Target Unncryption Case Study

Target Unncryption Case Study
Several organizations that have faced recent major breaches use encryption strategies.
Unfortunately, encryption is frequently not applied and used properly. A strong security strategy is
needed which keeps entire systems in a comprehensive way in order for encryption to be successful.
For instance, an encryption process and large key may become useless if the encryption key is
collected with the data. The cybercriminals will simply gain access to the system and use the key to
unencrypt the data (Ferguson, Schneieir, & Tadayoshi, 2010, p. 12). For encryption to be operative,
company must use a defense in depth strategy in which you also keep the key and protect access to
systems where the data needs to be unencrypted in order to be managed.
Target allegedly paid a great deal of money on security technology (Capacio, 2014). Although
systems used encryption, the encryption was incompetent because the data was retrieved in memory
where it was unencrypted. Though some level of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It shows that there were weaknesses in each layer of defense used by Target that eventually allowed
cybercriminals to gain access to some of their most sensitive data.
Although many security procedures were in place throughout the Target organization, extra layers of
protection would have blocked the attack at many points along the way. Using a stronger Defense in
Depth strategy would have guaranteed that each level was not reachable from the next. Furthermore,
protections on the POS system itself could have added extra security to the data.
Critical Control
In 2008, the federal government arranged a group of public and private organizations to come up
with a list of Critical Controls founded on many other cyber security lists and guidelines. Critical
Controls are added to the list because they help avoid and identify known attacks efficiently (SANS
Institute,
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Analysis Of Public Key Encryption
1 INTRODUCTION
Public–key encryption is a powerful mechanism for ensuring the confidentiality of stored and
transmitted data. The traditional encryption is regarded as a method to share data to some targeted
person or device that the sender knows. This means the sender knows specifically which user he
wants to share with. However, in many systems the message sender will want to share date with a
group of people whose credentials or attributes accord to some access policy set by the sender.[8]
[9]A new vision of encryption[10]was presented, where the sender can express how he wants to
share data in the encryption algorithm itself. The sender will give an attribute formula to describe
the users who can decrypt this data. Then only those whose ... Show more content on
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Then, users use their attribute private key to decrypt the cipher text. In this case it is the users
attribute instead of the traditional public key that is matched with their private key.
CP–ABE is extremely efficient and secure in the system in terms of the fine–grained access control
of attributes. Theoretically, based on some previous researches, this paper will simply introduce the
algorithm scheme and how it working. Practically, I will compare some libraries which implement
CP–ABE and try to implement a small program using these different libraries
2 BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH
In 2007, a new methodology for realizing Ciphertext–Policy Attribute
Encryption (CP– ABE)[3]under concrete and non–interactive cryptographic assumptions in the
standard model came out and a basic framework of this model was constructed. This scheme,
referred as BSW scheme, uses threshold secret sharing to enforce the policy. The main drawback of
BSW scheme is the complexity and computing time in decryption phase, which requires may
expensive pairing and exponentiation operations. In 2009, there is a scheme of CP–ABE mentioned
before was presented, which is efficient and provable secure.[5]This scheme can express any access
policy involving AND, OR and OF operator (threshold) by defining the privacy policy through
access tree instead of threshold secret sharing which

Personal Health Record ( Phr )
Personal health record (PHR) is a developing patient–centric model of health information exchange,
which is often deployed to be archived at a third party, such as cloud service providers a person is
concerned more about their health condition which is considered as most important and personal. At
the same time in order to get cure from medical issues, Health bulletin is shared to the Specialists
Doctors throughout the world due to the advancements in the Present day Technology. Few privacy
issues may arise as personal health information could be disclosed to those third party servers and to
illegitimate parties. Encrypting PHR's before externalizing to let the patients have access to their
own records is an effective way .This paper ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is expensive to store large amounts of data in data centers so these records are outsourced to third
parties. Few privacy issues may arise as personal health information could be disclosed to those
third parties and to unauthorized people. There are some health regulations such as HIPAA but cloud
providers are not incorporated entities with them so there is a chance of malicious attackers targeting
these cloud storage server. Encrypting PHR's before giving access to patients is an effective way for
this problem.
The objective of this paper is to bestow secure patient–centric personal health record access and
efficient key management as well. Idea here is to introduce a new technology that includes the
encryption standards as well as water marking concept in order to protect the privacy of the patient's
health records. Firstly, attribute based encryption concept which provides data encryption by
generating private key to the user and gives the user to provide access to the person who they want
to share by generating public key during the decryption of their personal health record.
The scope of the system is that, Individual Health Records are deposited in the cloud by the PHR
owners. Users like Doctors, Life Insurance, family members, Personal friends who are registered
can access the PHR of the patient if they provide the decryption key at the time

Security Enhancements Ieee 802.11 Wireless Lans Through...
Sri Harsha Maddineni Z1725592 CSCI 630–3 Security Enhancements in IEEE 802.11 Wireless
LANs through Wired Equivalent Privacy protocol
Introduction:
Wireless networks are less secure when compared to wired networks. Wired networks such as
Ethernet are physically connected, where as in wireless networks are connected through wireless
radio waves without physical connection between them. As a result, a security breach is easier in
wireless networks when compared to wired networks. In the current world, electronic gadgets like
cell phones, ipads and laptops are interconnected with other devices. In wireless device, a network
radio receiver is able to hear the conversations on a wireless channel as per its range. Therefore it is
easier to breach the conversations that are occurring in wireless networks. The data that is
transferred on the internet should be reliable and secure because it might contain personal data
information like bank login details or insurance details etc. To prevent the issues that are happening
over the network, there are different algorithms used in day to day life by software engineers while
designing the network. Among them Wired Equivalent privacy algorithm is most important one. The
main purpose of this algorithm is to produce integrity, reliability and security to data that is
transferred on a wireless network. The thesis that I am writing is used for software engineers who
are interested in implementing WEP protocol for their network designs and

A Secure Data Acquisition System For Military Application...
Due to emerging technologies such as big data, cloud platform and use of internet in day to day
activities has led to security concerns for various end users. The transfer and storage of information
is a crucial part in many business processes, industrial activities and also in military regime. The
information could be in forms such as text data, video, audio, image or e–mail. Cryptography is a
method to ensure the security and privacy of data transfer process. Data acquisition is the process of
acquiring data accurately with minimum loss of signal being acquired and storing it for further use.
Data acquisition and information protection is important in military applications. In the paper, a
secure data acquisition system for military application is designed. The FPGA platform is used for
implementation of the system design.
Keywords–FPGA, Security, Encryption, Data Acquisition
I. INTRODUCTION
Data acquisition process involves measuring of physical or mechanical signal by converting the
analog input signals into digital form. The data acquisition is used for designing systems which
require analysis and measurement of physical signals. The Data Acquisition System (DAS) consist
of sensors, digital to analog convertor, analog to digital convertor and DAS measurement hardware.
Data acquisition systems were traditionally implemented on micro controllers and micro processors.
Now with the advent of signal processing domain and more sophisticated platforms data acquisition

