Horizontal IntegrationThe activities which are complementary to pr.pdf

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Horizontal Integration The activities which are complementary to present activity are developed in Horizontal integration. Or simply it is the strategy to increase your market share by taking over a similar company. Example: - You Tube, which was taken over my Google primarily because it had a strong and loyal user base. Vertical Integration The activities which are concerned with the inputs into the company’s current business is developed in Backward Integration while the one that are concerned with the company’s output are developed in Forward Integration. And this Backward and Forward integration into adjacent activities in the value network are called Vertical Integration. Or simply in order to increase that company’s in the marketplace several steps in the production and/or distribution of a product or service are controlled by a single company or entity. The process of achieving this several steps is known as Vertical Integration. Example: - Oracles bought Sun Microsystems and are now the best engineered systems (integrated hardware-and-software devices). Outsourcing When a third party performs a portion of a Company’s activities it is known as Outsourcing. It is important as it focuses on lowering costs and improving the efficient allocation of resources within a company. Some common outsourcing activities include: human resource management, facilities management, supply chain management, accounting, customer support and service, marketing, computer aided design, research, design, content writing, engineering, diagnostic services, and legal documentation. Co-operative relationship It is a win-win situation, in a Co-operative Relation a joint action or effort is required to enable people to work and operate together so that everybody will benefit. Example: - Baxter provides employment for the Mayo region in Castlebar, Co. Mayo. Solution Horizontal Integration The activities which are complementary to present activity are developed in Horizontal integration. Or simply it is the strategy to increase your market share by taking over a similar company. Example: - You Tube, which was taken over my Google primarily because it had a strong and loyal user base. Vertical Integration The activities which are concerned with the inputs into the company’s current business is developed in Backward Integration while the one that are concerned with the company’s output are developed in Forward Integration. And this Backward and Forward integration into adjacent activities in the value network are called Vertical Integration. Or simply in order to increase that company’s in the marketplace several steps in the production and/or distribution of a product or service are controlled by a single company or entity. The process of achieving this several steps is known as Vertical Integration. Example: - Oracles bought Sun Microsystems and are now the best engineered systems (integrated hardware-and-software devices). Outsourcing When a third party performs a p.

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Or simply it is the strategy to increase your market share by taking over a similar company.
Example: - You Tube, which was taken over my Google primarily because it had a strong and
loyal user base.
Vertical Integration
The activities which are concerned with the inputs into the company’s current business is
developed in Backward Integration while the one that are concerned with the company’s output
are developed in Forward Integration.
And this Backward and Forward integration into adjacent activities in the value network are
called Vertical Integration.
Or simply in order to increase that company’s in the marketplace several steps in the production
and/or distribution of a product or service are controlled by a single company or entity. The
process of achieving this several steps is known as Vertical Integration.
Example: - Oracles bought Sun Microsystems and are now the best engineered systems
(integrated hardware-and-software devices).
Outsourcing
When a third party performs a portion of a Company’s activities it is known as Outsourcing. It is
important as it focuses on lowering costs and improving the efficient allocation of resources
within a company.
Some common outsourcing activities include: human resource management, facilities
management, supply chain management, accounting, customer support and service, marketing,
computer aided design, research, design, content writing, engineering, diagnostic services, and
legal documentation.
Co-operative relationship
It is a win-win situation, in a Co-operative Relation a joint action or effort is required to enable
people to work and operate together so that everybody will benefit.
Example: - Baxter provides employment for the Mayo region in Castlebar, Co. Mayo.

