EFFECT OF GALENA POWDER OF 63 µm MICROMETER, PARTICLE SIZE AND LESS ON THE ABSORBITIVITY OF BLACK PAINT MIXTURE

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 –
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 60-68 © IAEME
60
EFFECT OF GALENA POWDER OF 63 µm MICROMETER,
PARTICLE SIZE AND LESS ON THE ABSORBITIVITY OF
BLACK PAINT MIXTURE
Iessa Sabbe Moosa
College of Engineering, University of Buraimi, Sultanate of Oman,
B.O. Box 890, PC 512, Al- Buraimi,
ABSTRACT
In this article, addition of Galena Powder to black paint has been investigated, as a new
selective solar absorber for water heating system. The used powder was prepared from an ingot of
Galena, which was found to be almost about 85wt% of lead, 9wt% of sulfur, and some of other
elements. Selective surfaces; pure aluminum, black paint, black paint with different percentage of
Galena powder 5wt% , 10wt%, 12.5wt%, 15wt%, 20wt% were experimented. The results of this
research showed that the maximum value of temperature has been achieved at about 10wt% of
Galena with black paint. The temperature difference was around 6.50
C as an average value higher
than the case of plain black paint. This remarkable result was reached with a particle size of Galena
powder of around 63 μm and less. In addition, microstructure of the used bulk ingot and produced
powder were investigated by using SEM. A maximum water temperature of around 97 0
C was
achieved in Al- Buraimi city, Sultanate of Oman.
Keywords: Galena Powder, Microstructural Investigation, Al- Buraimi City - Sultanate of Oman,
Aborbitivity of the New Mixture.
HIGHLIGHTS
The effect of Galena powder on heating system for domestic use has been studied staring
from as received Galena ingot. The microstructure and chemical composition of the used ingot were
investigated. A particle size of about 63μm and less of Galena powder was mixed with the black
paint in attempt to increase the aborbitivity of the paint. A maximum water temperature of about 97
0
C was achieved with addition of10wt% of Galena powder to the black paint.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING
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ISSN 0976 - 6480 (Print)
ISSN 0976 - 6499 (Online)
Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 60-68
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61
1. INTRODUCTION
The sun is a sphere of extremely condensed hot gaseous matter with a diameter of around
1.39 × 109
m and the solar power that strikes the Earth is about 1.7 × 1014
kW. This value and
amazing theoretical and practical information about solar thermal collectors, history of solar energy
and applications have been summarized by Soteris [1]. Excellent details about materials for heating
system by solar energy have been almost fully reviewed [2]. In 1993, Shuchitangshu et al. have
announced what they called it “Low cost solar selective absorbers from Indian galena”. Their
technique was started from raw materials, followed by casting process under vacuum with the range
of 1.33×10-3
Pa and then ended by thin film route. The results of this work showed excellent
absorbitivity (0.95-0.97) and very low emissivity (0.21-0.27) [3]. From pollution point of view, large
scale of applications of hot water system in Europe has been published in 1998 by Fisch et al. [4].
Their main interest is that to replace fossil fuels which lead to reduce CO2 emission by using solar
energy with biomass or gas sources.
Materials with excellent absorbitivity in the solar spectrum and low emission with good
stability at the using temperatures are required for manufacturing of heating system by solar energy.
Characterization of Al2O3-Ni selective absorber material for solar thermal collection process has
been studied by SÜzer et al. [5]. Their results showed that samples anodized under the same cases
and pigmented with nickel acetate gave better thermal emittance compared with nickel sulfate. An
improvement in the thermal emittance within the range from 0.41 to 0.16 was mentioned, which is
very important factor to enhance the performance of the absorbing surfaces of solar energy
applications. Using of a Ni pigmented anodized aluminum selective absorber has been reported by
Wazwaz et al. [6]. The maximum conversion efficiency of their work was in the range of 0.73-0.78,
and the absorbitivity was within the range of 92-97%. More work in the field of finding new
selective materials and using solar energy for domestic applications have been done in Jordan and
Sweden [7, 8].
Many countries with abundance of Sunshine started utilization of solar energy for water
heating system for domestic applications [9-13]. A solar selective material is one of the most
important filed of solar energy application for water heating system to avoid the use of the other
energy sources. The main goal of workers in this field is to increase the absorbitivity and to find new
materials with excellent efficiencies [14-17]. Coating material of NiAl alloy additive for solar water
heating system has been studied by AlShamaileh [18]. This alloy was added as a powder to black
paint and the results showed higher efficiency compared with black paint. This factor is extremely
important in this filed, especially in the countries with low solar intensities. Adding some conductive
metal powders to selective materials probably increase thermal conductivity of these materials [19].
This research is carried out in Al- Buraimi city at the north of Sultanate of Oman (Latitude:
24.25000
North, Longitude: 55.75000
E). so as the solar intensity is very high. This city receives the
highest Sunshine hours/day compared with the other sites of Oman [20]. The Sultanate of Oman is
among countries that receive the highest solar energy in the world [21]. The main aim of this work is
to investigate the effect of Galena powder on the absorbitivity of black paint, as a new selective solar
absorber for water heating system.
2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
The experimental procedure was started by preparing the following stuff, equipments, and solar data:
• Black paint type Berger paint, product of Oman
• Thinner Liquid type Supreme, CCIA PV 274070, product of Italy

