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IRJET-Replacing Ballasts with Non-Biodegradable Material
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 04 | Apr 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 118 REPLACING BALLASTS WITH NON-BIODEGRADABLE MATERIAL Ayush Rewatkar1, Adesh Mendhe2, Atharva Pathak3, Ketan Kochar4, Kunal Gedam5, Mahesh Kamthe6, Assistant Professor Chaitanya Halmare7 (1-6)B.E Students, Department of Civil Engineering, GHRAET, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India 7Guide, Department of Civil Engineering, GHRAET, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - The main aim of this project is to manufacture an artificial aggregate and then useitasballast. Inthepresent circumstance the utilization of plastic is expanding step by step, albeit numerous means were taken by the legislature to decrease its utilization. These plastic takes upto1000yearsto get disintegrated. Removal of enormous amount of plastic packs may cause contamination of land, water bodies and air (particularly when they are scorched). In this project we have manufacture artificial aggregate and which can be used in place of natural aggregate. This artificial aggregate is made up of plastic, lime, steel particle. After the manufacturing of artificial aggregatetheresult arecomparedwithconventional Ballast. Key Words: Artificial aggregate, Conventional aggregate, strength of aggregate and optimum% of replacement. 1. INTRODUCTION Railway plays an important role in transportation which helps to move passengers and freights from one place to another. The Railway structure consists of different parts such as rails, sleepers, tie and ballast. The ballast is the main component of railway structure as itholdstherailwaytracks and also distributes the train load to the ground withoutany kind of failure. Ballast in which aggregates plays an important role in distributing loads and holding the rails in position. This project is related to rails in which we focused on the manufacturing of aggregate. The project is based on making of aggregate comprises of non-biodegradable materials, mainly plastic. The attempt was to present you the aggregate which is economical, durable and eco-friendly. This project was based on trial and error method in which we made aggregate of different materials of different compositions. That means during making of our project there was an effort to keep balance betweentheoretical part, industrial aspects, the construction, the manufacturing techniques and more. 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY • To study the structural behavior of artificial aggregate. • To analyses the physical parameters of artificial aggregate with natural aggregate. • To distinguish the ideal % supplanting of artificial aggregate with natural aggregate in railroad track. • To compare the conventional aggregate with artificial aggregate. • To diminish the plastic waste in nature • To recognize an elective material for natural aggregate because of its demand. • To reduce the cost of aggregate. 3. MATERIALS a) PLASTIC Plastic is main content in this artificial aggregate.In this PETE – Polyethylene Terephthalate is to be used. This aggregate have 63% of Plastic by weight. Melting point of Polyethylene Terephthalate is 260°C. b) LIME Lime is useful for to form the silicates and aluminates of calcium. This also give aggregate some binding property during casting of aggregate. Lime used in this aggregateiswall putty.Proportion of Lime in aggregate is 32%. c) GRINDED STEEL Grinded Steel is added to give aggregate strength and to increase its density to add weight to it. This Grinded steel is waste of Fabrication shops. Proportion of Steel in aggregate is 5%. 4. METHODOLOGY The principal to cast artificial aggregate is to combine properties of Plastic, Lime & Steel to form a homogenous material. This is done by heating of mentioned Plastic in furnace till its melting point. When plastic is melteditwill be in liquid form. Once liquid form is achieved precaution is needed to avoid burning of plastic. For these proper vessels is required for slow and steady melting of plastic. After melting of Plastic 200gms ofWall putty(Lime)isadded and then it is mixed well. This will form thicker liquid; this will help steel to bind properly.