Standard Picture Encryption And Decryption
Yong Feng et al, in 2009,the author proposed a new invertible two–dimensional chart, shouted Line
chart, for picture encryption and decryption. It charts a picture to an array of pixels and next, charts
it back from the array to alike sized image. A Line chart consists of two submaps: the left Line chart
and the right Line chart that are utilized for picture encryption and decryption. In order to vanquish
the shortcoming of standard picture encryption ways established on two–dimensional (2–D) charts
that can be utilized merely for permutation, this paper presents a novel picture encryption way
established on the Line charts, that can present two procedures of picture encryption simultaneously,
permutation and substitution, employing the alike maps. The counseled picture encryption does not
have data loss. Supplementary gains contain that it is fast and there is no check on the length of
protection key that is desirable for disparate protection requirements. Simulation aftermath display
the effectiveness of the new picture encryption scheme. [20]
Xiaoqiang Zhang et al, in 2010, the author introduced Safeguard transmission of confidential digital
pictures has come to be a public attention in both scrutiny and applications. As shown in their
preceding studies, Varied Picture Agent (MIE) encryption algorithm is a new and enthusing picture
encryption algorithm, though, its protection is altered by the unreasonable choice of camouflaged
images. To examine this factor, the

Essay On Cryptography
5.1 Introduction: Two set of text images and one true sample image is taken for cryptography. In this
proposed work these three images are encrypted into various shares through MATLAB, so that after
compiling specific number of share the original image is visible. After encryption the performance
analysis is done with the help of PSNR and MSE values. 5.2 Main Input Images In the current work
various set of text images are used for crypto analysis. The sample image 1 and sample image 2 are
the synthetically generated images for our own study. The Reference image 1 and the Reference
image 2 are the image taken from the work done by base papers. And for the complex parametric
evaluation a true colour image is also used for efficiency ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In Figure 5.4(a) alphabet A from the original sample image is converted into cyan by subtracting
green and blue pixel from the original 256 pixel. (a) (b) (c) Figure 5.4: Image 1 CMY and Haftone
Conversion (a) (b) (c) Figure 5.5: Image 2 CMY and Haftone Conversion Similarly in figure 5.4(b)
alphabet B is converted into magenta by subtracting red and blue pixel from the original 256 pixel
whereas yellow is observed in alphabet C due to the subtraction of red and green pixels shown in
figure 5.4(c) 5.5 RESULTANT SHARES & FUZZY ANALYSIS In this section the shares are
generated using the standard Floyd Steinberg half tone method [5] on the image taken after merging
the CMY components. Results of the Encryption of original sample image 1 are resulted into four
shares which is share 1, share 2, share 3 and share 4.shown in Figure 5.6. Share 1 Share 2 Share 3
Share 4 Figure 5.6: Shares for different input sample images 1 Share 1 Share 2 Share 3 Share 4
Figure

Annotated Bibliography On The Security Of The Age Of...
1. Introduction
Security in the age of internet has become a tremendously important issue to provide comfort not
only for paranoid people but for many others who are naïve to believe that protection in digital era is
essential to communication between millions of people that increasingly used as a tool for
commerce.
There are many aspects to security and applications, from secure commerce and payment to private
communications and protecting passwords. Cryptography, is the practice and study in securing
communication between parties in the presence of potential adversaries (Yousuf, N.D.). This report
focuses on modern methods of cryptography its operation, strengths and weaknesses, its application
techniques in computing and some other aspects where cryptography deemed essential as discussed
in this report.
Moreover, it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications,
this report is not by itself sufficient. The reader is advice then, that the topics covered in this paper
only describe the first of the many steps necessary for better security in a number of situations.
Cryptography
The practice and study in securing communication between parties in presence of potential
adversaries. A cryptographic algorithm or cipher is a mathematical function used in a plaintext in the
encryption and decryption process. A cryptographic algorithm works in combination with a key
(number, word, or phrase) to encrypt the plaintext. The same plaintext also

An Evaluation Of The And Cryptographic
It was recognized that TLS 1.0, when managing different bundles, permits the accompanying
parcels to utilize an IV that is the last figure content square of the past bundle. At the end of the day,
an assailant who can see the encoded activity can note the IV utilized for session treat . Essentially
put, a dynamic aggressor will have the capacity to assemble the Ivs for each one record just by
sniffing the system. So if the aggressor can "figure" a plaintext message, he can make a theory at the
session treat and check whether the figure content matches. Rc4 Rc4 is a stream figure made by Ron
Rivest in 1980s. cryptographic count was known good to go division in 1994 and is as of now is the
generally used stream figure. It has a long history of cryptographic examination and cryptographic
ambushes, most noticeably the ambush on its utilization in the WEP gathering. There are number of
weakness found in the first place byte stream. Yet none of these inadequacies were demonstrated to
allow a judicious attack against Rc4. they are gigantic enough to instruct a great deal regarding
individuals in the cryptographic gathering to recommend against its usage. due to execution and no
matter how you look at it apportionment, it has transformed into a common figure suite in SSL/TLS.
However late research appear to have made full plaintext recovery ambushes on Rc4. One of these
attacks is a show attack, recovers the plaintext when it is sent again and again in various different

Reversible Data Hiding Method For Improving Security Essay
REVERSIBLE DATA HIDING METHOD FOR IMPROVING SECURITY 1 Prabhakaran. G, 2
Sowkarthika. T, 3Aravindan.S, 4Anandraj.P,5 Palanimurugan.S
1,2,3,4,5 Asst. Prof/CSE, EGSPEC
Abstract– The utilization of PC systems for information transmissions has made the need of security.
The security of this intuitive media data should be possible with encryption or information
concealing calculations. To diminish the transmission time, the information pressure is necessary.
Since couple of years, an issue is to attempt to join pressure, encryption and information covering up
in a solitary stride. Picture security turns out to be progressively critical for some applications, e.g.,
secret transmission, video reconnaissance, military and therapeutic applications. These days, the
transmission of pictures is an every day routine and it is important to locate a proficient approach to
transmit them over systems. They send Secret message over channel utilizing Cryptography and
Steganography calculations by AES (Advanced Encryption Standard). It is utilized to scramble the
information from plain content to figure content the other way around. There are two sorts of keys
accessible in the cryptography, symmetric and asymmetric. There are utilizing symmetric key which
is separated into two key, for example, private and open key. Open key is utilized for encryption and
private key is utilized for decoding. The reversible information concealing method is utilized to
recover the information and picture

