Undrained Triaxial Test

Undrained Triaxial Test
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION
FACULTY OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING & COMPUTING
Geotechnical Engineering 1
LEVEL: 5MODULE: CE2045
Quick Un–Drained Triaxial Test
Report Author: Keith
GROUP MEMBERS:Ahmed Ahmed K1034749 Villamar Rodriguez K0916719
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:4 February 2013
* Table of ContentsPage *
1Introduction and Objectives2
2Experimental Results7 2.1Raw Results7 2.2Graph8 2.3Final Results9
3Analysis and Discussion10 3.1Meaning of Results10
4Conclusion11
5References12
6Appendices13
Introduction & objectives
The Tri–Axial test is a widely practiced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...

Graph 1 shows the failure peak points of the samples. It is important to note that the specimens tested at 100 kN/m2 and 200 kN/m2 reacted similarly,
showing similarly shaped graphs to their peak and then descending gradually till they tail off. However, the 3rd specimen showed a steep ascend to
it's failure point and then descends steeply afterward as compared to the first two samples. The constant changes within the first ascending parts of the
graph for all samples may be indication of the soil samples settling to the pressure or filling in the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essential Materials And Establishing The Compressive Strength
Introduction
Concrete is a vital construction material and establishing the compressive strength is key as the ability to maximise the compressive strength will
enhance a structures lifespan. Mortar is formed through the mixing of cement and water before being cast to harden. When the cement and water is
mixed the process of hydration occurs forming a paste which then hardens. Once concrete is cast and dries the presence of curing time is important.
Not all chemical reactions occur quickly, therefore by curing concrete in water for several days it allows all reactions to complete. Therefore allowing
concrete to cure for up to 28 days should ensure that the compressive strength is maximised and it should meet industry standards. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Methodology
In preparation for the laboratory concrete specimens should be prepared in line with the Civil Engineering technicians' standard mix. 4 concrete cube
samples with no plasticiser should be produced and another 4 Specimens should also be produced in line with this standard mix but with the addition
of plasticiser as well. The 8 specimens should then be left to cure in water for specified time periods: 0, 7, 14, 28 days.
In the laboratory the dimensions of each concrete cube was measured using callipers. It was ensured that before each reading the calliper was zeroed
to minimise any errors. The length, width and then depth was measured before proceeding to the next sample. 2 members measured the samples
whilst 2 recorded the results. After all dimensions were recorded the mass of each cube was obtained using an analytical balance weighing the
samples cured from 0 days up to 28 days.
Next the cubes underwent the compression test. The cubes were tested in order of curing time so 0 days no plasticiser, 0 days plasticiser, 7 days no
plasticiser and so forth. The cube was placed on the support in the cube crusher and adjustments were made so the force would be applied evenly on
the cube's surface. The force was then increased slowly, compressing the block. The force at which the concrete cube failed was recorded. The concrete
cube was then

Sample Resume : New Zealand Diploma Essay
New Zealand Diploma in Engineering (Civil)
Materials SCDE4201
MARKING SHEET
1.Presentation
Cover .......................................................................... /2
Neatness / spelling.................................................... /4
Layout / Typing.......................................................... /4 Subtotal /10
2.Content
Abstract....................................................................... /5
Design calculation...................................................... /5
Actual procedure....................................................... /10
Test results................................................................. /5
Discussion / Comment.............................................. /25
Subtotal /50
Total marks: 60
Student's Declaration
I have not copied any part of this report/practical from ant other person's work, except for the sharing of group test results. The subsequent discussion
/comments are all my own work.

Collaboration: No other person has written any part of this report for me.
Student Name: Samir Chaulagain
Student declaration of the above: (signature)
Date 05 / 11 / 2014
CONTENT
Concrete...................................................................................5
Concrete Mix Design...............................................................5
Goals of Concrete Mix design................................................5
Procedure and Discussion in brief........................................6
Design Calculation..................................................................7
–Mixed Design

Computational Model : Compressive Strength Of Concrete...
Chapter 4
Mathematical Model to Predict Compressive Strength of Concrete Composites
4.1 Introduction
Compressive strength is defined as the measured maximum resistance of a concrete to axial loading. Compressive strength of concrete is one of the
main structural requirement to ensure that the structure will be able to carry the designed load. Compressive strength is also used as a measure of
quality, such as durability and resistance to weathering. The properties of theconcrete develop as a result of hydration: the exothermic reactions between
water and cement and the interaction with the pozzoloniccementitious components in the mixture (Nawy, 2001). Also the properties of the concrete
depend on the mix proportions and the placing and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a strong correlation between the compressive strength and other mechanical properties of concrete (Neville, 1996, Mehta and Monterio, 2005).
Compressive strength is used as an index of flexural strength, tensile strength and shear strength of concrete. The flexure strength or modulus of rupture
of normal concrete is approximately 7.5 to 10 times the square root of the compressive strength. Similarly, the tensile strength is about 8 to 12% of the
compressive strength and is often estimated as 5 to 7.5 times the square root of the compressive strength. The shear strength of concrete is about 20%
of the compressive strength (PCA, 1988). These correlations between compressive strength and flexure, tensile and shear strength varies with concrete
ingredients and environment. Initially, the mixture proportioning was not based on the scientific or logistical calculations, but were rather based on the
hit and trial method because of the limited knowledge aboutthe variables affecting the strength of the concrete and their inter dependence on each other.
Abrams (1925) took the first step in establishing the relationship between the compressive strength and the water cement ratio. Subsequently Powers
(1968) formulated a more comprehensive theory that explained the importance of other factors affecting the compressive strength

