APPLYING THE IMAGE OF TITANIUM-MADE MEDICAL AND MILITARY PRODUCTS IN POLITICAL POSTERS FOR ACHIEVING SECURITY AND WORLD PEACE

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International Journal of Graphics and Multimedia (IJGM)
Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-April-2016, pp. 01-13, Article ID: IJGM_07_01_001
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ISSN Print: 0976 - 6448 and ISSN Online: 0976 -6456
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APPLYING THE IMAGE OF TITANIUM-MADE
MEDICALAND MILITARY PRODUCTS IN
POLITICAL POSTERS FOR ACHIEVING
SECURITY AND WORLD PEACE
Dr. Da’ad Mufleh, Dr. Omran Hassan and Dr. Ra’Ed K. QaQish
Faculty of Architecture and Design, Middle East University, Jordan
ABSTRACT
The twenty-first century witnessed a drastic increase in civil, religious,
and sectarian wars, as well as the spread of terrorism in the world leading to
the advancement of the industrial design of innovative combat vehicles in the
global arms industry. To manufacture light, fast, agile, flexible, and precise
vehicles developers used pure white titanium because of its low density, high
strength, and resistance to corrosion and rust as a stronger and lighter
alternative to steel in the manufacturing of many parts of these military
vehicles. Equipped with digital programs, they are the most valuable and
accurate in aiming. On another hand, corporations raced to manufacture
titanium made tools and human organs for the greater good of humanity.
Based on that, researchers formed the thesis of this study to explore the
role of the image of military and medical products in political posters for
achieving global security and peace. Hence delivering a comprehensive
message to the international community; highlighting the logical argument
against the use of this valuable metal in the arms industry, in favor of using it
for the sake of humanity to achieve security and world peace.
Research problem identified three areas of design: military, medical, and
graphic. Research methodology compared quantity and cost in dollars of
titanium used in the production of two models: model (1) Abrams vehicles and
model(2) knee implants.
Findings indicated the extent of which depleting military industry of
titanium metal is needed. Graphic design portrays an important role of using
medical images in promoting global security and peace.
Cite this Article: Dr. Da’ad Mufleh, Dr. Omran Hassan and Dr. Ra’Ed K.
QaQish. Applying The Image of Titanium-Made Medical and Military
Products in Political Posters for Achieving Security and World Peace,
International Journal of Graphics and Multimedia, 7(1), 2016, pp. 01-13.
http:// http://www.iaeme.com/issue.asp?JType=IJGM&VType=7&IType=1

Applying The Image of Titanium-Made Medical and Military Products in Political Posters for
Achieving Security and World Peace
1. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
There are numerous treaties, conventions, and promises to spread security and global
peace in a world suffering for decades from the terror of religious, sectarian, and
economic wars that rob humanity of its basic right to security of life. The damage is
further exasperated by the global arms industry’s products, particularly the combat
vehicles designed for power, speed, and adaptability. The use of white titanium,
which has low density, high strength, and resistance to rust, as a superior alternative
to steel in the manufacturing of many parts of these military vehicles and the added
feature of digital programs increase their value, speed and precision, thereby
achieving their objective in a short time as marketed to war-waging countries.
In contrast, there are the medical device manufacturers that use pure white
titanium to produce and improve replacement body parts to save millions of patients,
injured, and disabled in the world for a better quality of life.
The aim of the responsible parties is to achieve global peace and security for the
sake of humanity as declared in the United Nations Charter, Article 2:
 The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its
Members.
 All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a
manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.
 All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of
force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any
other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.
2. THE RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
1. Researchers sought to expose the negative correlation of using white titanium in
military design and the positive correlation in using it in medical design addressed
through presenting a series of political posters.
2. Researchers rejected the idea of the political poster’s call to war.
3. Researchers emphasized the importance of political posters that promote global peace
and security.
3. THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Research aims to identify:
1. The role of the political poster in promoting global peace and security
2. The role in employing images of titanium-made military produce (Abrams combat
vehicle) in the political posters for promoting global peace and security
3. The role of employing images of titanium-made medical products (knee implants) in
political posters for promoting global peace and security
4. THE RESEARCH LIMITATIONS
Researchers faced a few limitations:
 The scarcity of studies, posters, and references on the peaceful role of political
posters targeting the international community
 Difficulty of researching three different scientific areas: military design, medical
design, and graphic design
 Difficulty to use information considered red line issues Thesis