62
• Homemade experiment wooden box with double glassing front side, about 1m of length,
15cm of depth, and 20cm of height. The air gap between glasses is of about 1cm
• Aluminum containers size of 15×10×4cm with top pipe of about 1.5 cm diameter and length
of about 5cm for temperature measurements
• Digital thermometers
• Digital balance
• Galena ingot
• Stainless steel mortar with its hammer handle
• Stainless steel micro sieve of about 63µm
• Data of solar energy of Al Buraimi, Sultanate of Oman
Lumps of the Galena with a diameter of about 1cm were obtained from public market in
Ajman, UAE. Some lumps of these as - received ingots are shown in Fig.1.
Fig. 1 Picture of Some Lumps of As - Received Ingot of Galena
Microstructural investigation and chemical analysis were carried out by using scanning
electron microscope (SEM) together with Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX).
After obtaining the ingot of Galena, the following steps were used for preparing a powder of this
ingot:
(i) The lumps of Galena were mechanically crushed to a size of about 1mm and less.
(ii) The crushed small pieces were then manually pulverized by using a stainless steel mortar for
about one hour.
(iii) The powder thus obtained was sieved by the stainless steel micro-sieve of 63 µm, prior to
mixing process with the black paint.
Specimens of fracture surface and sieved powder were prepared for SEM tests. Five cases of
mixing process of the black paint with different percentage of Galena; 5wt%, 10wt%, 12.5wt%,
15wt%, 20wt% were prepared. About 40g of black paint of each case was weighted by digital
balance and about 5g of thinner liquid was added to each case and then mechanically mixed with the
produced powder to be ready for painting process. The aluminum containers were well cleaned,
painted, and dried in the normal atmosphere. The painted containers were filled with water and then
fixed in the ready wooden box prior to water heating by solar energy.
The heating process was conducted repeatedly by setting up the experiments prior to begin at
9:00 am. Starting temperature T0 was measured by using the digital thermometer, and then the
wooden box was exposed to solar radiation for about 7 hours. The water temperatures as a function
of time were measured whilst the box was almost perpendicular to the direction of the solar beam