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CHAPTER 3 Assessing the Internal Environment of the Firm Copyright Anatoli Styf/Shutterstock 1 Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should have a good understanding of: 3-1 The primary and support activities of a firm’s value chain. 3-2 How value-chain analysis can help managers create value by investigating relationships among activities within the firm and between the firm and its customers and suppliers. 3-3 The resource-based view of the firm and the different types of tangible and intangible resources, as well as organizational capabilities. 3-4 The four criteria that a firm’s resources must possess to maintain a sustainable advantage and how value created can be appropriated by employees and managers. 3-5 The usefulness of financial ratio analysis, its inherent limitations, and how to make meaningful comparisons of performance across firms. 3-6 The value of the “balanced scorecard” in recognizing how the interests of a variety of stakeholders can be interrelated. ©McGraw-Hill Education. 2 The Importance of the Internal Environment Consider. . . Which activities must a firm effectively manage and integrate in order to attain competitive advantages in the marketplace? Which resources and capabilities must a firm create and nurture in order to sustain a competitive advantage? ©McGraw-Hill Education. What if two firms compete in the same industry and both have many strengths in a variety of functional areas: marketing, operations, logistics, etc.? However, one of these firms outperforms the other by a wide margin over a long period of time. How can this be? The value-creating activities that the firm manages well, and the bundles of resources and capabilities that the firm has created and nurtured over time are crucial to answering these questions. 3 Value-Chain Analysis Value-chain analysis looks at the sequential process of value-creating activities. Value is the amount buyers are willing to pay for what a firm provides. How is value created within the organization? How is value created for other organizations in the overall supply chain or distribution channel? The value received must exceed the costs of production. ©McGraw-Hill Education. SWOT is a good starting point, but it doesn’t give enough guidance regarding the specific action steps needed to enact strategic change. For instance, a firm may have a capability that is a strength, but that, by itself, cannot create or sustain competitive advantage. It’s too easy to become preoccupied with a single dimension or element of what is, essentially, a moving target…MORE analysis may be necessary, which is where the value chain comes in. Value-chain analysis = a strategic analysis of an organization that uses value-creating activities. Value is the amount that buyers are willing to pay for what a firm provides them and is measured by total revenue, a reflection of the price a firm’s product commands, and the quantity it can sell. A firm is profitabl ...

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Q4 How Does Competitive Strategy Determine Value Chain Structure? 79 GearUp has chosen a low-cost strategy focused w i t h i n the sport ing goods category, further focused w i t h i n the segment of buyers w h o are interested in special, short-term sales. As the vignette at the start of this chapter indicates, i t needs to do everything i t can to keep costs dovm. How Does Competitive Strategy Determine Value Chain Structure? Organizations analyze the structure of their industry, and, using that analysis, they formulate a competitive strategy. They then need to organize and structure the organ- izat ion to i m p l e m e n t that strategy. If, for example, the competit ive strategy is to be cost leader, like GearUp, then business activities need to be developed to provide essential functions at the lowest possible cost. A business that selects a dijferentiation strategy would not necessarily structure itself around least-cost activities. Instead, such a business might choose to develop more costly processes, but it would do so only if those processes provided benefits that outweighed their costs. Porter defined value as the amount of money that a customer is wil l ing to pay for a resource, product, or service. The difference between the value that an activity generates and the cost of the activity is called the margin. A business w i t h a differentiation strategy w i l l add cost to an activity only as long as the activity has a positive margin. A value chain is a network of value-creating activities. That generic chain consists of five primary activities and four support activities. To understand the essence of the value chain, consider a small manufacturer—say, a bicycle maker (see Figure 3-6). First, the manufacturer acquires raw materials using the inbound logistics activity. This activity concerns the receiving and handling of raw materials and other inputs. The accumulal ion of those materials adds value in the sense that even a pile of unassembled parts is w o r t h something to some customer. A collection of the parts needed to bui ld a bicycle is w o r t h more than an empty space o n a shelf. The value is not only the parts themselves, but also the t ime required to Bicycle Maker's Value Chain Margin = V a l u e - C o s t Margin = , + Value - C o s t y * Margin = Value - Cost Margin = Value - Cost Margin = V a l u e - C o s t Manage Supplier Relationships (Procurement) Investigate New Designs (Technology) Hire & Support Employees (Human Resources) / T o t a l / Margin, I Primary X A c t l v i t i e s Acquire Bicycle Parts Produce Ship , K Market & , >v Service Acquire Bicycle Parts Bicycle Bicycles ' 1> Sell Bicycles Customers Manage Company Resources (Firm Infrastructure) ( Margin = ,̂ . ( Margin = \ / Margin = \ ( Margin = ^ Value-Cost / ^ ^ V a l u e - Costy' ^ VValue-CosW ^ VValue-Costy (Total Margin, Support Activities Primary Activity S ...

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This is a methodology to extract, justify, apply and track actionable insights from a structured dataset and a cross-departments exchange. Please find its summarized mechanism below. A simple “coordination & action” concept based on four pillars, their related key actions and two strong principles that feed your organization everyday: Growing Cells & “comestible” Fuel. Human Beings interacting and learning collaboratively & Structured data understandable and exploitable by them. Thanks to both and the D2B bridge, your organization will be able to identify and implement actionable insights that will positively impact your overall business growth and organizational processes. Moreover, your organization will build by itself a learning machine that each individual will beneficiate from. Actions run by someone’s God Feeling appear now as obsolete. For sure, Alone, we go faster. But together, we go farer.