Essay On Cast In Situ Concrete
This technique is usually done after the earthquake or any disaster has affect the building so to strengthening the structure this technique is fallowed. In
this techniques commonly steel and cement are used.
Conventional cast–in–situ concrete
The conventional cast in–suit concrete is done usually repair and strengthing works in the cases where due to the change in volume or shrinkage of the
convection cement based concrete, causing unsatisfactory results. The change in volume results in loss of good contact between the new concrete and
the old element preventing sound transfer of stress at the contact surface. In order to improve bond characteristics and minimize the shrinkage, it is
recommended to use higher strength concrete with low ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This method can be applied vertically, inclined, and over head surfaces with minimum or without formwork. Generally the materials used in this
method are same as conventional mortar, and reinforcement are welded fabric and deformed bars tacked onto surface.
Shotcrete process is carried out either by these two processes: a) Wet process b) Dry process
a) Wet process: In the wet process mixture of cement and aggregate premixed with water and the pump pushes the mixture through the hose and nozzle.
Compressed air is introduced at nozzle to increase the velocity of application.
b) Dry process: In dry mix process, compressed air propels premixed mortar and damp aggregate and at the nozzle end water is added through a
separate hose. The dry mix and water through the second hose are projected on to a prepared surface.
Surface preparation before shotcreting involves a thorough cleaning and removing all loose aggregate and roughening the existing concreting surface
for improved bond. Shotcrete frequently has high shrinkage characteristics and measures to prevent cracks using adequate reinforcement and proper
curing is always necessary. The shotcrete surface can be lift as sprayed which is somewhat rough. If a smoother surface is required, a thin layer can be
sprayed on the hardened shotcrete and then reworked and finished to the required texture or plaster can be applied.
The

Post And Lintel Research Paper
The development of both architecture and pictures both have several creative forms that are associated with them. The development of Post and Lintel,
arches, intaglio/etching and planographic process are a few that have interesting backgrounds. Post and Lintel is a system in which two members, also
referred to as posts, hold up a third member called the lintel. What's interesting about Post and Lintel is that all structural openings that have been
development from the basic idea of post and lintel. The lintel must hold a majority of the weight that rests on it, as well as, its own load without serious
structural damage occurring. The type of material used is another important factor when deciding how large the structure will be. For example,... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, prints or printmaking is an interesting technique that can lead to creating unique designs. The intaglio process, which has been around
since the 1400s, and is still used today, is a perfect example. This technique is one that's not talked about much and has a rather interesting process.
Intaglio can be used with a variety of different materials such as glass, wood, and stone, but zinc seems to be the favorite. Intaglio is used in a
variety of different methods such as etching, drypoint, line engraving and aquatint. The process may seem a little lengthy, but it's well worth the
effort. A gooey black waxy material is spread all over the material used. When it is dries, the designer scratches into it and then placed in an acid bath.
The ink is then applied and ran through a press where duplicates can be made. There are a variety of hard grounds that can be used such as aquatint,
sugar lift and spit bit. Intaglio pictures are so unique and interesting due to the simple fact of how unique the process is. The pieces are elegant,
beautiful and permanent. Intaglio is an art that only certain people can master due to the technicality associated with it. It requires concentration and
muscle control to effectively apply even pressure through each

Mechanical Behavior Of Geopolymers After Exposing
The Mechanical Behavior of Geopolymers after exposing to High Temperatures
Name
University
Supervisor
Due Date:
Executive Summary This paper reviews the mechanical behavior of geopolymers after exposing to high temperatures. The review begins with a brief
overview of geopolymers and examines the extant literature on the mechanical behavior of geopolymers after exposing to high temperatures by
artificial intelligent techniques. The final and compressive strength of geopolymers is also discussed. Finally, this review examines studies on genetic
programming as a technique of modeling the performance of materials and in particular, geopolymers. This paper focuses on the general and specific
aspects of genetic programming on geopolymers, and summarizes its importance. Further, this review features genetic programming as applicable to
geopolymers as a method of predicting the effect of temperature on their mechanical behavior. From the review, it emerges that geopolymers that resist
the action of loads that tend to reduce their sizes, exhibit high compressive strength.
Table of Contents
Executive Summaryii
Chapter One: Introduction to Geopolymersv
Chapter Two: Review of Literaturevi
п‚§Summaryvi
п‚§Mechanical Behavior of Geopolymers after exposing to High Temperatures by Artificial Intelligent Techniquesvi
п‚§Final Strength of Geopolymers after exposure to High Temperaturesix
п‚§Compressive Strengthxi
п‚§Genetic Programming (General)xv
п‚§Genetic

A Day Concrete Test : Introduction And Objective
I4 Day Concrete Test
Introduction and Objective
In civil engineering construction, one of the most determining factors for the stability of a structure is the maximum strength attained by concrete after
14 and 28 days. As such, it is often critical for an engineer to test a particular test concrete cylinder mix for the ultimate compressive strength and then
compare it with the design strength before allowing the concrete mix to be replicated in large quantities. The factors that affect the ultimate
compressive strength of concrete include the amount of aggregates and the ratio of water to cement.
This experiment was therefore aimed at determining the ultimate compressive strength of different concrete samples after 14 days. Additionally, other
properties of the concrete such as modulus of elasticity and Poisson ratio were also determined.
Engineering Team Members
1.
2.
Procedure for the Experiment
The procedure of the experiment consisted of two main parts. However, before the experiment was started, the concrete cylinders which had already
been cured for 14 days were removed from a curing tank and dried using a towel. Thereafter, the length and diameter of the specimen were measured
twice and the average value for each dimension noted. The compressive strength experiment was done in accordance with ASTMC39 standards in
which the test concrete cylinder was placed under a compressive testing machine with neoprene caps and then the switch turned on so as to commence
the

