muscles and bones

1. Musculo-skeletal system
L.O understand the gross
structure of the musculo-skeletal
system

2. Explain which bones are
important for each of the
functions above
So what does the
skeleton do?
The skeleton has 5The skeleton has 5
major functions.major functions.
1) To give the body its shapeshape
2) To produce bloodproduce blood
3) To protectprotect the vital organs
4) Allow movementmovement through joints
5)5) SupportSupport the body in the up-
right position (the bones of
the skeleton are also used to
suspend some of the vital
organs, keeping them in the
correct place.

3. GCSE PE Week 2
The Skeleton is divided into 2 main
parts
 The skeleton is divided into two main parts, the axialaxial
skeletonskeleton and the appendicular skeleton.appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeletonaxial skeleton – consists of the
skull, vertebral column, Thorax (ribs
and sternum) and its forms the
support of the body.
The appendicular skeletonappendicular skeleton consists
of the arms and shoulder girdle and
the legs and hip girdle.

8. GCSE PE

10. Lets look at the bones of the
Skeleton
 The human skeleton consists of 206
bones.
 These bones support your body and
allow you to move.
 Bones contain a lot of calcium (an
element found in milk, broccoli, and
other foods).
 Bones manufacture blood cells and
store important minerals.
 The longest bone in our bodies is the
femur (thigh bone).
 The smallest bone is the stirrup bone
inside the ear.
 Each hand has 26 bones in it.
 Your nose and ears are not made of
bone; they are made of cartilage, a
flexible substance that is not as hard
as bone.

11. Develop your knowledge by identifying which types of bone there
are.
Secure your knowledge by locating the types of bones in the
body.
Excel your knowledge by explaining the characteristics of each
bone and how its structure enables the function of the skeleton.
To know the types of bones of
the skeleton

12. There are 5 types of bones in the human body. These are long bones, short
bones, flat bones, irregular bones and sesmoid bones.
Looking at the pictures below could you come up with your own description of
each?

13. 1. Colour code your own skeleton with the five types of bone.
2. Reading and interpreting the information come up with your
own descriptions for the types of bones.
3. Attempt to excel your knowledge further (see me in class)
Types of bone in the skeleton

14. To understand the three
classifications of
JOINTS,
Develop your knowledge by describing the
three classifications.
Secure your knowledge by labelling a joint and
understanding the parts of a joint.
Excel by understanding the location of
different types of joints.

15. A joint is the point where two bones or more bones meet in the body and
enable our skeleton to move.
There are three main types of joints; Fibrous (immoveable), Cartilaginous
(partially moveable) and the Synovial (freely moveable) joint.
Held together by only a ligament.
Examples are where the teeth are
held to their bony sockets and at
both the radioulnar and
tibiofibular joints (legs)..
Cartilaginous: These joints occur where the
connection between the articulating bones is
made up of cartilage for example between
vertebrae in the spine.

16. Synovial Joints
Synovial joints are by far the most
common classification of joint within the
human body. They are highly moveable
and all have a synovial capsule
surrounding the entire joint, a synovial
membrane (the inner layer of the capsule)
which secretes synovial fluid (a lubricating
liquid) and cartilage known as hyaline
cartilage which pads the ends of the
articulating bones. There are 6 types of
synovial joints which are classified by the
shape of the joint and the movement
available.

17. Types of synovial joints
 Gliding Joints - Gliding joints allow for
smooth movement in several directions
along a plane or other smooth surface.
The articulation is like two plates sliding
across each other.
 Condyloid Joints - Similar to gliding
joints, although have an irregular
surface where the bones move past

18. Synovial Joints
 Saddle Joints - characterized by two
bones that fit together in a manner
similar to a rider in a saddle. This sort of
articulation allows bending motion in
several directions without sliding.
 Hinge Joints - are hinged joints formed
between two bones. A hinge joint allows
for flexion and extension without sliding.

19. Synovial Joints
 Ball and Socket Joint - allow for stable
movement in several directions without
slippage. Like a saddle joint, the ball
and socket joint allows bending in
several directions without slipping,
creating a highly stable, strong joint.
 Pivot Joints - rotational motion occurs
without gliding movement. This type of

20. components and supporting structures of a
synovial joint
Muscle
Tendons attach muscles to bones.
Cartilage protects the ends of the bone from friction.
Joint capsule – the tough outer layer that surrounds the joint.
The capsule ‘sticks’ to the periostium of the bones that form
the joint.
Synovial membrane – lines the joint capsule and seals it. The
synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid – a clear fluid which lubricates the joint.
Ligaments join bone to bone. They stabilise the joint by
supporting it and limiting its movement.
Bone – the place where two or more bones meet is the site of
the joint

21. Label a joint - Secure your
knowledge by
labelling a joint and
understanding the
parts of a joint.

22. To understand the different
movements at joints
Learning Intention Success Criteria
To secure knowledge of joints Identify types of joints, be able to label
them onto the skeleton
To develop knowledge of movement at
joints
Be able to discuss and talk about the
joint movements and demonstrate the
action.
Achieve excellence by stating when
joint movements are used in sports.
Be able to break down the movements
of different joints during different
sports.
Be able to explain why this action
occurs.

