AFFECT OF 10% WT GALENA POWDER ON THE ABSORBITIVITY OF BLACK PAINT

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology
(IJARET)
Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2016, pp. 01-08, Article ID: IJARET_07_02_001
Available online at
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ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499
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___________________________________________________________________________
AFFECT OF 10% WT GALENA POWDER
ON THE ABSORBITIVITY OF BLACK
PAINT
Iessa Sabbe Moosa
College of Engineering, University of Buraimi, Sultanate of Oman,
B.O. Box 890, P.C. 512, Al- Buraimi
ABSTRACT
Addition of Galena Powder to black paint with a range of particle size has
been studied, as a developed selective solar absorber for domestic use for
water heating system. The powder used was prepared from an ingot of
Galena. Selective surfaces; pure aluminum, black paint, and mixture of black
paint with galena powder having particle size range of about 250μm and less
greater than 125μm at 10% wt were experimented. Temperature difference
(∆T) as a function of exposure time has been studied pertaining to the mixture
of black paint with Galena powder. Furthermore, microstructure of the used
bulk ingot of Galena was investigated by using SEM. An increase of about 5
0
C of water temperature was gained by using the Galena powder compared
with black paint. The results of this attempt of research showed that the
maximum value of water temperature was around 95 0
C in Al- Buraimi City,
Sultanate of Oman.
Keywords: Galena ingot, Al- Buraimi City - Sultanate of Oman, high
absorbitivity, temperature difference.
Cite this Article: Iessa Sabbe Moosa, Affect of 10% Wt Galena Powder on
The Absorbitivity of Black Paint. International Journal of Advanced Research
in Engineering and Technology, 7(2), 2016, pp. 01-08.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=7&IType=2
HIGHLIGHTS
Galena powder has been used in attempt to develop the aborbitivity of black paint for
heating system by using solar energy. A range of particle size of Galena powder was
mixed with the black paint to increase the aborbitivity of the paint. A maximum water
temperature of about 95 0
C was reached with 10 wt% of Galena powder.

Iessa Sabbe Moosa
1. INTRODUCTION
The Sun is a sphere of very condensed hot gaseous matter with a diameter of about
1.39 × 109
m, mostly hydrogen isotopes combining to form helium atoms with a
transformation of a certain mass, which is emitted as solar energy. This process takes
place by nuclear fusion in the core of the Sun. The solar power that strikes the Earth is
around 1.7 × 1014
kW. This value, theoretical and practical information about history
of solar energy, thermal collectors, and applications of solar energy has been very
well clarified by Kalogirou, 2004 [1]. Brilliant details about using of materials for
heating system by solar energy have been almost fully reported by Lenel et al.,
Kennedy [2, 3]. In 1993, Chatterjee and Pal have declared that thin film of Galena can
be used as low cost selective absorber [4]. Large scale applications of hot water
system in Europe have been reviewed by Fisch et al. [5].
Materials with high absorbitivity and low emission in the solar spectrum with
good stability and accessibility at using the temperatures are required for
manufacturing of heating system by solar energy especially for domestic use. Many
attempts in the field of finding new selective materials and using solar energy for
domestic applications have been reported [6, 7, 8, 9, and 10]. Numerous countries
with abundance of Sunshine started utilization of solar energy for water heating
system for domestic applications [11, 12, and 13]. Additions of some metal powders
to selective materials have been published to increase the thermal conductivity of
these materials [14, 15, and 16].
The Sultanate of Oman is classified among countries that receive the highest solar
energy in the world as that very well reported by Kazem [17], hence any work of
research either theoretical or practical is very essential in the field of solar energy
applications. The current work is carried out in Al- Buraimi city at the north-west,
Sultanate of Oman, where the solar intensity is very high. This city receives the
highest Sunshine hours/day compared with the other cites of the Sultanate of Oman as
reported by Al-Badi et al [18].
The goal of this research is to study the affect of Galena powder with particle size
within the range greater than 125μ to 250μ on the absorbitivity of black paint as a
selective surface for solar energy applications.
2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
The experimental procedure was started by preparing the following stuff and
equipments:
 Black paint type Berger paints, Allinone, High Gloss Enamel, product of Oman
 Thinner Liquid type Supreme, CCIA PV 274070, product of Italy
 Homemade experiment wooden box with double glassing front side, about 1m of
length, 15cm of depth, and 20cm of height. The air gap between glasses is of about
1cm
 Aluminum containers size of 15cm ×10cm ×4cm with top pipe of about 1.5 cm
diameter and length of about 5cm for temperature measurements
 Digital thermometers
 Digital balance
 Galena ingot
 Stainless steel mortar with its hammer handle
 Stainless steel micro sieves of about 125μm and 250μm