63
during the period of measurements. Meanwhile, the climate temperatures were measured at the same
time of measuring the temperatures of the water in all containers. The results were tabulated and then
the water temperatures as a function of exposure time were drawn to study the effect of the Galena
powder on water temperatures for different cases compared with plain black paint.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
At the beginning of this work, solar energy profile of Al-Buraimi city was plotted. Fig.2
shows the average monthly direct radiation, diffused radiation, and global radiation, from which it
can be concluded that the maximum value of solar radiation in this city is in June, which is about
9.87 kWh/m2
/day. Furthermore, Al-Buraimi city is classified as a city of highest value of solar
radiation in Sultanate of Oman [19].
Fig. 2 Irradiation of Al-Buraimi, Sultanate of Oman During 2012
The results of the SEM of Galena showed brittle behavior fracture surface. Micrograph
illustrating fracture surface of Galena lamp at low magnification is given in Fig.3. Also, the Galena
ingot was found to be almost compound of PbS with about 85wt% of lead and around 9 wt% of
sulfur. A chemical composition of the used Galena lumps is summarized in table1, and the EDAX
spectrum of this ingot is shown in Fig.4.
Fig. 3 SEI Micrograph of A Fracture Surface of an As- Received Galena
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
SolarEnergy(kWh/m2/day)
Months
Diffuse radiation
Direct normal radiation
Global radiation

International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4,
Table 1
Fig. 4 EDAX
The study of microstructure of the produce
size, and most of the particles have
fracture is due to the brittleness of this ingot.
particle size distribution of the produced powder.
Fig. 5 SEM Micrographs of Produced Powder after Sieving Process
For water heating system,
corrosion resistant in many environments
attempt was carried out on the date of 17
painted aluminum containers to perceive the diffe
temperatures. The result of this experiment
maximum temperature in the case of the
painted aluminum is around 92 0
C.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
6499(Online), Volume 6, Issue 4, April (2015), pp. 60-68 © IAEME
64
Table 1 Chemical Compositions of Used Galena
Element Weight%
C K 4.45
O K 1.58
S K 8.69
Pb M 85.29
Totals 100.00
EDAX Analysis of The As - Received Galena Ingot
study of microstructure of the produced powder of Galena showed wide range of particle
have sharp edges as glass behavior fracture. It seems that this nature of
fracture is due to the brittleness of this ingot. Fig. 5 gives a general idea about the microstructure and
of the produced powder.
Micrographs of Produced Powder after Sieving Process
For water heating system, aluminum containers were used because
corrosion resistant in many environments with good thermal conductivity [2
on the date of 17-02-2015 by using two cases; an aluminum
painted aluminum containers to perceive the difference between these cases on the water
of this experiment is given in Fig.6, from which it can be
maximum temperature in the case of the aluminum is about 80 0
C whilst in the case of
C.
© IAEME
Ingot
alena showed wide range of particle
t seems that this nature of
idea about the microstructure and
Micrographs of Produced Powder after Sieving Process
aluminum containers were used because aluminum is highly
[22]. However, the first
an aluminum and black
rence between these cases on the water
can be concluded that the
C whilst in the case of the black

65
Fig. 6 Water Temperatures Against Exposure Time of Two Cases; An Aluminum And
Aluminum Black Painted Containers. Date: 17-02-2015, Sunny Day
The outcome of this experiment is very important so as these values of water temperatures
can be achieved during the winter of Al-Buraimi by using very simple facility. These values of
temperatures are more than enough for house purpose, therefore black paint aluminum solar heating
system is very sufficient in Al-Buraimi, and probably in many cities elsewhere in Sultanate of Oman.
After the first experiment, another attempt was employed with different percentage of Galena
powder together with the black painted aluminum to study the effect of the powder of this ingot on
the water temperature. The feedback of this attempt showed that the maximum value of water
temperature was with black paint plus about 10 wt% of PbS powder as shown in fig.7. The novel
result of this work is that the maximum temperature of the water in the container of 10 wt% of PbS
was higher than that of black painted by about 6.5 0
C.
Fig. 7 Water Temperatures against Exposure Time For Different Cases, Sunny Day
Fig. 8 shows another case of water heating from which it can be noticed that the value of ΔT
between black paint and black paint plus 10wt% of Galena powder is about 7 0
C. At the first hour of
exposing time, the increase in temperature is almost the same for both cases, and then starts to
increase gradually to the maximum value. This behavior is probably due to the change of the

