i.e.: non-
food contact, single layer,
short shelf-life.
Biodegradable Additive:
o Plastic properties similar
with the conventional plastic
o No changes in machinery
and processes
o Adjustment in biodegradable
rate
o Affordable price

4. How biodegradable additive
work….?????
Plastic Polymers Chain
additive additive
Microbes
CO2 Release
Triggered by:
- UV Light
- Sunlight
- Heat
- Humidity
In Natural
Environments and
Landfill

5. Biodegradation mechanism by
biodegradable additive
ØBiodegradation of conventional plastic by additive is a
two-stage process, i.e. first degradation into small
fragments with lower molecular weight which is
triggered by physical and chemical stress, heat, photo-
degradation.
ØSecondly, these fragments are biologically ready to
biodegrade by microorganisms and be converted into
carbon dioxide, water and biomass. The rate at which
this happens for conventional plastics is very slow,
taking decades or even centuries.
ØBiodegradable additives are catalysts that accelerate
this biodegradation process so that it occurs over a few
months to a couple of years.
Degradation by physical and
chemical process

6. Some Biodegradable Additive in the Market
Indonesian Innovation, Patent
Indonesia, US and Singapore

7. WHAT ARE
MICROPLASTICS…???
BIODEGRADABLE ADDITIVE AND MICROPLASTIC

8. Plastic pollution size categories
≥25mm
<25 - 5mm
<5 - 1mm
<1mm - 1𝜇m
Macro Meso Micro Mini-micro

9. Ocean Plastic Waste Statistic Data
Global Marine Plastic Waste:
around 2.3 million tons
Micro Plastic Waste:
https://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/08/world/ocean-plastic-pollution-climate-
intl/index.html#:~:text=The%20world's%20oceans%20are%20polluted,according%20to%20a%20new%20study.
around 35,540 tons
https://endplasticwaste.org/en/our-stories/the-plastic-waste-problem-
explained?gad=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwj_ajBhCqARIsAA37s0zDJG6dXgqalJJu5ZLTNu4hb3IbOZ_OfSKUSe8BiQpYLqPV_4jBL9
MaArTaEALw_wcB
The majority of plastic waste in the ocean is
macro-plastic waste.

10. What are microplastics…..????
Ø Larger pieces quantified into smaller pieces.
Ø Classified according to length.
Ø <5 mm considered to be microplastics.
Ø All kind of conventional plastic could be degraded into
microplastic.
Ø Microplastic from conventinal plastic persistent for
hundreds of
years in
the environment.

11. PRIMARY
MICROPLASTICS
Those which enter the
marine environment in
their « micro » size
SECONDARY
MICROPLASTICS
Resulting from the
breakdown of larger
plastics in the marine
environment
Fibres Pellets
Microbeads
Fragments
Foam
Films
TYPES OF MICROPLASTICS | Overview

12. 35%
24%
28%
Global releases of primary microplastics to the
world oceans by source (in %)
https://resourcelab.dk/plastics/pollution/oceans/2018/10/11/plastic-polution-tires-clothing.html

14. Newest Scientific
Evidence in Plastic
Recycling
Microplastics <5μm were
generally not removed
by the filtration and
subsequently
discharged, with 59-
1184 tonnes potentially
discharged annually.

15. Microplastic formation and Biodegradation
Plastic waste degradation and biodegradation are NATURAL
PROCESS but need hundreds of years to complete. Microplastic
will be persistent for hundreds years in the environment before
completely biodegraded into CO2, H2O and biomass.
Hundreds of years
Decades
Decades
Plastic Wastes Meso-Micro Plastic
CO2
H2O
Biomass
Fragmentation

16. Khoironi, Adian, et al.
"Evaluation of polypropylene
plastic degradation and
microplastic identification in
sediments at Tambak Lorok
coastal area, Semarang,
Indonesia." Marine pollution
bulletin 151 (2020): 110868.
Illustration of
plastic waste
degradation in
marine
environment

17. HOW CAN BIODEGRADABLE ADDITIVE
CONTRIBUTE IN ORDER TO SOLVING
MACRO & MICROPLASTIC WASTE
PROBLEM?

18. Hundreds of Years
Several Years
Additive technology speed
up the NATURAL PROCESS
of plastic degradation and
biodegradation from
hundreds of years into only
several years.
OXIUM Plastic
Degraded into
small molecule
weight
CO2
H2O
Biomass
Biodegradation

19. Biodegradation
Evaluation/Testing

20. Standard Test for Biodegradable Additives
ASTM 6954
Standard Guide for
Exposing and Testing
Plastics that Degrade in
the Environment by a
Combination of
Oxidation and
Biodegradation.