The Cold Heavy Oil Production With Sand
A methodology has been developed for making low compressive strength cores that will be used to experimentally examine the Cold Heavy Oil
Production with Sand (CHOPS) process occurring in unconsolidated oil reservoirs. The main objective is to experimentally model wormhole (high
permeability channel) development during CHOPS and investigate the effect of various flow parameters such as core permeability and porosity,
compressive strength, oil/water viscosity contrast, confining pressure and injection rate. Modeling the wormhole development and propagation will
enable us be able to developing approximate Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) curves.
Sands blends have been developed by varying the ratios of aggregate, cementing material and water to prepare synthetic cores of compressive strength,
permeability and porosity ranging from 500 – 1500 psi, 0.5 – 1.5 Darcy and 20 – 30% respectively. Experimental setup is developed to simulate
wormhole propagation during CHOPS process. In this process water is injected at varying range of 0.1 to 10 ml/min using a syringe pump into
floating piston accumulator to drive the oil ahead of piston to 2"x 4"synthetic core in core holder at a confining pressure of 500 – 1500 psi. The
differential pressure across the core is monitored throughout the process. LabVIEW is used for data acquisition, instrument control, measurement
analysis and data presentation.
Compressive strength test, Air Permeability Test and Porosity Test conducted on

Mgt 311 Week 4 Dead Load Analysis
Week 4 Dead load refers to the load of the structure itself while live load refers to the maximum load that can be applied to the bridge before it
stops being static. When taking in to account the information gained in week 3 regarding the distance between applied forces and their reaction it is
made apparent that taking the live load of a structure into account becomes more complex. For example a group of hikers walking across a bridge
spaced out from each other will cause a significantly different reaction when compared to the same group of hikers gathering together on a single
section of the bridge to take a photo. Week 6 If a structure is in static equilibrium, then any portion or segment of it must also be in static equilibrium.
With this

The Experimental Results And Test Parameters
The experimental results depend on a combination of test parameters, structural parameters and materials parameters. For the complete stress–strain
curve, the test parameters are difficult to be separated from the material and structural parameters. The softening behavior of concrete, as found in
laboratory tests, depends strongly on structural aspects such as specimen dimensions, boundary conditions and feed–back signal. And it also depends
on test parameters such as testing machine characteristics, friction restraint between loading plates, allowable rotations of loading plates before and
during the test and loading rates as well as on the concrete composition. Uniaxial compression tests on cubes and cylinders, with different heights, have
shown that a stress–strain curve of concrete is not a material property but a mix of structural and material behavior.
4.2.5. Tensile splitting strength and modulus of rupture:
The test is carried out for three foam balls lightweight concrete cubes specimens of size 150 x150 x 150 mm for tensile splitting strength. The
Universal testing machine is used for the test. This test refers to the split cube test, indirectly measures the concrete tensile strength. It is done by applied
a compression the cube through a line load along its length. Tensile strength is considered one of the important basic properties of the concrete.
Concrete is not usually expected to desinged resisting the direct tension. That is because of its brittle nature and

Amazing Strength Characteristics Of Stone Thrower Wales...
Astonishing Strength Characteristics of Stone–Thrower–Wales Defects in Graphene under Compressive Load
G. Rajasekaran Rajesh Kumar and Avinash Parashar Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee–
247667, India
ABSTRACT: One atom–thick sheet of carbon discovered this century is flaunted not just for its electrical properties but also for its physical strength
and flexibility. The bonds between carbon atoms are well known as the strongest in nature, so a perfect sheet of graphene should withstand just about
anything, but to use it in real–time applications, we have to understand the useful strength of graphene. So for, researchers have looked extensively at
graphene's electronic properties and tensile strength, nobody, had taken comprehensive measurements of its ability to withstand a compressive load. We
find that, counter to standard reasoning, graphene sheets with Stone–Thrower–Wales (STW) defects are able to bear high compressive stress as
compared to pristine graphene. We show that this trend can be understood by considering the critical bonds in the seven and five–membered carbon
rings which bears the maximum compressive stress. Graphene with STW defects is stronger in compressive strength point of view because they are able
to better accommodate these strained rings. Our results provide guidelines for designing graphene with STW defects to obtain maximum compressive
strength, so that we can get the benefit of this