23. Can you locate the
different joints?

24. To understand the different
movements at joints
Learning Intention Success Criteria
To secure knowledge of joints Identify types of joints, be able to label
them onto the skeleton
To develop knowledge of movement at
joints
Be able to discuss and talk about the
joint movements and demonstrate the
action.
Achieve excellence by stating when
joint movements are used in sports.
Be able to break down the movements
of different joints during different
sports.
Be able to explain why this action
occurs.

25. Action at the joint
 Flexion – decrease of an angle at a joint.
 Extension – Increase of an angle at a joint.

26.  Adduction – ADD when action is
towards the body
 Abduction – Abduct is when its moving
away from the body

27.  Rotation – a turning movement around
a certain point or pivot.
 Circumduction - A Movement which
causes part of the body to move in a
complete circle.

28.  Pronation – an inward rotation of
the forearm so that the palm of the
hand is facing backwards and
downwards.
 Supination – an outward rotation of
the forearm so that the palm of the
hand is facing forwards and
upwards.

29.  Plantar Flexion – a movement that points the
toes downwards by straightening the ankle.
Eg when jumping to shoot in basketball.
 Dorsiflexion – an upward movement, as in
moving the foot to pull the toes towards the
knee in walking. Eg kick in karate.

30.  Each of your muscles is made up of
thousands of thin, long, cylindrical cells
called muscle fibres. The muscle fibre is
a highly specialized structure which
enables the muscles to relax and
contract to produce movement. Muscles
vary greatly in their shape and size,
depending on their function.

31. Muscles
 Most muscles are attached to bones in
at least two place.
 When a muscle contracts and its fibres
shorten, the moveable bone moves
toward the immovable (or toward the
less movable) bone. Muscles lengthen
or shorten to straighten or bend a joint

32. Body movement
 Most muscles are connected to bones
in at least two places
 Body movement takes place when
muscles contract across freely
moveable or synovial joints

33. To explain the function of the muscular system
and understand antagonistic muscle pairs.
Types of muscle
 Skeletal muscle – also known as striped muscle because
of the striped appearance when viewed under a
microscope. These muscles are voluntary which means
you have conscious control over them.
 Smooth muscle – involuntary muscles which function
under the nervous system. The digestive system which
regulates digestion and blood vessels which help control
blood pressure.
 Cardiac Muscle's – found in the heart. Involuntary and
works continuously. Its contractions help to force blood
through blood vessels and around the body.

35. The function of the muscular
system
 Muscles must cross the joints they move.
 When a muscle contracts, it exerts a pulling force on the bone
causing them to move around the joint.
 Muscles are normally in a state ready to react to a stimulus from
your nervous system. Muscles work on a ‘all or nothing’ basis
- either contracting or not.
 The strength of the muscle contraction depends on the number
of muscle fibres that come into use. (Muscle fibre
recruitment)
 oxygen and either fats or glucose (fuel source) is required for
muscular contractions.
 When you exercise your muscles use energy. This energy
needs replacing otherwise muscles will not be able to maintain
their work rate and you may have to reduce the intensity or stop.

36. Antagonist Muscle Pairs
 Muscles do not work in isolation
How do
you know
this?

37. Antagonistic muscle pairs
 Muscles act by contracting and pulling.
They hold joints firm in certain positions.
 When one muscle shortens the
opposing muscle lengthens
Do a bicep curl… what is happening?

38. Key factors
 Agonist – the muscle that shortens to
move a joint/the prime mover. It is the
muscle that is mainly responsible for the
contraction.
 Antagonist – the muscle that relaxes in
opposition to the agonist. It is the
muscle responsible for the opposite
movement. They exert a ‘breaking’
control over the movement.

39. So which muscle is
the agonist in each
picture?

41.  Synergist – muscles that work together to enable
the agonists to control and direct movement by
altering the direction of pull on the agonists to the
best position.
 Fixator – muscles that stop unwanted movement
throughout the whole body by stabilising the
joints and the origin so that the agonist muscle
can achieve maximum and effective contraction.
Think about when riding a
bike…..

42. So where are
the
synergists
and fixators?

44. Types of Contraction

45. The opposite to this is
eccentric… what do you
think this means?