Methods Of Error Detecting Code
Introduction The most common method of transmitting information include use of bit strings. It's
beyond bounds of possibility to evade errors when data is stored, recovered, operated on or
transmitted. The likely source for this errors include electrical interference, noisy communication
channels, human error or even equipment error and storing data for a very long time on magnetic
tapes.. Important to consider therefore is ensuring liable transmission when large computer files are
transmitted very fast or say when data is sent over a very long distance and to recover data that have
degraded due to long storage on tapes. For a reliable transmission of data, techniques from coding
theory are used. It is done in a such a way ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
in case this is done, errors will not only be able to detected but also corrected . In short , in case
sufficiently few errors are made in the transmission of a codeword, it becomes very easier to
determine which codeword was sent. the following examples illustrate the idea. Application include
television cameras. Hamming Distance when it comes to information theory, Hamming distance
refers to the number of bits which are the difference between two binary strings. expressed
alternatively,, the distance between two strings A and B is ∑ | Ai – Bi |. simply put in a similar way
is that it determines the minimum number of substitutions required to alter one string into the other,
or the lowest number of errors that could have changed one string into the other. large application is
in coding theory, more specifically to block codes, in which the equal–length strings are vectors
over a finite field. Perfect Codes Perfect Codes refers to those codes that achieve the Hamming
bound .A good example include those codes that have just a single codeword, and also those codes
that are the whole of . Another perfect example can be illustrated by the repeat codes, where each
symbol of the message is duplicated an odd fixed number of times so as to obtain a codeword
whereby q = 2. Both of these examples are often referred to as the trivial perfect codes. In the year
1973, it was confirmed that any non–trivial perfect code over a prime–power

Introduction and Mechanics of Encryption
Introduction and Mechanics of Encryption
Encryption
The conversion of data into ciphertext, that cannot be easily understood by unauthorized people. It is
the only way to protect information in transit over the Internet. It is also a necessary part of defense–
in–depth to protect information stored on Web sites or in a public cloud.
Basic Encryption Methods:
Several methods are used to encrypt data before being sent over the Internet.
Symmetric Encryption
Symmetric method: same key used for encryption and decryption.
Advantage: Much faster than asymmetric encryption
Disadvantage:
1. Both sender and receiver need to know the shared secret key. 2. A separate secret key needs to be
created for use by each party with whom the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This makes it harder to spot patterns in the ciphertext that reflect patterns in the original plaintext.
Encryption Algorithm
The nature of the algorithm used to combine the key and the plaintext is important. Secrecy is not
necessary for strength. Indeed, the procedures used by the most accepted and widely used
encryption algorithms are publicly available. Their strength is due not to the secrecy of their
procedures, but to the fact that they have been rigorously tested and demonstrated to resist brute–
force guessing attacks. Therefore, organizations should not attempt to create their own "secret"
encryption algorithm, but instead should purchase products that use widely accepted standard
algorithms whose strength has been proven.
Policies for Managing Cryptographic Keys
This is often the most vulnerable aspect of encryption systems. No matter how long the keys are, or
how strong an encryption algorithm is, if the keys have been compromised, the encryption can be
easily broken. Therefore, cryptographic keys must be stored securely and protected with strong
access controls.
Disadvantages of Encryption 1. Some sensitive information, such as process shortcuts, may not be
stored digitally and, therefore, cannot be protected by being encrypted. 2. Encryption protects
information only in specific situations.
For example, full disk encryption protects the information stored on a laptop in the event that it is

The Impact Of Cryptanalysis Using Advanced 3d Playfair...
Impact of Cryptanalysis using Advanced 3D Playfair Cipher
Gaurav Kumawat1, Sandeep Upadhyay2
1 Department of Computer Sc. & Engg, Techno India NJR Institute of Technology
1gaurav_kumawat2002@yahoo.com
2 Department of Computer Sc. & Engg, Techno India NJR Institute of Technology
2sandeepupadhyay30@gmail.com
Abstract. The Playfair cipher is a manual symmetric encryption technique and was the first literal
digraph substitution cipher. The cryptanalysis of the Playfair cipher is also aided by the fact that a
diagram and its reverse will encrypt in a similar fashion. The paper proposes to encrypt/decrypt by
choosing 216 ASCII characters out of 256 ASCII characters. The 216 characters includes the most
frequently & popularly usable characters like 26 upper & lower case alphabets, 10 numerals and 154
most commonly used special characters of ASCII character set. 40 special characters that are less
frequently used are exempted. 2D–Playfair cipher is a case sensitive cipher, as it requires only 26
alphabets rather than 52 alphabets (including lower and upper case both).The theme of this paper is
to provide security for the data that contains a wider coverage of alphabets numerals and special
characters in compare to 2D playfair cipher.
1 Introduction
Cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of
third parties. The art of protecting information by transforming it (encrypting it) into an unreadable
format is called cipher text.

What Role Does The Government Play In Encryption
It's a technology that's not necessarily new but is garnering a lot of discussion in the recent days as
the federal government continues to make headlines about its stance on encryption standards and the
pushback it has received from technology manufacturers. But, what exactly is encryption? What role
does the government play in encryption standards? Are the technology companies wrong for
fighting back against the federal government's encryption demands? Finally, what does all of this
mean for the law abiding citizen? It's hard to imagine the world without the Internet as we know it
today. We use it for everything, from conducting research, paying our bills, exchanging messages
with others and setting up our fantasy football teams. There's ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This chip was essentially a back door that the government claims only it can turn on, but many
people argued that it was a clear violation of American citizens' privacy. In time, technology
progressed and the chip became outdated anyway.
The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act was passed in 1994, which required
telephone carriers to cooperate with the government's requests to wiretap phone lines. In 2005, this
was amended to include Internet traffic as well. Wiretapping these phones lines would still require a
warrant and only encompass voice communications, not data on devices.
September 11, 2001 was one of the most iconic dates in American history. It was the date that
terrorist attacks occurred on the U.S. mainland. As a result of these attacks, the government issued
the Patriot Act which greatly increased the authority of the NSA and its surveillance programs. It
also formed the creation of secret FISA courts which can grant the government warrants for further
surveillance. (Timeline: A history of encryption and government backdoors (pictures),

