Peter the Great was Tsar of Russia from 1682 to 1725. He introduced Western technologies and institutions to modernize Russia, which met resistance from traditionalists. Peter founded a new capital, St. Petersburg, to symbolize Russia's connection to Europe. He reformed the military, government, and church to increase Russia's power and integrate it into the Western world. Peter's reforms raised debates about Russia's relationship with the West that continued for centuries.

1. Peter the Great

4. Peter the Great Peter the Great, like Louis XIV, learned at an early age to be on guard against the Russian nobles and the army. While a youth, he had to fight off the power of his half-sister Sophia, while sharing power with his half-brother Ivan.

5. Peter the Great Peter was enchanted with western culture and ushered Russia into the modern age. His efforts to modernize Russia met with stiff opposition from the church and the boyars, and his own son thought of him as the anti-christ. It has been said that Peter dragged Russia "kicking and screaming into the modern era."

6. Westernization Peter wanted to equip Russia with modern technology, institutions, and ideas. He required Western-style education for all male nobles, introduced so-called cipher schools to teach the alphabet and basic arithmetic, established a printing house, and funded the Academy of Sciences which was established just before his death in 1725 and became one of Russia's most important cultural institutions.

7. Westernization He demanded that aristocrats acquire the dress, tastes, and social customs of the West. The result was a deepening of the cultural rift between the nobility and the mass of Russian people.

8. St Petersburg The best illustration of Peter's drive for Westernization, his break with traditions, and his coercive methods was his construction in 1703 of a new, architecturally Western capital, St. Petersburg, situated on land newly conquered from Sweden on the Gulf of Finland. Although St. Petersburg faced westward, its Westernization was by coercion, and it could not arouse the individualistic spirit that was an important element in the Western ways Peter so admired.

9. St Petersburg

10. Peter and Paul Fortress

11. A 20th century statue of Peter inside the fortress Notice the exaggerated features

12. Winter Palace

13. Summer/Winter

14. Peterhof (summer palace)

15. Peterhof View to the Gulf of Finland Samson rending open the jaws of the Lion

16. Peterhof

18. Reforms - Govt In 1722 Peter introduced the Table of Ranks, which determined a person's position and status according to service to the tsar rather than to birth or seniority. Even commoners who achieved a certain level on the table were ennobled automatically.

19. Reforms - Govt Peter tripled the revenues of the state treasury through a variety of taxes. He levied a capitation , or poll tax, on all males except clergy and nobles and imposed a myriad of indirect taxes on alcohol, salt, and even beards. To provide uniforms and weapons for the military, Peter developed metallurgical and textile industries using serf labor.

20. Reforms - Church The Orthodox Church was partially incorporated into the country's administrative structure. Peter abolished the patriarchate and replaced it with a collective body, the Holy Synod, led by a lay government official.

21. Legacy Peter's reign raised questions about Russia's backwardness, its relationship to the West, the appropriateness of reform from above, and other fundamental problems that have confronted many of Russia's subsequent rulers. In the nineteenth century, Russians debated whether Peter was correct in pointing Russia toward the West or whether his reforms had been a violation of Russia's natural traditions.