66
aborbitivity of the new mixture with temperature. A value of maximum temperature of about 96 0
C
was achieved by black paint plus 10 wt% of Galena powder.
Fig. 8 Black Paint and The Black Paint Plus 10 Wt% of Galena Powder Curves To Distinguish
The Difference Between These Cases. Date: 13-02-2015, Sunny Day
Physically, the PbS compound has been classified as semiconductor of which the thermal
conductivity of this material in the most cases increases with temperature increase within the range
of room temperature and above, and hence this behavior may be help to explain the increase of the
aborbitivity with temperature increase.
Some experiments in this research revealed that even during cloudy days, a temperature of
around 75 0
C can be obtained. Fig.9 shows this case of cloudy, windy day with wind speed of about
32 km/h (≈8.89 m/s), with maximum temperature of about 76 0
C, and then dropped down because of
the absence of solar radiation entirely within the last two hours.
Fig. 9 One Case of Measurement of Cloudy Day as Recorded In the Figure, Date: 21-03-2015
In general, the addition of Galena powder found to be enhancing the absorbitivity of the
black paint at certain weight percentages. The maximum of ∆T was about 6.5 0
C at around 10%, of
Galena powder with particle size of about 63µm and less when the maximum temperature is greater
than 90 0
C, while this value may be less when the maximum temperature was about 70 0
C. These
values are higher than that value reported by AlShamaileh which was about 5 0
C in the case of
adding of Ni-Al powder [18].

67
In reality, the results obtained by this work of research very clearly reveal that even with the
black painted solar system of water heating for domestic use, a temperature of about 90 0
C can be
achieved in Al-Buraimi city. In addition, the solar energy in the most of the provinces in Sultanate of
Oman is high; therefore the use of solar energy is extremely important to reduce the use of electricity
for heating system. This subject must be given more attention to be studied in Sultanate of Oman in
the nearest future. The maximum temperature reached in present work was about 91 0
C with black
painted container, while with one with 10wt% of Galena was about 97 0
C as shown in Fig. 10.
Fig. 10 Shows Three Cases of Heating Process, Fully Sunny, Date: 03-04-2015, Climate Temp.:
About 36 0
C.
Studying the effect of particle size of Galena powder reduced to nano-scale on water
temperature is extremely important, and that is the plan of the near future.
4. CONCLUSION
The most important conclusion of this modest work is that in Sultanate of Oman, even a pure
aluminum or black painted aluminum heating system is enough for domestic use. The result of this
work also showed that the water temperature can be increased by addition of Galena powder to black
paint. A temperature of about 97 0
C can be achieved by mixing a 10wt% of produced Galena powder
with the black paint. Furthermore, research groups in this field focus their work on improving the
absorbitivity and increasing the efficiency of the heating systems. However, most of the places in
Sultanate of Oman should use solar heating system for domestic use because of the abundance of
solar energy even during the winter season. The effect of particle size of Galena powder on water
temperature by using solar energy will be the next plan of research in this field.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank Dr. Hussein Kadhem of Sohar University, Sultanate of Oman
for his helpful discussions and providing the solar radiation data. Many thanks to Dr. Ahmed Al
Rawas of the Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman, Physics Department for his great help
to use the SEM for microstructure and chemical analysis. Also, many thanks to my students Amal Al
Ghailini and Abdol Aziz Al- Saadi for their appreciated help in this work.
6. REFERENCES

68
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EFFECT OF GALENA POWDER OF 63 µm MICROMETER, PARTICLE SIZE AND LESS ON THE ABSORBITIVITY OF BLACK PAINT MIXTURE

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EFFECT OF GALENA POWDER OF 63 µm MICROMETER, PARTICLE SIZE AND LESS ON THE ABSORBITIVITY OF BLACK PAINT MIXTURE