Information Security And Aggregatable Contexts
Conventional communicate encryption plans enable a sender to safely communicate to any subset of
individuals however require a trusted gathering to convey unscrambling keys. Gathering key
understanding conventions empower a gathering of individuals to arrange a typical encryption key
by means of open systems with the goal that lone the gathering individuals can decode the
ciphertexts encoded under the common encryption key, however a sender can't prohibit a specific
part from unscrambling the ciphertexts. In this paper, we connect these two thoughts with a half and
half primitive alluded to as contributory broadcast encryption (ConBE). In this new primitive, a
gathering of individuals arrange a typical open encryption key while every part ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disturbance tolerant system (DTN) advancements are getting to be plainly effective arrangements
that enable hubs to speak with each other in these outrageous systems administration conditions.
Ordinarily, when there is no limit to–end association between a source and a goal match, the
messages from the source hub may need to sit tight in the transitional hubs for a generous measure
of time until the point when the association would be in the end built up.
The framework proposes a characteristic based secure information recovery plot utilizing CP–ABE
for decentralized DTNs. The proposed plot highlights the accompanying accomplishments. In the
first place, quick property disavowal upgrades in reverse/forward mystery of secret information by
decreasing the windows of helplessness. Second, encryptors can characterize a fine–grained get to
approach utilizing any monotone get to structure under qualities issued from any picked set of
specialists. Third, the key escrow issue is settled by a without escrow key issuing convention that
adventures the normal for the decentralized DTN design. The key issuing convention produces and
issues client mystery keys by playing out a safe two–party calculation (2PC) convention among the
key specialists with their own particular ace privileged insights. The 2PC

Cryptography Is An Indispensable Tool Of Techniques For...
ABSTRACT
Almost in every field including banking and insurance security and privacy have become the
essence. Many people prefer internet banking because of its convenience. The solution to the
security issues require the use of cryptography in which data is being encrypted and converted to
cipher text and then decrypted to original form on reaching the second party. It is an indispensable
tool for secured communication between two parties in the presence of third party. This article
attempts to introduce the various algorithms which can be successfully used to ensure the security in
banks. These algorithms include Shift algorithm, Polyalphabetic Cipher, Affine Cipher, RSA, DSA
etc.
Keywords: cryptology, banking, security
MATHEMATICAL CRYPTOLOGY IN BANKING SECTOR
Cryptography is an indispensable tool of techniques for the secured communication between two
parties in the presence of third party. A cryptographic algorithm is a mathematical function for
encryption or decryption where encryption is the process of translating plain text/ data into a random
and meaningless (cipher text) data and decryption is the process of converting cipher text back into
plain text. In most of the cases, two functions are involved, one for encryption and the other for
decryption. It is basically about constructing and analyzing protocols which prevents public from
reading the private messages. It is mostly based on mathematical theory and computer science
practice .In the

Different Types of Attacks
An attack is any malicious or accidental disruption in the confidentially, integrity, or availability of
information and network resources. Attacks can come from many places, electronic, physical, or
human. Electronics attacks may come from the external network (Internet) or the internal network
(Intranet); physical attacks can come in the form of hardware and equipment sabotage or theft, and
human attacks most often come in the form of social engineering. Some of the attacks identify and
evaluate in this paper are: spoofing, replays attacks, access attack suppress–relay, and source and
repudiation attack. Spoofing is when the attackers attempts to appear to be someone else, usually an
authentic user. The phenomenon of Web spoofing or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Website defacements are a common form of modification attack. Repudiation attack is the main
application layer level attack repudiation refers to the rejection or attempted denial by a node
involved in a communication of having contributed in a part or the entire communication. For
example, is someone access your email account and inflammatory information to other under the
guise of one of your top managers. This information might prove humiliation to your company and
possibly do irreparable harm. This type of attack is easy to accomplish because most email systems
do not check outbound email for validity. Data encryption and decryption have become increasingly
important as more people are communicating over the internet. Although cryptology is not new, the
demand for this technology has soared as its usefulness for security purposes has become more
evident. Cryptology involves converting original messages into non–readable formats and plays an
important role in keeping data safe while it is in transit (Agrawal & Mishra, 2012). Two popular
forms of cryptology are symmetric and asymmetric. Symmetric cryptology–also known as single
key encryption–has been in existence for several decades. It is the most widely used. Symmetric
encryptions consist of five components: plaintext, encryption algorithm, secret key, ciphertext, and
decryption algorithm. Additionally, in order for the

Security Measures And Encryption Standard
Abstract–Security is one of the primary concern in today's era.Lots of Cryptographic Schemes are
evolved in order to accomplish this.Advanced encryption standard is one of the secure cryptographic
schemes now a days.The Proposed architecture incorporates the AES 128 bit Algorithm,compares
the features of Core AES and Pipelined AES (on the basis of device utilization summary).The design
is synthesized on the device Vertex–5 using XilinxISE.
Keywords–component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key words) I. INTRODUCTION The large
and growing number of internet and wireless communication users has led to an increasing demand
of security measures and devices for protecting the user data transmitted over the unsecured network
so that unauthorized persons cannot access it. The increasing need for Secured data communication
has led to development of several cryptography algorithms [31]. Cryptography uses the encryption
algorithm and a key to send confidential data through an insecure channel[26] There are mainly two
types of encryption algorithms, private key (also called symmetric key) and public key. Private key
algorithms involve only one key, both for encryption and decryption whereas, public key algorithms
involve two keys, one for encryption and other for decryption [29]. The public key algorithm is
complex and has very high computation time. Private key algorithm is simple and therefore, it is
more suitable for faster implementation [30].
The AES (Advanced