Researchers presume that that the political image of titanium-made products has a
role in promoting global peace and security
The Research Questions
Q1. Can the image of model (1( Abrams vehicle that is partially made from white
titanium be used in political posters to promote global peace and security?
Q2. Can the image of model (2( knee implants that is partially made from white
titanium be used in political posters to promote global peace and security?
5. METHODOLOGY
The main objective was to identify the role of graphic design in applying the image of
military products model (1) Abrams vehicle and the image of military products model
(2) knee implants in political poster to achieve global security and peace. The
researchers concentrated on:
1. 1. Studying the part played by political posters in times of war
2. 2. Investigating graphic design elements for the posters intended for the research:
Abrams vehicle and knee implants
3. 3. Designing a number of posters opposing the use of titanium militarily and
promoting its use medically for global peace and security
6. RESEARCH TERMINOLOGY
1. Political Poster
Large placard displaying a message to captures the attention through visuals that stand
out in busy environments intended to alter the attitude and ideologies of people.
Poster art continues to have a big impact on political events since 1919.
2. Knee Implants
A knee joint is the largest and strongest joint in the body. A healthy knee is capable of
flexion and extension while injured knees need artificial replacement to function.
Medical device manufacturers raced to produce 150 designs, the most recent of which
are made of titanium and plastic and implanted as follows (Figure 1):
1. Femoral component: part of the titanium is attached to the end of the femur.
2. Tibial component: part of the titanium is attached to the tibia
3. Patellar component: a plastic piece is adjusted between the above components
Figure 1 Titanium-Made Knee Implant

Figure 2 Abrams Tank
The metal parts are made from titanium or cobalt-chromium and the plastic part is
made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. Total knee implant weighs around
500 gm. Materials must comply to several standards: compatible to the body to avoid
a rejection response, durable enough to withstand weight loads, flexible to function
smoothly as intended, and capable to maintain the shape and sturdiness for long times
(Figure 1).
3. Abrams Vehicle
The M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank (Figure 2) is made by General Dynamics Land
Systems Division of USA. It is a third-generation battle tank produced in 1978 in the
United States and designed for modern ground warfare. Abrams tanks are
characterized by their speed and lightweight due to the usage of pure titanium for
several of its parts, sophisticated composite armor, and separate ammunition
compartment for crew safety. They weigh from 62 to 63 tons with additions (Table 1).
Table 2 Abrams Specifications
7. GLOBAL SECURITY AND WORLD PEACE
It is the responsibility of the United Nations Security Council to maintain
international peace and security as declared in the UN Charter: “We the peoples of the
M1/IPM1 M1A1 M1A2
Length: 32.04 FT 32.25 FT 32.25 FT
Width: 12.0 FT 12.0 FT 12.0 FT
Height: 7.79 FT 8.0 FT 8.0 FT
Top Speed: 45.0 MPH 41.5 MPH 41.5 MPH
Weight: 60 TONS 67.6 TONS 68.7 TONS
Armament: 105 MM 120 MM 120 MM
Crew: 4 4 4

United Nations determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war,
which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind.”
1. Political Posters and the Call to War
The industrial and technological advancement contributed largely to the growth and
development of political poster art, its efficiency, and spread in Europe and
worldwide, thereby directly impacting communities and altering their cultural and
political perception and becoming a difficult force to counter by opposing ideas. Thus
it is an important medium to shape political awareness. See figure 3 below for a
political poster supporting the American war again the Nazis by an anonymous artist
during World War II (WWII).
Figure 3 "YOUR METAL Keeps 'em shooting"
1491-1491
Figure 4 "Right is Might, U.S. Army”
Another example of the use of tanks in political posters in the United States is a
(38" x 25") advertising poster dated 1491, entitled "Right is Might, U.S. Army" by
Stu-Grave (Figure 4).
Politics played a major role in altering intellectual trends, and poster art had a big
effect and presence on every political event. The first political poster was designed in
Russia in 1919 defending the republic, and during WWII, political posters had a
major role in rallying against Hitler.
The discussion about political posters warrants the mention of the rise of
advertisements during World War I (WWI) to raise funds, recruit soldiers, and
mobilize people to volunteer, increase productivity and oppose the enemies. Posters
emerged as a powerful advertising medium during and after WWII. They became