The Use Of Deere 's Rqd For Estimating On Situ Deformation...
In the 1960's several attempts were made to use Deere's RQD for estimating in–situ deformation modulus, but this approach is seldom used today
(Deere 1988). Some theoretical expressions have been derived for simple joint geometries derived a mathematical procedure to calculate the
deformation modulus of an equivalent continuum for a randomly jointed rock mass. However, these simple expressions are inadequate as they assume
the discontinuities are dispersed in a regular manner that is not realistic for practical purposes.
The deformation of the rock mass can be quantified by using the following equations evaluated by Deere and Miller (1966) as indicated in the table
below. For RMR > 50 (Bieniawski, 1978),
Ed = 2RMR – 100
For RMRB60 Very... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The extensive quantity of tests allowed a thorough analysis of the accuracy and reliability of the 'simple means ' field tests for estimating the intact rock
strength. Figure 6 . Estimated intact rock strength vs. strength values determined by UCS tests. (The dashed lines in A and C indicate the relation if
estimated strength equal UCS strength.) after Robert and Marco.
In Fig. 6(c) the averages of estimated and UCS values are shown per unit. In Fig. 4.1 no differentiation is made for the direction of the measurements.
Fig. 6(a) shows that the scatter is wide and consequently only low or no correlation can be seen. In Fig. 6(b) is clearly visible that the differences
between UCS and estimated values do not show a normal distribution for lower strength values. The distribution is skewed to higher values, e.g. the
UCS values are higher than the estimated values. For high strength values the distribution of the differences is more normal but the average values of
the UCS tests per estimated strength class are lower than the averages of the estimated values. A quite good correlation is found for the averages per
unit (Fig. 6(c)).
The standard deviation of the UCS values per unit is for most units considerably higher than the standard deviation for the estimated strength value per
unit (Fig. 5(d)). It is assumed that a unit has a characteristic strength distribution with a characteristic mean strength value, which is very likely for the

The Design Of Cross Sections
.1.8.1.1.3. Stress–strain curves for normal and lightweight concrete for the design of cross–sections in Euro code:
From the design concrete curve, it can be defined by multiplying the compressive strength with a coefficient factor Пѓcc and dividing the strength by a
material safety factor of Оіc = 1.5. The coefficient Пѓcc is the effect of long term behavior on the compressive strength. It is, however, arguable that the
reason for the using this factor is more related to the idealization of the shape of the stress–strain curve as used for flexure than the nature of loading.
Пѓcc is 0.85 of cylinder compressive strength and 0.67 for cube compressive strength. For the design of cross–sections, the following stress–strain
relationship may be used figure (2.12), table (2.5) and Eq. (2.2), Eq. (2.3): fcd= (О±cc.fck)/Оіc (2.2) Пѓc = fcd [1–(1– Ф‘c/Ф‘c2)n] 0 в‰¤ Ф‘c в‰¤
Ф‘c2 (2.2) Пѓc = fcd Ф‘c2 в‰¤ Ф‘c в‰¤ Ф‘cu2 (2.3) Figure (2.12): Parabola–rectangle diagram for concrete under compression (EN 1992–1–1:2004).
Table (2.5): Strength classes for LWC (EN 1992–1–1:2004)
2.1.8.1.1.4. General stress–strain curves for lightweight

Common Forms Of Low Rise Construction Used For Domestic...
P1 Understand common forms of low rise construction used for domestic and commercial properties
Steel frame:
Steel frame structures are made as the name suggest from steel, the material is strong and flexible. When weight is added it bends without cracking.
Another characteristic of steel is that its plasticity or ductility, meaning that when force is added it won't crack however it will lose shape therefore
giving warning for people to evacuate the building. A disadvantage of steel is that is loses strength when subject to fire. Studies have shown that it can
loose up– to half its strength when subject to fire, therefore making it imperative to cover the steel with boards or spray on.
Steel construction is used in
High rise building because of its strength, light weight and the speed in which it can be constructed.
Industrial buildings and warehouse buildings because of the ability to create large span spaces at a low cost
Temporary structure as its quick to set up and remove.
Steel fabrication: this is when steel is cut to the desire length generally on site and then weld them together to create the final building. This is generally
labor intensive however it can reduce time.
Bolted steel construction: this is when the main bulk of the construction is pre made at the workshop then bolted into place on site. This tends to be the
preferred methods as it saves time and money as well having the right working conditions.
Advantages of steel structures
Very

St. George Island Bridge
Two piers of St. George Island Bridge which are different in the characteristics of the structure, substructure, and in the classification of soil layers, are
selected to simulate the barge–pier collision in LS–DYNA. Figure 2(a) shows the elevation view of the St. George Island Bridge in which the location
of piers 1 and 3 in the south side of the navigation channel, water level, and the sea bed elevation are presented. Also, Figures 2(b) and (c) demonstrate
the dimensions and the elevation of the impact zone, water level, sea bed (mud–line) level, and the soil layers related to piers 1 and 3, respectively. The
water level in the location of the Pier–1 is 2.74m above the piles' cap surface level and the sea bed level is at the same level of

Compressive Strength and Griffith Criterion
The University of Hong Kong Department of Civil Engineering CIVL2002 M – Geology & Rock Laboratory Report Brazilian Test A.
Introduction As shown by the Griffith criterion, tensile strength of brittle materials is theoretical 1/8 of the compressive strength. Typically, tensile
strength of rock materials is about 1/10 to 1/8 of the compressive strength. Hence, rock fails easily under tension. In design, rock should be subjected to
minimum tensile stress. Several methods are commonly used to test the tensile strength of rocks: 1. Direct tensile test: Metal caps are cemented to the
end–surfaces of the samples so that tensile load can be applied to the samples until failure. 2. Brazilian test: Compressive... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
2. The test specimens were wrapped around its periphery with one layer of the masking tape. 3. The diameter and thickness of were measured 3 times,
once at every 120 for each specimen. 4. The test specimens were numbered (1–8), and a line across the diameter was marked on each specimen. 5. The
test specimen (no. 1) was mounted into the loading jaws such that the curved platens load the specimen diametrically with the axes of rotation for
specimen and apparatus coincident. The assembly was then mounted into the loading machine. 6. The test specimen was loaded continuously at a
constant rate such that failure in the weakest rocks occurs within 15–30s. A loading rate of 200N/s was recommended. 7. The failure compressive load
was recorded for each specimen, and the corresponding tensile strength was calculated. 8. Steps 5–7 were repeated for the remaining 7 specimens. F.
Results and Calculation Lithologic Description of Rock Figure 6: Features of Rock Specimen 8 rock specimens have