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// HeadPhone.java /* All the outputs were same because the variables declared and defined in HeadPhone class were static, they will be updated only once during the program execution. removing the static keyword from the variables which will be updated during the program execution will give the desired results */ public class HeadPhone { private static final int LOW = 1; private static final int MEDIUM = 2; private static final int HIGH = 3; private int volume = 0; private boolean pluggedIn = false; private String none = null; private String manufacturer = none; private String headPhoneColor = none; private String volPos = none; private String switchPos= none; private String onOrOff= none; // Default Headphone Constructor public HeadPhone() { volume = MEDIUM; pluggedIn = false; manufacturer = \"Sony\"; headPhoneColor = \"Gold\"; } // Headphone Constructor public HeadPhone (int volume2, boolean pluggedIn2, String manufacturer2, String headPhoneColor2) { volume = volume2; pluggedIn = pluggedIn2; manufacturer = manufacturer2; headPhoneColor = headPhoneColor2; } // Setter Methods // setVolume public void setVolume(int volume2) { volume = volume2; } // setPluggedIn public void setPluggedIn(boolean pluggedIn2) { pluggedIn = pluggedIn2; } // setManufacturer public void setManufacturer(String manufacturer2) { manufacturer = manufacturer2; } // setColor public void setColor(String headPhoneColor2) { headPhoneColor = headPhoneColor2; } // Getter Methods // getVolume public int getVolume() { if(volume == 3) { volPos = \"HIGH\"; } else if (volume == 2) { volPos = \"MEDIUM\"; } else if(volume == 1) { volPos = \"LOW\"; } else { System.out.println(\"Your entry is invalid, please try again.\"); } return volume; } //getPluggedIn public boolean getPluggedIn() { if(pluggedIn == false) { onOrOff = \"Off\"; } else { onOrOff = \"On\"; } return pluggedIn; } //getManufacturer public String getManufacturer() { return manufacturer; } //getColor public String getColor() { return headPhoneColor; } // changeVolume method public void changeVolume(int volume2) { setVolume(volume2); } // toString method public String toString() { String str = \"toString() results: (volume=\" + volume + \", pluggedIn=\" + pluggedIn + \", Manufacturer=\" + manufacturer + \", HeadPhone Color=\" + headPhoneColor +\")\"; return str; } } // TestHeadPhone.java import java.util.Scanner; public class TestHeadPhone { public static void main(String[] args) { int row = 4; HeadPhone [] hfArray = new HeadPhone[row]; HeadPhone hpObj1 = new HeadPhone(); hfArray[0] = hpObj1; Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); for(int i=1; i<4; i++) { HeadPhone hpObj2 = new HeadPhone(); System.out.println(\"Please enter the data for new headphones:\"); System.out.println(\"Would you like to turn the headphones on? (Type \'true\' for on, Type \'false\' for off: \"); hpObj2.setPluggedIn(input.nextBoolean()); System.out.println(\"Please the the volume (Options are by integer (1 = Low, 2 = Medium, 3 = High): \"); hpObj2.setV.

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Methanol is soluble in water. methanol is a one carbon organic alcohol. The -OH group forms favorable hydrogen bonds with water, and the hydrophobic portion is small enough that it can readily dissolve. Solution Methanol is soluble in water. methanol is a one carbon organic alcohol. The -OH group forms favorable hydrogen bonds with water, and the hydrophobic portion is small enough that it can readily dissolve..

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It is used to remove water from the organic layer. During the experiment some water gets into the organic layer because of the partial miscibility of the organic products in water. Saturated sodium chloride will pull the water from the organic layer following simple solute rules. Sat. NaCl wants to become more dilute and salts have a higher affinity for water than for organic solvents. Therefore removing the bulk of the water in the organic layer. Solution It is used to remove water from the organic layer. During the experiment some water gets into the organic layer because of the partial miscibility of the organic products in water. Saturated sodium chloride will pull the water from the organic layer following simple solute rules. Sat. NaCl wants to become more dilute and salts have a higher affinity for water than for organic solvents. Therefore removing the bulk of the water in the organic layer..