known as ideological or political posters because of their contexts that intended to
boost the morale and spirit of sacrifice, and promote issues of freedom, patriotism,
and work.
Figure 5 Image of the First Tank Invented in England with Chinese Text
This type of art had a significant effect in revolutions in most countries around the
world.
The first appearance of a tank in a political poster appeared in 1916 showing an
image of an old tank with Chinese text explaining the purpose of the tank (Figure 5),
year of invention, and role in the “European war.” The British were the first to
introduce tanks during WWI as a means to break the deadlock of the trench warfare
on the Western Front. They were used in the battle of Sommes in France in September
of 1916. These early models had limited mobility and suffered By the end of WWI,
Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and the United States used tanks in their armies.
The Chinese text on the poster, written for the layman clarifies that the wooden
several mechanical faults but they heralded a revolution in land warfare enclosures
were no match for this vehicle.

The text further explains that machine guns are built inside and the outside of the
tank is protected by an outer shell of steel. The soldier can sit inside the vehicle while
attacking the enemy and moving freely as intended by the inventor. Since the
battlefields are rugged with a complicated network of trenches, the vehicle is
equipped with circular rubber wheels unlike the ordinary known as “centipede
wheels” referring to the centipede insect, which has several legs, thus “several
wheels.”
Since that time, the military device started developing and benefited from the use
of light-weight and durable white titanium, which was discovered in 1791. It was first
applied in the early 1932 and in large quantities to reinforce tanks and military
vehicles.
The reasons behind using titanium in manufacturing Abrams military vehicles
were increasing anti-armor threats necessitating advanced armor protection, which
contributed to extra vehicle weight. This weight would have been detrimental to the
transportability and maneuverability of the tanks.
The Army has a need to reduce the weight of its ground combat systems for air
transportability, lower footprint, and quick deployment without sacrificing either
structural performance or ballistic protection Titanium alloys offer good structural and
ballistic properties. Ti- Al- is the current alloy of choice for the structural and
appliqu armor. The Army is using titanium alloys selectively to reduce the weight of
its vehicles. More widespread use of titanium for ground combat systems has been
limited by the cost of titanium. To increase the use of titanium in ground combat
systems, the Army has evaluated single melt titanium using electron-beam (EB) cold-
hearth and Plasma-Arc Melting (PAM) as opposed to the current double-melt titanium
alloys in an effort to reduce the raw material cost. This presentation will provide more
recent applications to ground combat systems such as Light-Weight Howitzer,
Crusader, and transition of some of the technology to Future Combat System (FCS).
In response to ever-increasing anti armor threats, ground combat vehicle’s weight
has increased by 15-20 percent over the past decade as increased armor protection is
required. For example, the M1 Abrams main battle tank has increased the weight
from 54 tonnes to nearly 64 tonnes, and if this trend continues , the vehicle weight
may increase by 2000 a level that will drastically affect transportability, potable-
bridge-crossing, capability, and maneuverability ...Titanium alloys offer many
advantages.” (Montgomery, Wells, Roopchand, and Ogilvy, “Low-Cost Titanium
Armors for Combat ehicles,” 5-47)
Richard Harshman, CEO of Allegheny Technologies Inc. (ATI) identifies
performance, payload, and protection as the drivers to use titanium in military
applications. Performance marked by the speed, mobility, maneuverability, and
compatibility with composites; payload defined by the capacity and fuel efficiency;
and protection determined by enhanced
These features led manufacturing countries to spend millions of dollars to improve
the design of Abrams vehicles using pure white titanium in the production of many of
its parts to start reaping the lives of thousands of people, disabling their movement
resulting in more destruction and faster killing and thousands of injured (Table 3).