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 04 | Apr 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 119 Once the wall putty is properly mixed grinded steel is added and it is mixed properly to form a homogenous liquid. The mixture is poured in mould. Mould used are 2 x 2 x 4 cm. The casted aggregate is kept to cool down for at least 24hrs before performing any tests. For proper removal of aggregate from mould, the moulds were coated with oil before placing of melted mixture. Test performed on this aggregate are Sieve analysis, Impact value, Water absorption, Abrasion. If it is required to have more strength, natural aggregate can be added with this, which is about 40% natural and 60% Artificial aggregate. 5. RESULTS a) Water Absorption Test Water Absorption tested as per IS 2386 Pt III should not be more than 1%. b) Sieve Analysis Sieve Size Result Required (Retention %) Result Obtained Artificial Aggregate Artificial & Natural Aggregate 65mm Square mesh Sieve Max 5% 4% 3% 40mm Square mesh Sieve 40% to 60% 46% 48% 20mm Square mesh Sieve Not Less than 95% for hand broken 98% 97% c) Impact Value: Relaxation on techno economics grounds shall normally be given prior to the issue of the tender document byCTE/CE in open line and CAO/Con for construction project. d) Abrasion Value 6. CONCLUSION Throughout the railway system, the only thing which is not changed from starting, are the aggregates, which meet each and every expectation that are required by the ballast for proper functioning of railway. Till now, no other type of aggregate or product is made whichischeaperorbetterthan Result Required (Water Absorption Value) Result Obtained Artificial Aggregate Artificial & Natural Aggregate Max 1% 0.63% 0.89% Type of Gauge Result Required (Impact Value %) Result Obtained Artificial Aggregate Artificial & Natural Aggregate BG and MG 20% max (with 25% relaxation) 31% 25% NG 30% max (with 35% relaxation) 31% 25% Type of Gauge Result Required (Impact Value %) Result Obtained Artificial Aggregate Artificial & Natural Aggregate BG and MG 30% max 35% 29% NG 35% max 35% 29%
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 04 | Apr 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2020, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 120 these aggregates to meet the expectations. Butasmentioned earlier we have made or manufactured aggregate which cheaper than the natural aggregate and also possess properties similar to natural aggregate.Theaggregate which is manufactured is made up of plastic so it may help to reduced plastic waste and make our aggregate eco-friendly. The stone brought from query are then boughtinsizesof 40- 60mm which are suitable for railway ballast. In this process the aggregate can be casted into any type of shape and size. The aggregate which is manufactured by this process also has similar properties as you have seen the results of tests performed on it. By this process, the calculation of optimum percentage of replacement of natural aggregate by the artificial aggregate is also done, which will help in not full replacement of aggregate but the replacement up to some extent. By certain efforts we made our aggregate cheaper and also matched its properties with the natural aggregate which we can consider it as a better aggregate than the natural aggregate. REFERENCES [1] Retrieved1018,2011,from:http://books.google.com [2] Alex M. Remennikov & Sakdirat Kaewunruen. (2007). A review of loading conditions for railway track structures due train and track vertical interaction. Wollongong, Australia: Wiley InterScinece. [3] (AREMA), A. R.–o.–w. (2000). Ballast. [4] (ARTC), A. r. (2001). Cantrell Rail Services, Inc: Manual on what to do and what not to do when performing sub-grade maintenance. [5] Agarwel,R.(n.d.).General Manager(Projects)/KRCL “Presentation on Ballast Less Track”. Retrieved 10 07, 2011, from http://iricen.gov [6] Ali Ebrahimi, James M. Tinjum and Tuncer B. Edil., (2010). Large-Scale, Cyclic Triaxial Testing of Rail Ballast”. American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA). [7] ARTC, A. R. (2007, 01 04). Australian Rail Truck Corporation LTD (ARTC). [8] Ravishankar et al. (2015) “Experimental study on artificial fly ash aggregate concrete.” [9] Ramya et al. (2015) “A study on the effect of concrete and the strength characteristics by utilization of the waste materials as course aggregate in concrete.” [10] Mathew.P et al. (2013) “Recycled plastic as the course aggregate for the structural concrete.” [11] Murugan and vali at el. (2017) “Overview of the Artificial Lightweight aggregate. [12] Fang-Chih Chang , Ming-Yu Lee,Shang-LienLo,Jyh- Dong Lin (2010)’ Artificial aggregate made from waste stone sludge and waste silt’Journal of Environmental Management 91 (2010) 2289-2294 [13] Harilal B and Job Thomas(2013)’ Concrete made using cold bonded artificial aggregate’ American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) Volume-1 pp-20-25 [14] Mohammed Nadeem, Arun D. Pofale’ Utilization of Industrial Waste Slag as Aggregate in Concrete Applications by Adopting Taguchi’s Approach for Optimization Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 2012, 2, 96-105 [15] Prof. P. P. Bhangale’(2013) Study of Pond ASH (BTPS) Use as A FineAggregate in Cement Concrete International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJLTET) 123-131 [16] Raffaelecioffi,ClaudioFreone, Franceco Messina ,Francesco Colngelo(2012)‘Artificial aggregate production from power plant solid waste by means of granulation process ‘ volume 2 232-239
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