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he coordination compounds , metal complexes or simply complexes are compounds which contain an ion or a central atom, usually a metal, surrounded by a collection of ions or molecules. The chance discovery dell\'esamminocobalto (III) chloride, CoCl 3 6 NH 3 , due to Tassaert in 1798 marks the beginning of the chemistry of the complexes. Many of the jobs immediately after they were made ??with ammonia and complex that resulted were called metallammine. Subsequently it was found that other amines and other anions such as CN - , NO 2 - , NCS - , Cl - can form complexes with metals. Many compounds were prepared with these anions and, at first, were called by the name of the chemical that prepared them first. Subsequently, because of the fact that many of these complexes was colored, was used a scheme of nomenclature based on the color. Our current knowledge about the nature of the metal complexes are due to Werner , in 1893 at the age of 26 years suggested that even today is called coordination theory of Werner. His most important are three postulates: Most of the elements have two types of meaning: a) primary valence and b) secondary valence. In modern terminology a) corresponds to the oxidation state and b) the coordination number Each element tends to satisfy the valence both primary and secondary The secondary valence is directed towards fixed positions of the space Consider the complex cloroamminocobalto (III). According to the theory of Werner the first member of the series has the formula Co [(NH 3 ) 6 ] Cl 3 and is represented as shown in the figure: (i upload for u on this address: Structures http://i45.tinypic.com/2l2654.gif http://i50.tinypic.com/jaykgy.jpg) The primary valence or oxidation state of the cobalt (III) is 3. The three ions Cl - primary saturate the valence of cobalt chloride ions and then the three primary saturate the valence of cobalt negative ions that neutralize the positive charge of the metal ion affect the primary value. Solution he coordination compounds , metal complexes or simply complexes are compounds which contain an ion or a central atom, usually a metal, surrounded by a collection of ions or molecules. The chance discovery dell\'esamminocobalto (III) chloride, CoCl 3 6 NH 3 , due to Tassaert in 1798 marks the beginning of the chemistry of the complexes. Many of the jobs immediately after they were made ??with ammonia and complex that resulted were called metallammine. Subsequently it was found that other amines and other anions such as CN - , NO 2 - , NCS - , Cl - can form complexes with metals. Many compounds were prepared with these anions and, at first, were called by the name of the chemical that prepared them first. Subsequently, because of the fact that many of these complexes was colored, was used a scheme of nomenclature based on the color. Our current knowledge about the nature of the metal complexes are due to Werner , in 1893 at the age of 26 years suggested that even today is called coordination .

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Polymers are made by joining small molecules into large ones.But most of these monomer molecules are perfectly stable as they are, so they have devised two general methods to make them react with each other, building up the backbone chain as the reaction proceeds. This method (also known as step-growth) requires that the monomers possess two or more kinds of functional groups that are able to react with each other in such a way that parts of these groups combine to form a small molecule (often H2O) which is eliminated from the two pieces. 2 Additional Polymerisation: Polymer play a major role in various industry sector and which are used in plastic bags ,water pipes outer layer of electric wires clothing and,woven fabric and also other materials. PLASTIC BAGS: WATER PIPES OUTER LAYER OF ELECTRIC WIRES: Outer layer of insulator is also called as electric insulator. It is the most commonly used thermoplastic insulator for cables. It is cheap, durable and widely available. However, the chlorine in PVC (a halogen) causes the production of thick, toxic, black smoke when burnt and can be a health hazard in areas where low smoke and toxicity are required Normal operating temperatures are typically between 75C and 105C (depending on PVC type). CLOTHING: Solution Polymers are made by joining small molecules into large ones.But most of these monomer molecules are perfectly stable as they are, so they have devised two general methods to make them react with each other, building up the backbone chain as the reaction proceeds. This method (also known as step-growth) requires that the monomers possess two or more kinds of functional groups that are able to react with each other in such a way that parts of these groups combine to form a small molecule (often H2O) which is eliminated from the two pieces. 2 Additional Polymerisation: Polymer play a major role in various industry sector and which are used in plastic bags ,water pipes outer layer of electric wires clothing and,woven fabric and also other materials. PLASTIC BAGS: WATER PIPES OUTER LAYER OF ELECTRIC WIRES: Outer layer of insulator is also called as electric insulator. It is the most commonly used thermoplastic insulator for cables. It is cheap, durable and widely available. However, the chlorine in PVC (a halogen) causes the production of thick, toxic, black smoke when burnt and can be a health hazard in areas where low smoke and toxicity are required Normal operating temperatures are typically between 75C and 105C (depending on PVC type). CLOTHING:.