Table 3 Military Vehicle's Lightweight Alternatives
2. Titanium Usage for Human Needs
Early usage of titanium-made manufactured body parts appeared in a propaganda
political poster calling for war in 1917. It showed a disabled veteran with a prosthetic
arm using a scythe to harvest wheat. The text announces the National War Relief
Exhibition in Pozsony for promoting recruitment and donations to military products
and supporting the army (Figure 6). At that time, everything was committed to war
including the disabled veteran who was exploited to publicize the war instead of
peace and security for him and humanity. The poster was created by Pal Sujan, a
famous artist whose work was widely displayed in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Figure 6 National War Relief Exhibition Poster by Pal Sujan, Slovakia
Weight SavedWeight (Kg)Abrams M2A2 Main Battle Tank
(%)KgTitaniumRhA SteelReplacement components
2682229311Turret Blow-off Panels
3067160227Gunner’s Primary sight GPS cover
2136132168NBC cover
28140358498Engine top cover
447090160Turret pivot rack
30245680Commander’s hatch
375492146Commander s independent thermal viewer
3047311171590Total

Pure white titanium is used for many human needs to ensure a comfortable,
healthy, economic, and technologically-advanced life:
1. Owing to its strength and to inertness to seawater as well as its substantial ore
deposits in Russia, it was the principal material used in the construction of many
advanced submarines.
2. Titanium tetrachloride (TIC14), a colorless liquid, is to make smoke screens and
skywriting.
3. In addition to being a very important pigment, titanium dioxide is also used in
sunscreens due to resistance to UV.
4. Because it is considered to be physiologically inert, the metal is used in replacement
implants such as hip ball and sockets and to make medical equipment and in
pipe/tank lining in food processing. Since titanium is non–ferromagnetic, patients
with titanium implants can be safely examined with magnetic resonance imaging
(convenient for long –term implants).
5. Titanium is also used for the surgical instruments used in image-guided surgery.
6. Its inertness and ability to be attractively colored makes it a popular metal for use in
piercing.
7. Titanium has the unusual ability to osseointegrate, enabling use dental implants. This
ability is also exploited by some orthopedic implants. Orthopedic applications also
take advantage of titanium lower modulus of elasticity to more closely match the
modulus of the bone that such devices are intended to repair .As a result, skeletal
loads are more evenly shared between bone and implant leading to lower incidence of
bone degradation from stress shielding and peirprosthetic bone fractures which occur
at the boundaries of orthopedic implants which act as stress risers. However, titanium
alloys stiffness is still more than twice that of bone, eventually leading to joint
degradation. (Benha Faculty of Science, August 28, 2012)
Various fields benefited from pure titanium to rescue the lives of many from
disabilities and deliver improved services to humanity.
In a complicated and fast-changing world, recognized by thinkers and scientists as
the era of scientific reason and experience, graphic design achieves a remarkable
development. It strives within the cultural fence that provides the environment for
work, invention, and creativity.
Graphic design is considered one of the expression tools for contemporary issues,
in particular security and global peace, making it optimal for advocating the use of
titanium in medicine rather than war through a series of posters. The subject revolves
around matters related to serving humanity and opposing conflicts and wars while
emphasizing the importance of producing medical joints for the sake of thousands of
patients and victims of disasters and wars.
The design of the posters reflects symbolic meanings and aesthetic values and
emerges through lines that intertwine to form the shapes of the military vehicles and
medical joints. This dynamism of movement releases elements while constricting
others in a lucid and vibrant manner. The configuration born out of the dialogue of
shapes, set against white spaces that enhance its energy and expression, clearly shows
the beauty and graphic techniques used. Researchers used Adobe Illustrator CS5 to
design the posters intended for the research.

8. THE RESEARCH FINDINGS: (CONTRIBUTIONS TO VISUAL
COMMUNICATION)
The study above shows that:
1. Graphic design employed all the tools and means to call to war evident during the
WWI and WWII.
2. Graphic design did not present a constructive vision to call for security and peace
through exposing the medical side of war injuries, sick, and disabled people.
3. The first and second posters highlight the dangers of military machines by opposing
the use of metal in their production on the account of human basic needs for these
metals. Researchers explored Abrams tank and its effect on claiming thousands of
innocent lives. They used three colors: black for the lower part representing sadness
and destruction, white representing victims of war, and red representing death and
barbarism by that machine in various wars.
Researchers adopted the slogan “One Goal” reflecting the main objective for this
machine to kill and destroy, and they used “Titanium for Killing Humanity” (Figure
7) for the titanium metal that is used in arming and protecting one tank. Researchers
argued the first question on whether it is possible to employ the image of military
products, Abrams model, to expose the ugliness of using this military device that is
claiming the lives of people.
Figure 7 "One Goal!" Sized A3-300pt Figure 8 Outstanding Traits but More
Devastation and Killing. Size A3-300 pt-2105
The eighth poster explored the extensive use of this military device confronted by
a large number of victims as a symbol of the huge titanium quantities used in these
machines that could be used instead for the good of many victims that suffer war

