The document discusses crisis intervention and crisis theory. It describes the main phases of crisis intervention as the initial phase within 48 hours of an event, and the crisis intervention phase after days or weeks. Crises can be triggered by events like crimes, health issues, disasters, or life transitions. Crisis theory holds that a crisis occurs when an unexpected event throws someone off balance and their usual coping methods no longer work. Intervention aims to help reduce the impact and guide resources to recovery. The seven stages of Robert's crisis intervention model are outlined as assessment, rapport building, problem definition, exploring feelings, past coping, action planning, and follow up.

1. CRISIS INTERVENTION
Nurliana Cipta Apsari

2. Fase utama intervensi krisis
1. Fase awal: langsung setelah ada kejadian atau 48 jam
setelah kejadian. Biasanya melaksanakan SOP tim-tim
yang bertugas langsung untuk menangani kejadian.
Dilaksanakan misalnya oleh tim SAR, PMI, BNPB, dll
2. Fase intervensi krisis: setelah beberapa hari atau bahkan
minggu setelah kejadian. Model praktik yang
dikembangkan: assessment, boiling down the problem,
coping alternatives. Dilaksanakan oleh pekerja sosial
klinis dan psikolog, counseling center untuk anak dan
keluarga, unit intervensi krisis di rumkit

3. Kejadian-kejadian pemicu krisis
1. Kekerasan kejahatan (bom teroris, kdrt, kekerasan
seksual, pembunuhan dan percobaan pembunuhan,
pembunuhan massal, kekerasan di sekolah)
2. Situasi pemicu stress/trauma/krisis (perceraian, phk,
putus cinta, terkena stroke atau penyakit parah,
kecelakaan, di vonis terkena kanker atau AIDS, melihat
orang terdekat meninggal)
3. Kesehatan mental yang terganggu (schizophrenia,
bipolar, personality disorder, phobia, panic disorder,
ptsd, major depression)

4. 4. Bencana alam (angin topan, gunung meletus, longsor,
banjir, gempa bumi)
5. Kecelakaan (pesawat terbang jatuh, tabrakan kereta api,
tabrakan beruntun, kecelakaan bis, kecelakaan kapal laut)
6. Kejadian transisi dalam perkembangan hidup (pindah ke
tempat baru, pindah sekolah di pertengahan semester,
kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan, memiliki bayi dengan
kecacatan, menjadi cacat fisik, ditempatkan di panti
jompo)

5. What is a crisis?
 A state that exists when a person is thrown
completely off balance emotionally by an
unexpected and potentially harmful event or
a difficult developmental transition or that
mention beforehand
 Unpredictable and unexpected
 Common feeling responses to crisis: apathy,
depression, guilt and loss of self-esteem
 People in crisis find that the ways they solved
problems and coped with difficulties in the
past no longer work, and they become more
and more upset and frightened
 Referring to people’s emotional reactions to
a situation

6. Responds and
reactions
toward crisis:
depend on
one’s past
learning and
experiences,
lifestyle and
philosophy
No reaction is
“better” or
”more normal”
than the other

7. Mempengaruhi Krisis
1. Kejadian yang membuat stress/berbahaya
2. Persepsi individu yang berpikir bahwa kejadian tersebut akan
membuatnya menjadi sangat sedih dan/atau sangat
mengganggu
3. Ketidakmampuan individu untuk menyelesaikan
ketergangguannya tersebut dengan metode-metode coping
yang biasanya ia gunakan disaat mengalami kejadian
menyedihkan
Crisis intervention (Parad, 1965): seorang therapist yang
memasuki kehidupan seseorang atau keluarga untuk
mengurangi dampak dari sebuah krisis untuk membantu
mengarahkan sumber-sumber yang terkena langsung oleh
kejadian krisis tersebut

8. Crisis Theory
 Parad and Caplan (1960): crises have a peak or sudden
turning point
 Caplan (1961): a relatively minor force, acting for
relatively short time, can switch the balance to one side
or another, to the side of mental health, or the side of
mental ill health
 Naomi Golan (1978): crisis situations can occur
episodically during “the normal life span of individual,
families, groups, communities and nation”. They are often
initiated by a hazardous event. This may be catastrophic
event or a series of successive stressful blows which
rapidly build up a cumulative effect.

9. Crisis theory
The impact of the hazardous event disturbs the individual’s
homeostatic balance and puts him in a vulnerable state
If the problem continues and can not be resolved, avoided
or redefined, tension rises to a peak and a precipitating
factor can bring about a turning point, during which self-
righting devices no longer operate and the individual
enters a state of equilibrium…..(an) active crisis

10. Duration of crisis
Seseorang tidak bisa selamanya berada dalam keadaan krisis dan
selanjutnya adalah dia menjadi seorang “survivor”
Caplan (1964): equilibrium / keseimbangan seseorang pasca
kejadian yang menakutkan akan kembali dalam 4 hingga 6
minggu.
Meski begitu, ada juga yang berpendapat bahwa crisis resolution
dapat terjadi dari beberapa minggu hingga beberapa bulan
Tujuan resolusi krisis yang efektif: menghilangkan kerawanan
(vulnerabilities) masa lalu seseorang dan memperkuat /
mendukung penambahan keterampilan beradaptasi yang dapat
berfungsi sebagai penyangga disaat dia mengalami kejadian yang
serupa di kemudian hari

11. ROBERT’S SEVEN STAGE CRISIS
INTERVENTION MODEL

12. 1. Plan and conduct a thorough
psychosocial and lethality assessment
Lethality assessment should examine the following factors:
- Determine whether the crisis caller needs medical attention
- Is the crisis caller thinking about suicide?
- Determine whether the caller is a victim of domestic violence,
sexual assault and/or violent crime
- Determine whether any children are in danger
- Does the victim need emergency transportation to a hospital
or a shelter
- Is the caller under the influence of alcohol or drugs?
- Is the caller is about to injure himself?
- Inquire whether there are any violent individual living in the
residence

13. 2. Make psychological contact and rapidly
establish the relationship
 Involve initial contact between the crisis intervenor and
the potential client.
 Establish rapport by conveying a genuine respect for and
acceptance of the client.
 Provide assurance to the client that he or she can be
helped and that this is the appropriate place to receive
such help

14. 3. Examine the dimensions of the problem
in order to define it
Identify the following:
1. The precipitating event that led the client to seek help
2. Previous coping methods
3. Dangerousness or lethality
The focus must be on now and how rather than then and
why

15. 4. Encourage an exploration of feelings and
emotions
 Examining and defining the dimensions of the problem,
particularly the precipitating event
 Primary techniques used is active listening

16. 5. Explore and assess past coping attempts
 Previously coping mechanism used in life
 Integrating solution-based therapy, emphasizing working
with client’s strengths.
 Important to help the client to generate and explore
alternatives and previously untried coping methods or
partial solutions.

17. 6. Restore cognitive functioning through
implementation of action plan
 Using cognitive approach helps the client focus on why a
specific event leads to a crisis state and simultaneously,
what the client can do to effectively master the
experience and able to cope with similar events should
they occur in the future.

18. 7. Follow up
 Client should be told that if at any time he or she needs
to come back for another session, the door will be open
 Aware that victims of violent crimes often go into crisis
at the anniversary of the crime