Affect of 10% Wt Galena Powder on The Absorbitivity of Black Paint
Bulks of Galena with a diameter of about 2.5 cm were brought from public market
in Ajman, UAE. Figure1 shows some parts of Galena ingots as received.
Powder of Galena was prepared by following these steps:
 The lumps of Galena were mechanically crushed to a size of about 2mm and less.
 The crushed small pieces were manually pulverized by using a stainless steel mortar
for about one hour.
 The obtained powder was sieved by the stainless steel micro-sieves of 125μm, and
then by 250μm prior to mixing process with the black paint. After using the sieve of
250μm, the collected powder particle size is within the range from greater than
125μm to 250μm.
Figure 1 Reveals some lumps of as received Galena ingot
A fracture surface specimen from the received Galena bulks and some produced
powder were prepared for SEM tests. Mixing process of the black paint with 10wt%
percentage of prepared Galena powder was done. About 40g of black paint was
weighed by the digital balance and about 5g of thinner liquid was added and
mechanically mixed with the produced powder to be ready for painting process. Three
aluminum containers were very well cleaned; one of them was kept as it is, the second
was painted by plain black paint, and the third was painted by the mixture of the black
paint with the sieved Galena powder by 250μm sieve. The prepared containers were
filled with water and then fixed in the homemade wooden box prior to water heating
by solar energy. The heating process was employed by setting up the experiments
proceeding to start at 9:00 am. The initial temperature T0 was measured by using the
digital thermometer, and then the wooden box was exposed to solar radiation for 7
hours. The temperatures of the water in all containers as a function of exposure time
were measured whilst the box was almost perpendicular to the direction of the solar
beam.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Solar energy profile of Al-Buraimi city is shown in figure 2, which shows the
monthly average of direct radiation, diffused radiation and global radiation. The
maximum value of solar radiation in this city is in June, which is about 9.8
kWh/m2
/day.

Iessa Sabbe Moosa
Figure 2 Irradiation of Al-Buraimi, Sultanate of Oman of 2012 [16]
The misconstrue study of Galena ingot and powder by the SEM exhibited very
brittle fracture surface as shown in figure 3. This brittleness is very important in the
subsequent milling process to produce a powder from this ingot. In addition, the
EDAX unit attached with the SEM revealed that Galena ingot was found almost
compound of PbS [16]
Figure 3 a-Secondary electron image of fracture surface of galena ingot, 500x, b- Galena
powder with magnification of 100x
The first attempt of heating process was carried out on the date of 17-10-2015 by
using three containers: pure aluminum, black painted aluminum, and the one painted
with mixture of black paint and Galena powder to see the difference between these
cases on the water temperatures. The result of this experiment is shown in figure 4,
from which it can be concluded that the maximum temperature in the case of the pure
aluminum is about 73 0
C , and about 84 0
C in the black painted case, whilst in the
case of the mixture painted is around 89 0
C.

Figure 4 Water temperatures against exposure time for three cases,
Date: 17-10-2015, weather: partially cloudy, weather temp.: ≈ 35 0
C
The result is very important so as these values of water temperatures can be
achieved by using very simple facility even when the weather is partially cloudy.
After the first attempt of water heating by solar energy, another try was employed
on 23-10-2015. The feedback of this attempt is exposed in Figure 5.
Figure 5 Water temperatures against exposure time for different cases,
Date: 23-10-2015, weather: little partially cloudy, weather temp.: ≈ 34 0
C
The result of the third experiment is given in figure 6 from which it can be noticed
that the maximum water temperature in the case of the black paint plus 10 wt% of
Galena powder with the chosen particle size is higher than that of plain black paint by
around 5 0
C, while this value is about 6.5 0
C when the particle size within the range of
60μm and less [16]. At the first

Iessa Sabbe Moosa
Figure 6 Water Temperatures Against exposure Time of three Cases,
Date: 31-10-2015, weather: sunny, weather temp. : ≈ 33 0
C
hour of exposing time, the increase in temperature is almost the same, and then
starts to increase gradually to the maximum value. This behavior probably is due to
the change of the aborbitivity of the mixture of black paint with the Galena powder
with temperature increase. A value of maximum temperature of about 95 0
C can be
achieved by black paint mixture.
The maximum values of temperatures obtained in this trial of research are more
than enough for domestic use; consequently black painted aluminum solar heating
system is very adequate in Al-Buraimi, and probably in many cities in the Sultanate of
Oman.
The relation of temperature difference ∆T as a function of exposure time is given
in figure 7, from which it can be concluded that the relation is almost exponential
form. ∆T=T-T0, where T is the water temperature after a certain exposure time, and T0
is the initial water temperature.
Figure 7 Shows the relation between ∆T and Exposure Time.
4. CONCLUSION
The most important conclusion in this article is that even with a pure aluminum
selective surface, a temperature of about 75 0
C as an average can be obtained, which
is more than enough for domestic use. The results also showed that the water
temperature can be increased by addition of Galena powder to black painted selective

surface. A maximum temperature of about 95 0
C can be achieved by the mixture of
the black paint with Galena powder within the range of particle of about greater than
125μm to 250μm at 10% wt. Temperature difference as a function of exposure time is
almost exponential relation. However, most of the places in the Sultanate of Oman
should use solar heating system for domestic use because of the abundance of solar
energy even during the winter season.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank Dr. Ahmed Al Rawas of the Sultan Qaboos
University, Sultanate of Oman, Physics Department for his great help to use the SEM
for microstructure and chemical analysis. Also, the author greatly appreciates Mr.
Kalyan Baddipudi of the UoB for proof reading. Many thanks to my students Amal
Al Ghailini and Abdol Aziz Al- Saadi for their appreciated help in this work.
REFERENCES
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[3] C.E. Kennedy, Review of Mid- to High-Temperature Solar Selective
Absorber Materials, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2002,
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[4] Chatterjee S., Pal U., Low cost solar selective absorbers from Indian Galena,
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Iessa Sabbe Moosa
[13] Kalogirou S. A., Thermal performance, economic and environmental life
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Less on The Absorbitivity of Black Paint Mixture, International Journal of
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Opportunities and barriers, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15
(2011), pp 3780–3788.

AFFECT OF 10% WT GALENA POWDER ON THE ABSORBITIVITY OF BLACK PAINT

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