horrors. They used the slogan “Outstanding Traits but more Devastation and Killing”
(Figure 8).
4. The ninth and tenth political posters included a symbolic call to address the human
medical for the use of titanium in the production of medical joints to aid humans,
patients and war victims. Researchers highlighted the value of the metal for humanity
and employing it symbolically through the shape of a knee implant set against a halo
for emphasis, using the slogan “Titanium for Human Knee Implants.”
Figure 9Titanium for Human Knee Implants.
Size :A3 - 300 pt - 2015
Figure 10Titanium for Peace. A3-300pt-2015
5. The eleventh poster advocates using titanium for peace and opposing war. The
researchers used a tank model in the upper part of the poster with crossing lines to
signify opposition and using titanium at the same time as an important metal for
global peace and security of humanity.
Through the eleventh political poster, researchers expressed total refusal of wars
and called for attending to human health globally by using topography and images in
an artistic composition under the slogan “Billions Equal Increasing Tanks Speed or
Creating Walking Human Beings.” Researchers concentrated on the billions of dollars
spent on the military industry research compared to the meager attention given to
knee implants.
Researchers linked the machine to typography to express their rejection of this
deadly machine. They used white as the hope of achieving security and peace and red
representing the danger of wars on human lives and global security and peace

Figure 11 Billions Equal Increasing Tanks
Speed or Creating Walking Human Beings.
Size : A3-300 pt-2015
Figure 12 Titanium Tanks vs. Titanium for
Knee Implants. A3-300pt-2015
6. The twelfth poster shows the number of potential titanium-made knee plants bypassed
for the sake of Abrams tanks. Researchers calculated that:
 One Abrams tank has 1117 Kgs of pure titanium
 One artificial knee implant has approximately 0.420 Kgs of pure titanium
 The titanium in one tank produces approximately 2660 knee implants
(1117/0.420=2660)
 The number of tanks produces till 2014 are 8,800 Abrams tanks
 8,800 x 2660 = 21,841,600 knee implants
 The titanium metal used in the production of tank could have been used to cure
21,841,600 patients in need of knee implants, a more important goal than the
armament race among the nations.
 If we multiply the average cost of one knee implant at $1500 by the total number of
potential knee implants ($1500 x 21,841,600 = $32,762,400,000)
9. RECOMMENDATIONS
Researchers recommend the following:
1. World leaders to concentrate their attention to the medical side, especially in areas
that help invalids pursue a peaceful life and to stop using an important metal as the
titanium in the armament race.
2. Graphic design to portray the important role of using medical images in promoting
global security and peace for humanity.

3. Conducting global conferences to explain the importance of guiding design and use
of valuable metals for medical purpose where they are most needed.
4. Directing political posters as a peaceful international tool for the service of the world
nations.
5. Directing scientific research especially in the field of design to explore the methods
of targeting graphical messaging to serve global peace.
REFERENCES
[1] United Nations, Charter of the United Nations. Chapter one: Purposed and
Principles. http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter1.shtml
[2] Global Security Organization. “M1 Main Abrams Tank.”
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m1-intro.htm (accessed
on January 2015).
[3] United States Government Records. “Your Metals Keeps them Shooting,” poster
(1941-1945). National Archives. http://research.archives.gov/description/516265
(accessed on January 2015).
[4] United States Army. WWII “Right is Might,” US Army Recruiting Poster (19 0).
Bureau of Trade. http://preview.bureauoftrade.com/product/wwii-iright-is-might-
i-us-army-recruiting-poster (accessed January 2015).
[5] “The Tank,” poster (191 ). World Digital Library.
http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4648 / (accessed January 2015)
[6] Richard J. Harshman, “Military Airframe, Land and Sea Based Applications for
Titanium,”retrieved on January 2015 from
[7] http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.titanium.org/resource/resmgr/2010_2014_papers/
HarshmanRichard2012.pdf
[8] Pal Sujan. Landes-Kriegsfürsorge-Ausstellung [National War Relief Exhibition].
Pozsony (i.e., Bratislava, Slovakia): Angermayer Károly Müintézete, 1917.
Cornell University Library.
https://olinuris.library.cornell.edu/foreignfields/fields-foreign-familiar
(accessed January 2015)

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