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Peter the Great made significant changes to modernize Russia's military and government based on what he observed during his Grand Embassy to Western Europe. He established a Table of Ranks to create a merit-based civil service and military, replacing the previous system of inheritance. Peter also developed a Senate to replace the Boyar Duma and oversee the state, as well as several Colleges to administer different government functions. Additionally, Peter founded the Russian Navy, building an industry to produce warships and weapons to project Russian power.
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Lord Acton's quote that "power corrupts; absolute power corrupts absolutely" is examined. Louis XIV of France established an absolute monarchy in the 17th century by concentrating power in his own hands. He removed nobles from government, centralized administration at his royal court in Versailles, pursued policies of religious unity and increased taxes through his finance minister Colbert to raise funds and power for France.
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After the Thirty Years' War, absolutism emerged as the dominant form of government in Central and Eastern Europe. Louis XIV of France established an absolute monarchy and served as a model for other rulers. Prussia and Austria rose as great powers in the region. Prussia's army was built up under Frederick William, while Austria formed a new empire encompassing lands in Central and Eastern Europe. Meanwhile, Peter the Great modernized Russia by establishing a strong centralized government and building up its military and navy to gain power on the European stage. He also founded the new capital of St. Petersburg to better connect Russia to Europe.
Ch14sec3
Louis XIV established an absolute monarchy in France, concentrating power in himself. He removed nobles from government, centralized authority, and pursued religious unity and economic policies to increase France's wealth and power. However, his numerous wars left France in debt and surrounded by enemies upon his death. Prussia rose as a military power under Frederick William, while the Austrian Empire remained decentralized due to its diverse populations. Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great expanded Russia's territories and modernized its military and culture, with Peter establishing a new capital at St. Petersburg and opening Russia to Western influences.
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This document is a study guide review for Chapter 1 that covers vocabulary, reasons for the fall of Rome, picture analysis questions, and general/opinion questions. The vocabulary section defines 10 terms related to the fall of Rome like empire, decline, aqueduct, and Constantine. The reasons for Rome's fall section lists social, political, economic, and size-related reasons. It discusses issues like corruption, heavy taxes, and a large difficult to defend empire. The picture analysis and general/opinion questions provide topics for further analysis and discussion about the Roman Empire.
Age Of Absolutism
During the Age of Absolutism, several European powers centralized power around strong absolute monarchies. France was centralized under Louis XIV, known as the "Sun King", who ignored parliament and spent lavishly. Prussia became a powerful Protestant state under Frederick William and his son Frederick the Great. Austria remained strong under Catholic Hapsburg rule, led by Maria Theresa. Russia was westernized and its power centralized by Peter the Great and later Catherine the Great, though both increased serfdom. These powers vied for dominance in shifting alliances while seeking to maintain a balance of power in Europe through competition and war.
The Roman Empire
The Roman Empire entered a period of peace and prosperity under Augustus, who established himself as the first emperor and transformed the republic into a principate. He retained republican institutions but consolidated power by controlling the military and senate. As princeps, or first citizen, Augustus instituted social reforms, public works programs, and established the Pax Romana, during which the Western world was generally peaceful for over two centuries. However, Augustus did not solve the problem of imperial succession, establishing a system of heredity and designation that later caused instability in the third century. Roman law also contributed to integrating the empire under a common legal system.
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