The Security Measures Are Confidentiality Integrity,...
Abstract – A bank plays a vital role in peoples life.A bank connects customers with deficit assets to
customers with surplus assets.Net banking refers to the system that enables bank customers to
access accounts and general information on bank products and services through personal
computer(PC) or other intelligent devices and it also performs virtual banking functions. Bank's first
aim is to achieve the trust of customers then customers report their personal details ,Security of the
customers is the prime concern of the banks and it has its own measures to secure client details and
transactions i.e; both online and offline.The major security measures are confidentiality integrity
,availability and accuracy. Apart from all the security ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Login process can be done by using digital signatures.
Eg:ICICI Bank,Kotak Bank,Canara Bank. B.Security: a.Frauds due to lack of security: The top
frauds witnessed during April to December 2016 is ICICI Bank.During the first nine months of
current ficial 455 fraud cases involved Rs.1 Lakh and above were detected in ICICI bank.
SBI,ICICI,HDFC,YES banks were effected with an estimate of Rs.1.3crores already whisked off by
hackers.
The reason behind this is malware that targets computer system. b.security risks:
Apart from all the protection we are still prone to risk like:phishing,Trojan horse,skimming and
spyware. i.Phishing:
This scheme involves useimng fake emails and fake websites. ii.spyware:
A software that is secretly installed in a computer and takes information without the knowledge of a
client. iii.Trojan horse:
A scheme based on embedding a computer virus type software program on to clients PCs,Trojan
hoses tie themselves into keyboard driver and record key strokes. iv:skimming:
It is an advanced version of identity theft.frauders copy the information from magnetic strip and the
back of your plastic without interfering with the legitimate payment transaction. v.criterion
risk(HTTP):
When A sends information to B,it will be in unencrypted form.This form is acceptable when A is not
sharing any confidential information.When sender sends sensitive information like passwords,it will
be of

Data Encryption Essay
Missing Chart Encryption Encryption is a method of programming data for security so that it
appears to be random data. Only the people sending and receiving the information have the key to
decrypt the message, which will put it back into its original form making it readable. The only
people with the key are the people who are intended to read the message. Not many people know
what encryption is. I took a survey of twenty students and asked two questions. The first question I
asked was do you know what encryption means and the second question I asked was have you ever
heard of anybody using encryption. This is a chart of the information I received: Many people
wonder exactly how encryption works. People think that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
For example, the word computer would be changed to FRPSXWHU (Parsons 328). This method
was easy because it was just a simple offset of the alphabet and you could just line up the letters of
both alphabets and figure out what the message was. There are weak encryption and strong
encryption. Caesars method is known as weak encryption because it can be deciphered. Deciphering
a code without authorization is known as "cracking" a code. In order to crack the simple substitution
code, you could make twenty–five different transformation tales where each of them has a different
offset. Strong encryption, the opposite of weak encryption, is very tough to crack. By using
expensive, specialized, code–breaking computers, strong encryptions methods can be broken. Also,
encryption methods can be broken by the use of supercomputers, mainframe computers,
workstations and personal computers. The codes can be broken using these computers by using the
brute–force method, which consists of trying all of the possible keys (Parsons 329). Symmetric key
encryption is where the key is used to not only encrypt a message but to decrypt it as well. This is
also known as conventional and secret key encryption. Symmetric key encryption is rarely used due
to the fact that the person who encrypts the information has to get the key to the person who
decrypts the information. This is uncommonly used because if the key is intercepted by an
unauthorized person, there can

Hybrid Cryptography Using Symmetric Key Encryption
Hybrid cryptography using symmetric key encryption
Sean laurel rex bashyam1, karthik Shankar2 ,Saitheja kadiyala3
Dept. of electrical engineering1,3
Dept. of computer science2
{skadiyal ,sbashyam ,kshankar}@my.bridgeport.edu professor Abdel–shakour Abuzneid
Dept. of computer engineering
University of bridgeport
Bridgeport , CT abuzneid@bridgeport.edu Abstract– Crucial methods are employed to deploy the
majority networks to acquire the data. Modern improvements stores, transfer data at higher rate.
Traditional methods which provide security to the information. Using single encryption algorithms
are more prone to issues and these are implemented without knowing its shortcomings. This
proposed algorithms provides new step to avoid shortcomings. We resemble some famous
algorithms as follows. Firstly, we create a new algorithms, In order to provide security issue and
time constraint of operation. Secondly, We combine AES using multiplexing of keys, Improvement
of DES key size and blowfish algorithm, then we encrypt data using the proposed algorithm. This
can enhance the security and complicates the Encryption. In this paper we provide both the
encryption and decryption that supports in real time application and algorithm has a practical
value.5
Index Terms– Hybrid encryption, Advance Encryption Standard(AES), Data Encryption
Standard(DES), Blowfish, Key length.
I. INTRODUCTION
Encryption is a method of converting plain text to cipher text using some base keys and

Tom Standage V. Collage Research Paper
Tom Standage made a good job of sorting the complicated and contentious history. This is
performed by presenting the dramatic modifications in the telegraph, which actually brought the
information concerning about how the business was conducted in those days, how the news was
reported and how the humanity viewed its world. In the year 1858, the news of the first transatlantic
cable which in fact led to the forecast of the world peace and it was kept a climax to the old
prejudices as well as the hostilities. Soon, after the author reports regarding the criminal activities,
government misinformation leakage and so on. The telegraph offered an opportunity for the crimes
such as fraud, deception and theft. Telegraph offers speedy transmission of

Selective Encryption Algorithm for Highly Confidential...
1. Introduction
Conventional cryptographic algorithms, which are generally aimed at encrypting like text data
(known as Naïve approach) not well suited for video encryption. This is due to the fact that
conventional cryptographic algorithms cannot process the large volume of video data in real–time.
Selective encryption of the H.264/AVC bitstream puts decoder to fully decode the encrypted video
with degradation in video quality. This perceptual encryption has low encryption and decryption
time. The video data are compressed to reduce the storage space required and to save bandwidth for
transmission. Video compression removes redundancy, so that it is difficult to guess about a portion
of a compressed bitstream to another. In addition, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From an attacker's point of view, brute–force attack may break the encryption of sign bit and
level_suffix of the same length. Intra–prediction mode has only nine different values (0–8). Hence,
the encryption of intra–prediction mode also has the threat of brute–force attack. So, the values of
level_suffix with sign bits are encrypted with a higher length of bitstream (6 bits for luma and 4 bits
for chroma), to reduce the threat of brute–force attack. However, this affects the compression
bandwidth.
We have also analyzed that without making motion vectors encryption, we can't obtain temporal
redundancy. Motion vector encryptions are proposed by several authors [4–9]. However, analysis
shown in this paper said that 45–50% of motion vectors for each frame are not encrypted. Thus, a
better encryption method is proposed at here in expense with compression bandwidth. Overall, we
should create the balance between security and the increase in compression bandwidth.
Four selective encryption methods are discussed here. A First method named 'NZs in CAVLC'
encrypts level_suffix values with sign bits of up to three lowest frequency non–zero DCT
coefficients in CAVLC encoding for all macroblocks. Second method named 'NZs in CAVLC for I
only', which is same as the first method but encryption is done only in intra–coded macroblocks.
Third method named 'MV'