21. Accelerated Degradation Test
- Molecular Weight Analysis
- Biodegradation Test
ASTM D5208-14, Standard Practice for Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Exposure of Photodegradable Plastics

23. Tier 2. Biodegradation Test – ASTM D5338
- CO2 evolution analyzed
by titration method.
- Percentages of
degradation calculated
based on the CO2
released in the system
as result of
biodegradation of the
Biodegradable plastic.

25. Ecotoxicity test
- Ecotoxicity
- Plant growth
- Terrestrial toxicity test
- Aquatic toxicity test
- Plant Germination test
- Earthworm Test

27. Conventional Microplastic
vs
Biodegradable Plastic Residue
Scientific Prove

28. 2022
2021

29. Why is microalgae
used as a
model…..?
• In ecosystem, microalgae is the
first producer in the food chain
cycles.
• Biggest O2 producer in the
world.
• Very vulnerable to pollutant,
i.e.: microplastic.
• Disruption of microalgae will
disrupt the entire food chain
cycles.
• Good model for studying effect
of Oxium and microplastic to
the ecosystem.

30. Scientific Methodology
Microalgae species:
- Dunaliella salina
- Tetraselmis chuii

31. Amazing Result Gambar 5. Perbandingan laju pertumbuhan Tetraselmis
Chuui dengan perlakuan mikroplastik HDPE teroksidasi dan
oxium dalam berbagai konsentrasi
Conclusions:
- Biodegradable plastic residue at very high concentrations (300
mg/500 ml) did not significantly affect the growth of
microalgae.
- HDPE plastic microplastics at low concentrations (100 mg/500
ml) have significantly reduced microalgae growth by up to
85%.
safe for the
environment

32. While biodegradable plastic is more easily degraded, it showed tremendous
damage (Figure 4 d) even though it was not pre-treated, indicating that the pro-
oxidant in biodegradable plastic works effectively to accelerate the plastic
biodegradation process.

33. More peak in FTIR
spectra mean that
biodegradable plastic
partikel resiude are
more damaged and
biodegraded by action
of the microorganism
compared to HDPE
microplastic.

34. Figure 6. Comparative XRD spectrum of oxidized HDPE
before treatment, oxidized HDPE after treatment D. salina,
and Oxium before and after treatment with D. salina.
Figure 6 shows that HDPE and oxium
plastics are in crystal form. The
crystalline nature of the atoms that
make up HDPE and oxium is evidenced
by the appear- ance of peaks in the XRD
spectra of the two plastic materials. The
peaks in the HDPE spectrum have a
greater intensity than the peaks in the
oxium spec- trum, indicating that HDPE
has better crystalline prop- erties than
Oxium. Further, it indicates that HDPE is
more difficult to degrade naturally than
biodegradable plastic. It takes hundreds
of years for HDPE to decompose
naturally. Biodegradable plastic naturally
decomposes in nature in less than ten
years.

35. Interaction mechanism between microalgae and microplastics
Song, Chunfeng, et al. "Different interaction performance between microplastics and microalgae: The bio-elimination potential of
Chlorella sp. L38 and Phaeodactylum tricornutum MASCC-0025." Science of the Total Environment 723 (2020): 138146.
Microalgae produces exopolysaccharides
(EPS) which accumulates and forms a
biofilm on the plastic surface.
Microorganism (bacteria and fungi) use
biofilms to grow and reproduce by
utilizing the oxygen from microalgae. In
the hetero-aggregation process between
EPS, reducer microorganisms, and
microplastics, these reducer
microorganism colonies carry out the
Oxium bio-decomposition process to
produce inorganic carbon dioxide (CO2).

36. Biodegradable Additive is An
Alternative Solution for Macro &
Microplastic Waste Problems

37. Thank You