Taking a Look at Bricks
Introduction
Bricks are mass of clay and water hardened by drying and firing (Kaushik 2007). They are the oldest and most durable building materials for mankind.
The clay materials used are compounds of alumina, silica mixed with small amounts of lime, magnesium or potash (Demir 2008).
Extrusion rates of twenty thousand bricks per hour are what modern brick manufacturers work with. Solid bricks used are of the size 215mm x
102.5mm x 65 mm and weighs 3 kg.
Brick manufacturing process
Harvesting of clay is by bulldozers, scrapers or mechanical shovels. Stockpiles are put to enable the blending of the various types of clay. The clay
piles are fed to the primary crushers to reduce the size particle to 3mm or less (Kaushik 2007). Conveyors carry the clay for secondary crushing in the
pan mill whose base is perforated the crushed material to pass through (Lingling 2005). Clay particles fall between high–speed rollers for grinding. Wet
clay is moulded into bricks.
Overall Dimensions and Tolerances
For this study the standard size of the manufactured brick is 215mm x 102.5mm x 65mm with a mass 3kg. This is according to the BS EN772 and the
BS PAS 70 standard methods of testing.
Masonry unit Strength
Bricks compressive strength varies according to the different qualities of clay material used and the firing method. Compressive strengths of bricks
range between 3.5MPa to over 50MPa (Demir 2008). The durability of the bricks cannot be fully determined by compressive strength.

Compressive Strength and Griffith Criterion
The University of Hong Kong
Department of Civil Engineering
CIVL2002 M – Geology & Rock
Laboratory Report
Brazilian Test
A. Introduction As shown by the Griffith criterion, tensile strength of brittle materials is theoretical 1/8 of the compressive strength. Typically,tensile
strength of rock materials is about 1/10 to 1/8 of the compressive strength. Hence, rock fails easily under tension. In design, rock should be subjected to
minimum tensile stress. Several methods are commonly used to test the tensile strength of rocks: 1. Direct tensile test: Metal caps are cemented to the
end–surfaces of the samples so that tensile load can be applied to the samples until failure. 2. Brazilian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the Griffith theory of failure, the critical point ought to be the centre where the ratio of compression to tension (in terms of magnitude) is
3. With a principal stress ratio of 3, failure ought to result from the application of the tensile stress alone, without any complication from the
simultaneous compression parallel to the eventual rupture plane.
There are 2 possible modes of failure of the splitting tension specimen: 1. Axial splitting along vertical diameter 2. Shear and crushing failure at
loading (occurs when the width of the contact area between the jaws and the disc is large)
Theoretically, the rock specimen should fail at the centre of specimen (largest induced tensile stress), yet the experimental results shown that the failure
occurs along the vertical diameter as the induced tensile stresses are more or less the same except for points next to the loading jaws. In other words,
the rupture of the specimen in the Brazil test usually occurs along a single tensile–type fracture across the diameter aligned with the axis of loading.

Anisotropic Compressive Response Of Stone Thrower Wales...
Anisotropic compressive response of Stone–Thrower–Wales defects in graphene: A molecular dynamics study
G. RajasekaranпЂЄ and Avinash Parashar
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee– 247667, India
ABSTRACT:
The mechanical properties of graphene sheet can be tailored with the help of topological defects. In this research article, the effects of
Stone–Thrower–Wales (STW) defects on the mechanical properties of graphene sheet was investigated with the help of molecular dynamics (MD)
based simulations. Authors has made an attempt to analyse the stress field developed in and around the vicinity of defect due to bond reorientation and
further systematic evaluation has been carried out to study the effect of these stress fields against the applied axial compressive load. The results
obtained with the pristine graphene were made to compare with the available open literature and the results were reported to be in good agreement with
theoretical and experimental data. It was predicted that graphene with STW defect cannot able to bear compressive strength in zigzag direction,
whereas on the other hand it was predicted that graphene sheet containing STW defect can bear higher compressive load in armchair direction, which
shows an anisotropic response of STW defects in graphene. From the obtained results it can be observed that orientation of STW defects and the
loading direction plays an important role to alter the strength of

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Steel
CHAPTER–5 MATERIALS USED
5.1 STEEL:
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Strength of steel is approximately ten times that of concrete. Due to its large strength to weight ratio, steel structures tend to be more economical than
concrete structures for tall buildings and large span buildings and bridges.
Steel structures can be constructed very fast.
Steel structures are ductile and robust. Steel structures can be easily repaired and retrofitted to carry higher loads.
Steel is also a very eco–friendly material.
Since steel is produced in the factory under better quality control, steel structures have higher reliability and safety.
DISATVANTAGES OF STEEL:
Steel structures when placed in exposed conditions leads to corrosion. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6.2.5.1 of IS 456)
Shrinkage of concrete
Shrinkage is the time dependent deformation, generally compressive in nature. The constituents of concrete, size of the member and environmental
conditions are the factors on which the total shrinkage of concrete depends. However, the total shrinkage of concrete is most influenced by the total
amount of water present in the concrete at the time of mixing for a given humidity and temperature. The cement content, however, influences the total
shrinkage of concrete to a lesser extent. The approximate value of the total shrinkage strain for design is taken as 0.0003 in the absence of test data (cl.
6.2.4.1).
Thermal expansion of concrete: The knowledge of thermal expansion of concrete is very important as it is prepared and remains in service at a wide
range of temperature in different countries having very hot or cold climates. Moreover, concrete will be having its effect of high temperature during
fire. The coefficient of thermal expansion depends on the nature of cement, aggregate, cement content, relative humidity and size of the section. IS 456
stipulates (cl. 6.2.6) the values of coefficient of thermal expansion for concrete / oC for different types of