Protocols Of Encryption And Encryption
INDEX
1. Objective
2. Introduction
3. Encryption
a. Asymmetric Encryption
b. Symmetric Encryption
4. Examples of encryption
5. Cryptography
6. Email Encryption
a. Advantages of Encryption Email
b. Disadvantages of Encryption Email
c. Why use the Encryption Email
7. Use of Encryption
8. How it works
9. Protocols of the Email Encryption
a. PGP
b. S/MIME
c. Message Encryption
d. Mail session Encryption
e. TLS
10. Conclusion
11. References
Objective
Email Encryption is the very important topic of todays need. Because it provides the proper security
to the message. And in now days everybody wants the proper security for our message so that the
original message as it is read by the recipient that are send by the sender without any
changes/alternation in the message. So this is the very important topic to cover up and secure our
messages from unauthorized user's access. That provide the security to our communication. So, we
can easily communicate without any afraid of hacking of data.
INTRODUCTION:– Encryption is the most effective way to provide the data security. It is a process
which converts original information into a difficult–to–interpret form. The original information is

known as plain text and the converted information/message is commonly known as cipher text.
In now a days you email delicate, individual and business data to your recipients, then encryption is
likely a need. But still 99% of all emails movement goes

Cryptography Report On Technology On The Age Of Internet...
Cryptography Report
Introduction
Security in the age of internet has become a tremendously important issue to provide comfort not
only for paranoid people but for many others who are naïve to believe that protection in digital era is
essential to communication between millions of people that increasingly used as a tool for
commerce.
There are many aspects to security and applications, from secure commerce and payment to private
communications and protecting passwords. Cryptography, is the practice and study in securing
communication between parties in the presence of potential adversaries (Yousuf, N.D.). This report
focuses on modern methods of cryptography its operation, strengths and weaknesses, its application
techniques in computing and some other aspects where cryptography deemed essential as discussed
in this report.
Moreover, it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications,
this report is not by itself sufficient. The reader is advice then, that the topics covered in this paper
only describe the first of the many steps necessary for better security in a number of situations.
Cryptography
The practice and study in securing communication between parties in presence of potential
adversaries. A cryptographic algorithm or cipher is a mathematical function used in a plaintext in the
encryption and decryption process. A cryptographic algorithm works in combination with a key
(number, word, or phrase) to encrypt the plaintext. The

A Comparison of "The Book of the Family" and "The Selected...
During the Renaissance, many writers were authoring "how–to" books. At the same time, mail
correspondence was the main form of communication. This gives readers and historians the golden
opportunity to perform some comparisons, and to paint a picture of what life was like in the
renaissance. In The Book of the Family Leon Battista Alberti illustrates to his readers through
dialogue, his vision of the perfect family. Alberti wrote his book in dialogue form, featuring the
elder Giannozzo conversing with the young Leonardo. They discuss important family topics such as
thrift, friendship, work, health, housing, economics, children and how and whom to choose as a
wife. Alberti stresses thrift with family resources and money, hard work in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the question of whether Alberti's visions for a family translated into Alessandra's world the facts
are conflicting, and careful analysis will allow historians and readers to find areas where they do and
don't to reach their ultimate conclusion. Alberti's first topic is thrift. He explains a system of
spending that depends on need, value and honor in which the wise person spends money where it is
needed, on goods of value, and isn't miserly. Giannozzo tells Lionardo: "With every expenditure one
must only be sure that the cost is no greater or heavier or larger than is needed, yet no less than
honor requires." Alessandra spends much of her time writing about money matters. family. Her son
in–law Marco followed custom of honor in dressing his wife fits this idea of honor. When he bought
his wife clothing and adornments, he spent lavishly, "he had a garland of feathers and pearls made
[for her] which cost eighty florins, the headdress underneath has two strings of pearls costing sixty
florins or more. When she goes out she'll have more than four hundred florins on her back." For the
daughter of a local ruling family and his wife, it was his honor and duty to see her well dressed. This
fits with Alberti's recommendation to "keep my household well dressed, each member in accordance
with his situation." While this seems like an inordinate amount of money, and wholly against all
ideas of

An Efficient Implementation Of Aes On Fpga
AN EFFICIENT IMPLEMENTATION OF AES ON FPGA
Author name:A.MONIGHAAuthor name:Mr.G.YUVARAJ
Dept. name of organization: Dept. name of organization:
M.E (VLSI ),dept of ECE Assistant professor,dept of ECE
Name of organization:VCEW Name of organiosation:VCEW
City, Country: Elayampalayam,India City,Country:Elayampalayam,India
monigha1priya@gmail.com engineer.yuvaraja@gmail.com Abstract– Speed and area reduction are
one of the major issues in VLSI applications. An implementation of the Advanced Encryption
Standard (AES) algorithm is presented in this paper. The design uses looping method will reduce
area and increase the speed .By using encrypted round for speed and pipelining ,isomorphic
mapping method for area.This algorithm achieves efficiency and high throughput.
Keywords–––– Advanced Encryption Standard(AES) ,AaSP , fine grained,many core, synchronous
dataflow
I.INTRODUCTION
Now–a–days security plays a vital role in eletronics world.The speed and area optimization is an
important issue in today's electronics.The AES is a cryptographic algorithm that is used to protect
electronic data or information. AES algorithm is a symmetric key used in that can encrypt and
decrypt

Protection And The Iot : Navigating Policy Issues
3. Proposed Work Protection and the IoT: Navigating Policy Issues – Opening Remarks of FTC
Chairwoman Edith Ramirez[9], "Today, I might want to concentrate on three key difficulties that, in
my perspective, the IoT stances to shopper security: (1) universal information gathering; (2) the
potential for sudden employments of customer information that could have unfavorable results; and
(3) elevated security dangers. These dangers to protection and security undermine buyer trust. Also,
that trust is as critical to the boundless shopper appropriation of new IoT items and administrations
as a system association is to the usefulness of an IoT gadget. I accept there are three key steps that
organizations ought to take to upgrade shopper protection and security and subsequently construct
customer trust in IoT gadgets: (1) embracing "security by configuration"; (2) taking part in
information minimization; and (3) expanding straightforwardness and giving purchasers notification
and decision for sudden information employments. I trust these strides will be vital to effective IoT
plans of action and to the assurance of customer data." This venture needs to accomplish
nevertheless objective as expected in both of the base papers consolidated. The following are the
better, simple features that can make this project as a benchmarking step in the implementation of
the network security solutions for a Smart City:– 3.1 Privacy Preserving mechanism – U. I. D.: A
user