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the name arsenic acid, like phosphoric acid (H3PO4), does notconvey the structure, but does fit into a general patternwhereby the ending ‘ic’ denotes a higher or the highest possible oxidation state (compare nitric acid, sulfuricacid). HClO: Hypochlorous Acid Solution the name arsenic acid, like phosphoric acid (H3PO4), does notconvey the structure, but does fit into a general patternwhereby the ending ‘ic’ denotes a higher or the highest possible oxidation state (compare nitric acid, sulfuricacid). HClO: Hypochlorous Acid.

the name arsenic acid, like phosphoric acid (H3PO4), does notconvey .pdf

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Sucrose is a molecular compound and does not ionize in solution. KCl is a soluble ionic compound and fully ionizes in solution: KCl(aq) => K+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Sucrose and KCl do not interact in solution. Mass balance equation: [KCl] = [K+] Charge balance equation: [K+] = [Cl-] Solution Sucrose is a molecular compound and does not ionize in solution. KCl is a soluble ionic compound and fully ionizes in solution: KCl(aq) => K+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Sucrose and KCl do not interact in solution. Mass balance equation: [KCl] = [K+] Charge balance equation: [K+] = [Cl-].

Sucrose is a molecular compound and does not ionize in solution.KC.pdf

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C. Increasing the temperature of the system .pdf

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because Electron Affinity is the amount of energy needed to add an electron to an atom or molecule.. Thus Decreasing its Stabillity and Whenever We have Decrease in Stability We Have A Negative Energy Released thus energy required and hence negative electron affinity..The Electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom or molecule to form a negative ion. X + e- ? X- (note: the correct equation in words is X + electron -> X + energy) This property is measured for atoms and molecules in the gaseous state only, since in the solid or liquid states their energy levels would be changed by contact with other atoms or molecules. A list of the electron affinities was used by Robert S. Mulliken to develop an electronegativity scale for atoms, equal to the average of the electron affinity and ionization potential.Other theoretical concepts that use electron affinity include electronic chemical potential and chemical hardness. Another example, a molecule or atom that has a more positive value of electron affinity than another is often called an electron acceptor and the less positive an electron donor. Together they may undergo charge- transfer reactions. In solids, the electron affinity is the energy difference between the vacuum energy and the conduction band minimum. To use electron affinities properly, it is essential to keep track of sign. For any reaction that releases energy, the change in energy, ?E, has a negative value and the reaction is called an exothermic process. Electron capture for almost all non-noble gas atoms involves the release of energy and thus are exothermic. The positive values that are listed in tables of Eea are amounts or magnitudes. It is the word, released within the definition energy released that supplies the negative sign. Confusion arises in mistaking Eea for a change in energy, ?E, in which case the positive values listed in tables would be for an endo- not exothermic process. The relation between the two is, Eea = - ?E(attach). However, if the value assigned to Eea is negative, the negative sign implies a reversal of direction, and energy is required to attach an electron. In this case, the electron capture is an endothermic process and the relationship, Eea = - ?E(attach) is still valid. Negative values typically arise for the capture of a second electron, but also for the nitrogen atom. The usual expression for calculating Eea when an electron is attached is Eea = (Einitial - Efinal)attach = - ?E(attach) This expression does follow the convention ?X = X(final) - X(initial) since - ?E = - (E(final) - E(initial)) = E(initial) - E(final). Equivalently, electron affinity can also be defined as the amount of energy required to detach an electron from a singly charged negative ion,i.e. the energy change for the process X- ? X + e- If the same table is employed for the forward and reverse reactions, without switching signs, care must be take.