Compressive Strength, Strength And Bond Strength Of...
This research work focus on Compressive strength, flexural strength and Bond strength of Conventional Concrete (CC) and Class C fly ash blended
concrete incorporation with Natural Admixture. Broiler hen egg was used as Natural admixture (NAD) to study the effect of NAD on strength
properties. The Class C fly ash was replaced to cement at various levels and NAD was replaced to liquid and identified the optimum replacement
level of Class C fly ash and optimum dosage of NAD by maintaining the constant liquid contant 0.55 to achived M20 grade concrete. The compressive
strength, flexural strength and bond strength of concrete for both CC and FA concrete. The studies reval that the optimum replacement of Class C fly
ash is 25% and optimum dosage of NAD is 0.25% based on strength results.
Keywords: Natural admixture; Class C fly ash; compressive strength; Flexural strength and bond strength.
1. INTRODUCTION
The rapid development of constructional activities lead to increse in cement usage. The major problem in usage of cement in bulk quanity, that leads to
leberation of green house gas (CO2). The CO2 causes to global warming and continues mining and extraction of lime strone leads to unnecessary
problems to environment. Therefore researches are concentrates on sustainable materials. In this senariou chemical and mineral admixtures were
introduced.
Before invenstion of cheminal and mineral admixtures our ancients were use some more natural products like surkhi, burnt coconut

Sample Resume : Concrete Materials Essay
Contents
Introduction
Aim
Background
Equipment
Results...................................................................................................................................................................
Discussion for fresh concrete............................................................................................................................
Testing for harden concrete..............................................................................................................................
Discussion for harden concrete.....................................................................................................................
Graph for harden concrete strength................................................................................................................
Graph of 28 hard concrete VS acual w/c ratio................................................................................................
Disscusion for harden concrete.........................................................................................................................
Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................
Introduction
Mixture of water, cement and aggregates forms concrete which can be further moulded in the different shapes according to the requirements.
Aim
To observe the strength of the concrete when kept under different conditions and work on to make the concrete better as according to standard of New
Zealand.
Background
Concrete samples are considered over different time period for example the fresh concrete,7 days as well as 28 days and tested after keeping those
specimens under different weather conditions. In lab, samples were kept under different conditions as follows:–
Outside room
In oven and heated

In freezer at very low temperature
Inside room in plastic bag
Equipment

External Confinement And Non Circular Sectional Shape
When the FRP–confined concrete columns are subjected to axial compressive loads, the concrete core starts to expand laterally and this expansion is
resisted by a confining stress provided by the FRP jacket. The value of such lateral confining pressure is a function of the strength and amount of FRP
wrap and the column's cross–sectional dimension. For example, when confining concrete in a circular shape, the FRP jacket provides a uniform pressure
around the perimeter resulting a great improvement in strength. On the other hand, concrete in a jacket of non circular sectional shape is confined by
non–uniformly pressure and concentrated around the corners of such concrete members. In other words, the external confinement by FRP is more
effective for a circular section that for a rectangular section at same amount of FRP. The maximum value is obtained when the strain in the FRP wrap
reaches its ultimate strain. In order to study and quantify the behavior of rectangular concrete columns confined by FRP wrap, a number of models
have been proposed for determining the amount of confining pressure by using a ratio known as the confinement ratio and is denoted by CR (i.e. ),
which is defined as the lateral confining pressure provided by the CFRP (fl) divided by the unconfined concrete compressive strength ( ). This confining
pressure can be calculated by the following well known expression (ACI 440.2R–08 2008):
In fact, the transverse reinforcement significantly influences the

Use Of Nanomaterials On Civil Engineering- A Review
USE OF NANOMATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING– A REVIEW
Abstract
Recently, the use of nanomaterials is increasing day by day in the various fields such as biomedicine, automobile, electronics, robotics, construction
industry etc. This is mainly because of unique mechanical, chemical, electronic and optical properties of nanomaterials. Particularly, construction
industry may possibly be one of the chief beneficiaries of these materials, because the properties of concrete, steel, glass and other building materials
will improve with the applications of nanomaterials. Therefore, the potential use of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, Cu nanoparticles, Ag
nanoparticles, TiO2, SiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, and Fe2O3 nano–oxides for enhancing the mechanical strengths and durability of concrete have been
explored in the current study. It has been observed that the addition of nanomaterials would improve the corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance,
compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength etc. of cementitious composites. However, the exact mechanism responsible for improvement
in the characteristics of nano based cementitious materials is not clear so far. Thus, more researches and investigations are required in order to use the
nanomaterials in civil engineering and construction sector effectively.
Key words: nanomaterials, construction industry, concrete, mechanical strengths, durability
I. Introduction
Nanotechnology was first introduced by physicist Richard P.

pet bottle construction Essay
INVESTIGATING THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF PLASTIC BOTTLES
AS MASONRY
KALUMIRE KUSIMWIRAGI
A report submitted in part requirement for the degree of Bachelor of
Environmental Design with Honours
Faculty of the Built Environment
Uganda Martyrs University
June, 2011
Investigating the Compressive Strength of Plastic Bottles as Masonry
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
I hereby declare that this thesis entitled, "Investigating the Compressive Strength of plastic bottles as masonry" is the product of my own work except
as cited in the references.
Signature :______________________________
Supervisor: Prof. Paul Thomas
Signature :______________________________
Date : 6 June 2011 i Investigating the Compressive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...