Installing Convergent Encryption By Aes Encryption
CHAPTER5 PROPOSEDARCHITECTUREANDMETHODOLOGY 5.1Proposed Architecture
Inthis section,wedescribetheproposedarchitecture of deduplication system.In our proposed
architecture we replace some technique with new technique like we replaced convergent encryption
by AES encryption. We eliminate some steps that are not necessary to be there. That will help to
reduce execution time. Mainly we made three changes in our proposed architecture: 1. We use AES
encryption in place of convergent encryption. 2. We eliminate secret key encryption between server
and metadata manager. 3. We proposed to check duplication at starting stage. In old architecture
duplication checked when data converted in another form means after encryption. These three
changes in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So we eliminate one secret encryption layer that was present between server and metadata manager.
System takes so much time every time to check integrity and address of file because of that secret
encryption layer. So clearly this step will reduce execution time. And at last we check duplication at
starting stage. Now, there is no need to encrypt every data for integrity checking. This also
eliminates extra overload from system. 5.2 COMPONENTS: In this section we describe the role of
each component. A. User The role of the user is limited to uploading files to the system,encrypting
them with the AES encryption technique,signing the resulting encrypted files and creating the
storagerequest. In addition, the user also generates the key to AES system by his ID and
PASSWORD. It works as file identifier to the system. For each file, this key will be used to decrypt
and re–build the file when it will be retrieved. Instead, thefile identifier is necessary to univocally
identify a file overthe whole system. Finally, the user also signs each files with a special signature
scheme. In order not to apply costly signatureoperations for the file, for all it adds owner name to a
separate MM. The main architecture is illustrated in Fig. 5.1. B. Server The server has three main
roles: authenticating users duringthe storage/retrieval request, performing access control byverifying
block signatures embedded in the data, encrypting/decrypting data traveling from users to the cloud

Cryptography : Key Encryption And Its Implementation Essay
INDEX PAGE NO.
1. ABSTRACT 1
2. INTRODUCTION 1
3. CRYPTOGRAPHY 1
4. ENCRYPTION AND DECRYPTION 2
5. CIPHER 2
6. HISTORICAL CRYPTOGRAPHY 3
7. WARDRIVEN CRYPTOGRAPHY (World War I) 7
8. WARDRIVEN CRYPTOGRAPHY (World War II) 9
9. MORDERN ENCRYPTION 11
10. SYMMENTRIC KEY ENCRYPTION AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION 12
11. ASYMMENTRIC KEY ENCRYPTION 14
12. RSA ENCRYPTION 15
13. STEGANODRAPHY 17
14. FUTURE MENTHODS OF ENCRYPTION 18
15. CONCLUSION 23
16. REFERENCES 24
ABSTRACT:
Primary purpose of cryptography is security. Cryptography has been present since thousands of
years. Encryption for a longer duration is a priority in many organizations. One among them is
military, which used cryptography to securely transmit a message. During 1980's there is great
necessity of securely communicating with others. Internet is present since 1960's and the World
Wide Web came into existence during 1980's. Throughout the world people access the internet. A
World Wide Web, an electronic portal, is extensively used by many people for communicating.
People used World Wide Web to send electronic mails. This kind of communication increased
around the world. As the information passed between the two people may be hacked by any other
person, securing data and transmitting to the right person became important aspect. A deep emphasis
of encryption and cryptography will help all

Nt1310 Unit 6 Powerpoint
A. Setup: The setup phase takes input a security parameter . It selects a bilinear group of prime order
p with b as generator, and bilinear map The universe attribute is . It selects for attribute n, , and a
random exponent . The public key and master key is given by (1) (2)
Though is publicly known to all system parties, is kept secretly by trusted authority (TA).
B. Key Generation: The key generation phase takes set of attributes S as input and the secret key
equivalent to S is produced as output. Initially, it selects a random number from . Then, it calculates
the key as (3)
C. Encryption: The

Data Encryption Essay
ENCRYPTION Introduction Often there has been a need to protect information from 'prying eyes'.
In the electronic age, information that could otherwise benefit or educate a group or individual can
also be used against such groups or individuals. Industrial espionage among highly competitive
businesses often requires that extensive security measures be put into place. And, those who wish to
exercise their personal freedom, outside of the oppressive nature of governments, may also wish to
encrypt certain information to avoid suffering the penalties of going against the wishes of those who
attempt to control. Still, the methods of data encryption and decryption are relatively
straightforward, and easily mastered. I have been doing data ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But, by the use of more than one translation table, especially when implemented in a 'pseudo–
random' order, this adaptation makes code breaking relatively difficult. An example of this method
might use translation table 'A' on all of the 'even' bytes, and translation table 'B' on all of the 'odd'
bytes. Unless a potential code breaker knows that there are exactly 2 tables, even with both source
and encrypted data available the deciphering process is relatively difficult. Similar to using a
translation table, 'data repositioning' lends itself to use by a computer, but takes considerably more
time to accomplish. A buffer of data is read from the input, then the order of the bytes (or other
'chunk' size) is rearranged, and written 'out of order'. The decryption program then reads this back
in, and puts them back 'in order'. Often such a method is best used in combination with one or more
of the other encryption methods mentioned here, making it even more difficult for code breakers to
determine how to decipher your encrypted data. As an example, consider an anagram. The letters are
all there, but the order has been changed. Some anagrams are easier than others to decipher, but a
well written anagram is a brain teaser nonetheless, especially if it's intentionally misleading. My
favorite methods, however, involve something that only computers can do: word/byte rotation and
XOR bit masking. If you

Dnssec Case Study
DNSSEC is a set of DNS extensions that authenticates the origin of zone data and verifies its
integrity by using public key cryptography. That is, the extensions permit DNS clients to ask the
questions, "Did this DNS data really come from the zone's owner?" and "Is this really the data sent
by that owner?"
DNSSEC provides three distinct services: key distribution by means of KEY resource records stored
in the zone files, origin verification for servers and data, and verification of the integrity of zone
data. DNSSEC relies upon a cascading chain of trust: The root servers provide validation
information for the top–level domains, the top–level domains provide validation information for the
second–level domains, and so on.
Public key cryptosystems

In The Code Book, By Simon Singh
In the Code Book, by Simon Singh he talks about how the exchange of digital information over the
internet has become the most used way to send messages and mail. The use of cryptography is being
used to encrypt emails or important messages. Paper mail has slowly decreased because of everyone
using the internet to do everything and making it easier for someone to intercept an important
message . However, when sending the information or message thru paper mail it is more difficult for
someone to intercept the message, but if using the internet if you don't send it encrypted it can be
easy for the message to be read by someone else.
In The Dark Game by Paul Janeczko he talks about how spies would send messages about their
enemies. They would