because Electron Affinity is the amount of energy.pdf

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Ques-1: Clostredium botulinum, bacteria that cause food poisoning & it is the etiological agent in this outbreak of food poisoning Ques-2: This food intoxication because \"botulinum\" is the toxin generated by these bacteria by putrefying food material and these bacteria is anaerobic. These toxins are made of exotoxins, endotoxins (tetanus toxin, botulism toxin & cholera toxin) as these are composed of proteins, lipoppolysaccharides produced through cell wall to act on the host cell immune system. These are virulent and cause damage to host cells through inflammatory mediators released via phagocytosis by immune system. I would declare the situation as a sortumme an outbreak, this is because acute episodes of \"gastrointestinal illness is mainly due to food borne illness caused by \"clostridium botulinum\". It has observed clear symptoms of disease characterized by nausea, headache, blurred vision, bronchoconstriction due to stiffen throat & neck Fever, headache, nausea, and severe respiratory symptoms followed by blurred vision; this is because botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin that potentially inhibits release of acetylcholine from nerve endings and leading to drooping eyelid and slurred speech. Ques-3: Potato salad was transported in a loose in a pickup truck & it is not covered or packed before preparing meals therefore anaerobic fermentation of this carbohydrate is the source of contamination of this bacteria & cause food borne illness Solution Ques-1: Clostredium botulinum, bacteria that cause food poisoning & it is the etiological agent in this outbreak of food poisoning Ques-2: This food intoxication because \"botulinum\" is the toxin generated by these bacteria by putrefying food material and these bacteria is anaerobic. These toxins are made of exotoxins, endotoxins (tetanus toxin, botulism toxin & cholera toxin) as these are composed of proteins, lipoppolysaccharides produced through cell wall to act on the host cell immune system. These are virulent and cause damage to host cells through inflammatory mediators released via phagocytosis by immune system. I would declare the situation as a sortumme an outbreak, this is because acute episodes of \"gastrointestinal illness is mainly due to food borne illness caused by \"clostridium botulinum\". It has observed clear symptoms of disease characterized by nausea, headache, blurred vision, bronchoconstriction due to stiffen throat & neck Fever, headache, nausea, and severe respiratory symptoms followed by blurred vision; this is because botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin that potentially inhibits release of acetylcholine from nerve endings and leading to drooping eyelid and slurred speech. Ques-3: Potato salad was transported in a loose in a pickup truck & it is not covered or packed before preparing meals therefore anaerobic fermentation of this carbohydrate is the source of contamination of this bacteria & cause food borne illness.

Ques-1Clostredium botulinum, bacteria that cause food poisoning &.pdf

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1. Horizontal Integration The activities which are complementary to present activity are developed in Horizontal integration. Or simply it is the strategy to increase your market share by taking over a similar company. Example: - You Tube, which was taken over my Google primarily because it had a strong and loyal user base. Vertical Integration The activities which are concerned with the inputs into the company’s current business is developed in Backward Integration while the one that are concerned with the company’s output are developed in Forward Integration. And this Backward and Forward integration into adjacent activities in the value network are called Vertical Integration. Or simply in order to increase that company’s in the marketplace several steps in the production and/or distribution of a product or service are controlled by a single company or entity. The process of achieving this several steps is known as Vertical Integration. Example: - Oracles bought Sun Microsystems and are now the best engineered systems (integrated hardware-and-software devices). Outsourcing When a third party performs a portion of a Company’s activities it is known as Outsourcing. It is important as it focuses on lowering costs and improving the efficient allocation of resources within a company. Some common outsourcing activities include: human resource management, facilities management, supply chain management, accounting, customer support and service, marketing, computer aided design, research, design, content writing, engineering, diagnostic services, and legal documentation. Co-operative relationship It is a win-win situation, in a Co-operative Relation a joint action or effort is required to enable people to work and operate together so that everybody will benefit. Example: - Baxter provides employment for the Mayo region in Castlebar, Co. Mayo. Solution Horizontal Integration The activities which are complementary to present activity are developed in Horizontal integration.

2. Or simply it is the strategy to increase your market share by taking over a similar company. Example: - You Tube, which was taken over my Google primarily because it had a strong and loyal user base. Vertical Integration The activities which are concerned with the inputs into the company’s current business is developed in Backward Integration while the one that are concerned with the company’s output are developed in Forward Integration. And this Backward and Forward integration into adjacent activities in the value network are called Vertical Integration. Or simply in order to increase that company’s in the marketplace several steps in the production and/or distribution of a product or service are controlled by a single company or entity. The process of achieving this several steps is known as Vertical Integration. Example: - Oracles bought Sun Microsystems and are now the best engineered systems (integrated hardware-and-software devices). Outsourcing When a third party performs a portion of a Company’s activities it is known as Outsourcing. It is important as it focuses on lowering costs and improving the efficient allocation of resources within a company. Some common outsourcing activities include: human resource management, facilities management, supply chain management, accounting, customer support and service, marketing, computer aided design, research, design, content writing, engineering, diagnostic services, and legal documentation. Co-operative relationship It is a win-win situation, in a Co-operative Relation a joint action or effort is required to enable people to work and operate together so that everybody will benefit. Example: - Baxter provides employment for the Mayo region in Castlebar, Co. Mayo.

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