...................................18
2.4 Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks: A review ..................22
2.4.1 Advantages and limitations........................................23
2.4.2 Material for SCEB ....................................................25
2.4.2.1 Soil type...............................................................25
2.4.2.2 Stabilisation.........................................................26
2.4.2.3 Cure.....................................................................27
2.4.4 Properties of SCEB ..................................................28
2.4.4.1 Density and thermal property .............................29
2.4.4.2 Moisture Mouvement .........................................29
2.4.4.3 Compressive strength .........................................29
3
EXPERIMENTAL WORK .....................................................31
3.1 Method and methodology .................................................. 31
3.2 Materials for PETE bottles prisms........................................33
3.2.1 Soil ...........................................................................42
3.2.2 PETE bottles ............................................................43
3.2.3 Nylon Rope...............................................................46
3.2.4 Water

Rebound Hammer Report
1.0 OBJECTIVE
This experiment deals with determination of rock strength when a certain load implied on the rocks. Students should be able conducted the experiment,
understanding the theory and recognize the rock strength on different types of rocks in Malaysia.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES a) To determine a rock strength on different types of rock formation in Malaysia. b) To evaluate the physical properties
of rocks for civil engineering application. c) To understand the theory rock test.
3.0 THEORY
Rebound hammer test is undertaken using Schmidt's hammer L–type (N–type for concrete material). Test procedure is simple and equipment is
portable and easy to operate. Test can be undertaken on site and the number of test is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. The moisture condition of the block or specimen is recorded. 4. The surface of all specimens is test, either in the laboratory or in the field,
should be smooth to the touch and free of joints, fractures, or other obvious localized discontinuities to a depth of at least 6 cm. In situ rock shall
be flat and free of surface grit over the area covered by the plunger. If the surface of the test area is heavily textured, grind it smooth with the abrasive
stone. 5.3 PROCEDURE 1. The steel base is placed on a flat, level surface that provides firm, rigid support, such as a concrete floor. 2. Clamp rock
core specimens are securely in a steel cradle with a semi cylindrical machined slot of the same radius as the core, or firmly seat into a steel V–shaped
block. Clamp blocks specimens are securely to the rigid steel base in such a manner as to prevent vibration and movement of the specimen during the
test. 3. For tests conducted on specimens in the laboratory, the instrument is orient within 5В° of vertical with the bottom of the piston at right angles
to and in firm contact with the surface of the test specimen. A guide may be used to ensure the rebound hammer is positioned for optimum
performance. Position the hammer not less than one diameter from the edge of the specimen. 4. For tests conducted in situ on a rock mass, the rebound
hammer can be used at any desired orientation provided the plunger strikes perpendicular to the surface

Environmental Pollution And Its Effects On The Natural...
At present, the number of construction waste has accounted for 30% to 40% of the total municipal solid waste. The vast majority of construction waste
without any treatment, it was using open dumps or landfill processing manner, causing serious environmental pollution. According to Wang (2014)
mixed waste Concrete as the most important part of the construction waste, by estimating the amount of waste in 2003, China has reached 180 million
tons of concrete. It has caused a great negative environment impact. At the same time, concrete production requires a lot of sand and gravel aggregate,
as natural Gravel continuous exploitation of natural aggregate resources will also become exhausted, in addition, the exploitation cost astonishing
transportation fees and power , it will also cause ecological environment experienced a serious damage. However, Make full use of recycled aggregate
concrete, not only can effectively reduce the amount of construction waste, but also reducing the damage of construction waste pollution to the natural
environment, while taking advantage of waste aggregate manufacturing recycled aggregate concrete can reduce the exploitation of natural aggregate,
reaching the aim of sustainable environment development. However, due to there are some technical limitation, the implementation of using recycled
concrete cannot be popularized into the civil engineering. For example, on the performance of durability, frost–resistance, and water absorption existed

Concrete Dating Research Paper
Concrete driveways, basements, and other hardscape surfaces like patios, decks, pool walkways, and retaining walls can be a smart and visually
pleasing financial investment. Of course, if your concrete needs resurfacing that may not be the case. As the trusted name in all things concrete,
Piedmont Concrete Finishing Co. has been servicing the High Point, North Carolina area for more than 25 years.
As a well–known name in concrete installation, Piedmont Concrete Finishing Co. has been installing stunning concrete flooring for the interior of
homes as well as the exterior. They handle both residential and commercial properties, installing every concrete surface to create a beautiful and
functional style option for any need and budget. In addition, they also handle concrete resurfacing for those who may be in need. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
As experts in concrete resurfacing, the professional team at Piedmont Concrete Finishing wants you to understand what it is so you know if it's time to
have your concrete