Privacy And The Iot : Navigating Policy Issues
Privacy and the IoT: Navigating Policy Issues – Opening Remarks of FTC Chairwoman Edith
Ramirez[10], "Today, I would like to focus on three key challenges that, in my view, the IoT poses
to consumer privacy: (1) ubiquitous data collection; (2) the potential for unexpected uses of
consumer data that could have adverse consequences; and (3) heightened security risks. These risks
to privacy and security undermine consumer trust. And that trust is as important to the widespread
consumer adoption of new IoT products and services as a network connection is to the functionality
of an IoT device. I believe there are three key steps that companies should take to enhance consumer
privacy and security and thereby build consumer trust in IoT devices: (1) adopting "security by
design"; (2) engaging in data minimization; and (3) increasing transparency and providing
consumers with notice and choice for unexpected data uses. I believe these steps will be key to
successful IoT business models and to the protection of consumer information." This project wants
to achieve just the same goal as intended in both of the base papers combined The following are the
better, simple features that can make this project as a benchmarking step in the implementation of
the network security solutions for a Smart City:–
3.1 Privacy Preserving mechanism –
U. I. D.:
A user identification (UID) is a unique positive integer acting as a unique key randomly generated
and then assigned by the

The Cloud Service Providers Should Address The Still Open...
C RYPTOGRAPHY T ECHNIQUES
The cloud service providers should address the still open cloud security problems in order to
encourage users to use this technology. The most important concerns are confidentiality, integrity
and availability. In a complex and non–transparent system like cloud computing, it is difficult for a
user to even determine what kind of security measures are implemented in the cloud. This section
presents Cryptography, as one of the security measure that can be implemented.
Cryptography techniques are defined as methods that protect the data by changing the format of the
data, such that it can not be understood by unauthorized users. The objectives of cryptography are
[9]:
1) Confidentiality
This is the service that makes sure that the data is accessed by the owner of the data and not allow
unauthorized to access the data.
1) Resource Location
As the data is stored at an unknown location, the client is unaware of the problems when there is a
dispute and is not in the control of the cloud service provider. The data stored by the cloud service
providers is not only under the policies of the service provider but are also affected by the countries'
legislation policies where the data is stored. This makes the service providers hand over sensitive
information in accordance to the countries' law and its law enforcement requests. If someone
subpoena the data stored then the service provider has to hand over that data without any consent
from the owner of the data.

Hill Cipher
CioheWednesday, April 13, 2016
University of Botswana
ISS 334 LAB 2 ASSIGNMENT
Ndlovu.I 200902852
Ndlovu.I
ISS 334 Lab 2 Assignment
Page 1 of 27
Wednesday, April 13, 2016
Contents
1.
Hill Cipher Description ..........................................................................................................................
3
2.
Question ................................................................................................................................................
3
3.
Implementation .................................................................................................................................... 3
3.1.
Hill Cipher Encryption and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Step 3 is the same as Step 2 but using a different matrix multiplication to find the key. All the
programs have written in java using Dr. Java.
Ndlovu.I

Page 3 of 27
3.1. Hill Cipher Encryption and Decryption
Ndlovu.I
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3.1.1. Part 1
Class Basic the class has the indexOfChar and indexAtChar method.
The first method matches characters of a string to the alphabet and returns a numeric value, the
second method is used to return a char which is located at the position int pos.
Class Hill has an object basic of the class basic so as to access the methods from the basic class, this
is done later on in the program.
Class Hill also contains method Hill, this ensures that the matrix we are using is a 2X2 matrix, that's
why the variable block=2.
The method reads the key matrix. The user will enter in the first number and press "enter" and do
this until the fourth number is entered. The assumption is that we are using a 2x2 matrix as the key
size.
Ndlovu.I
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3.1.2. Part 2

The method KeyInverse also reads 4 integers which are stored to the double array Key[][] and uses
them for the decryption key.
The method encryptBlock is

Cryptography Is The Science Of Writing And Solving Secret...
Abstract. This paper is on Cryptography. Cryptography is the art of writing and solving secret
messages. People have been using the encoding and decoding of messages with pen and paper since
ancient times. Cryptography has played an enormous role in human history as it was used in times
of war. With the demand of today's world of online security, digital Cryptography is in great demand
to help people protect valuable information. This paper will focus on the brief history of
Cryptography.
Introduction
Cryptography is the science of writing and deciphering secret messages. One can encrypt a message
or plain–text by using a specific parameter or key to create a coded message or cipher–text.
Depending on the encryption method used, the encryption algorithm may be as long as the message
or shorter than the message. Encryption is used to secure channels of communication on the
Internet, protect data in ATM's, cell phones, and much more. Cryptanalysis is the procedures taken
to decipher a cipher–text. The main focus of cryptanalysis is to interpret secrets during times of war,
since, knowing what the enemy is thinking and doing gives a great advantage. This article will focus
on the brief history of cryptography and the mathematics behind it.
1. Origins of Cryptography
The earliest known text containing components of cryptography originates in the Egyptian town
Menet Khufu on the tomb of nobleman Khnumhotep II nearly 4,000 years ago [4]. Figure 1 shows
the symbols found on the

A Simple Fast And Memory Efficient Algorithm For Secure...
A Simple, Fast and Memory Efficient Algorithm for Secure Communications in Wireless Sensor
Networks Anusha Peddigari, Archana Tandra and L.K. Suresh Kumar
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University College of Engineering,
Osmania University, Hyderabad.
Email: suresh.lokhande, anushapeddigari94, archanatandra95 {@gmail.com}
Abstract– Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) introduce a new way to interact with the physical
environment. The security in WSNs became an attractive area of research. WSNs are susceptible to
a wide range of malicious attacks. At present ECC is considered for secure communications, which
is having good potential for WSN security due to its smaller key size and its high strength of
security. Unfortunately, the execution time of ECC is more which is not suitable for more number of
applications. A number of other security mechanisms have been proposed for sensor networks to
provide data confidentiality, namely Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Data Encryption
Standard (DES). In this paper, we propose an algorithm, which is compared and analyzed with the
existing ECC and AES to provide better security with authenticated sensor nodes. The
authentication is done with a secret code. The proposed algorithm will ensure the secure
communication with authenticated devices. The analysis results shows that the scheme works better
than the common existent schemes with better utilization of available memory.
Keywords– Elliptic Curve Cryptography,

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