Houston Concrete Repair Research Paper
A Houston concrete repair is your one stop destination for all concrete repair requirements. Homes made from concrete are known for their low cost
and high durability. And, concrete is being used as an essential building material for more than a century. Concrete has a long life and is not likely to
erode or decay like any other building material. However, it is susceptible to cracking and finding a reliable concrete repair in Houston is a
mountainous task as you need to hire the best available service. Additionally, before hiring the service you need to thoroughly know about concrete
being used. It is extremely essential that the damage is repaired appropriately to avoid the recurrence of the same problem.
Concrete is an amalgamation of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore the repair of the cracks requires the intelligence and skills of an expert professional in this field. Filling the cracks should always be based
on the climate because many a times it is witnessed that concrete reacts differently to climatic changes. The month of August is considered as the
warmest in Houston and concrete develops cracks in high temperature area. The climate is classified as humid subtropical, which increase the chances
of needing a concrete repair in Houston as the deterioration rate will increase at a faster rate. The carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere spoils the
cracks developed.
Concrete used for constructing commercial and industrial buildings needs immediate supervision, therefore, finding the right Houston concrete repair
service is essential to repair the damaged area. The problem of repairing is extensive as commercial buildings have to bear more load than the normal
buildings.
While searching for concrete repair in Houston, ensure that you carry out a thorough research. You need to look for a concrete repair in Houston which
can give effective results without hampering the

Lab Report On Concrete Of Concrete
Concrete
SAMPLING: The first step is to take a test sample from the large batch of concrete. This should be done as soon as discharge of the concrete
commences. The sample should be representative of the concrete supplied. The sample is taken in one of two ways:
1.For purposes of accepting or rejecting the load: Sampling after 0.2 m3 of the load has been poured.
2.For routine quality checks: Sampling from three places in the load.
Concrete Slump Test: This test is performed to check the consistency of freshly made concrete. The slump test is done to make sure a concrete mix is
workable. The measured slump must be within a set range, or tolerance, from the target slump.
Workability of concrete is mainly affected by consistency i.e.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If this also fails the remainder of the batch should be rejected.
The Compression Test
The compression test shows the compressive strength of hardened concrete. The compression test shows the best possible strength concrete can reach in
perfect conditions. The compression test measures concrete strength in the hardened state. Testing should always be done carefully. Wrong test results
can be costly.
The testing is done in a laboratory off–site. The only work done on–site is to make a concrete cylinder for the compression test. The strength is
measured in Megapascals (MPa) and is commonly specified as a characteristic strength of concrete measured at 28 days after mixing. The compressive
strength is a measure of the concrete's ability to resist loads which tend to crush it.
Procedure for compression test of concrete
1.Clean the cylinder mould and coat the inside lightly with form oil, then place on a clean, level and firm surface, ie the steel plate. Collect a sample.
2.Fill 1/2 the volume of the mould with concrete then compact by rodding 25 times. Cylinders may also be compacted by vibrating using a vibrating
table.
3.Fill the cone to overflowing and rod 25 times into the top of the first layer, then top up the mould till overflowing.
4.Level off the top with the steel float and clean any concrete from around the mould.
5.Cap,

Essay On Industrial By-Product Materials
Usage of industrial by–product materials in construction
Preliminary study on strength and durability properties of pH–adjusted fluorogypsum–cement–fly ash blends
A preliminary investigation of strength and durability properties of a low–cost concrete–like system made of pH–adjusted fluorogypsum (FG), class C
fly ash (FA), and type II Portland cement (PC). A series ofcompressive strength tests and volumetric expansion measurements were conducted on
specimens after 28 days of curing. The experimental results were used to develop response surface models (RSMs). These RSMs can be used to
predict accurately compressive strength and volumetric expansion as functions of the relative content, in dry weight, of different components. The
RSMs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The long–term compressive strength of the FG–based blend was investigated under prolonged immersion in seawater, demonstrating that the material
strength does not degrade below its 28–day value after one year of immersion and exposure to field environmental actions. The compressive strength
under field conditions was compared to the material kept under laboratory conditions. This comparison indicated a moderate reduction (27%) in
compressive strength after one year. A visual examination of the immersed specimens showed that aquatic organisms covered most of the FG–based
samples' surface, which indicated that these organisms are attracted to the proposed material. A small artificial reef structure made of a FG–based blend
was built and placed underwater at a site in Grand Isle, LA and investigated for stability and settlement for nine months. Monitoring of the structure
over the immersion period indicated that settlement due to the structure was stable. A preliminary cost analysis was performed to compare the cost of
artificial reefs constructed with the FG–based blend, crushed limestone, or crushed recycled concrete. The results of this study suggest that the proposed
FG–based blend is a promising environment–friendly material for artificial reef construction, which can provide significant economic advantages when
compared to other materials commonly used in coastal development projects.
Use of slurry fluorogypsum (FG) with controlled pH–adjustment in FG–based

Structural Possible Via Secondary Reinforcement Techniques
CHAPTER–1
INTRODUCTION
1.1General:
Concrete, as a result of its many desirable properties makes and moulds itself to a variety of innovative designs. It can be cast in diverse shapes and
with its several advantages such as high compressive strength, low thermal and electrical conductivity low combustibility and toxicity is considered to
be a very attractive building material.
However some deficiencies of the conventional cement concrete such as brittleness, poor tensile strength; poor impact strength etc. resulting cracks and
hence becoming unsuitable for certain applications. Major research in this field identified crack–free concrete structural possible via secondary
reinforcement techniques.
Deficiencies encountered with conventional concrete can be overcome by the addition of fibres to cement concrete, which improves the crack
resistance, fracture toughness, resistance to impact and shock etc.
The micro cracks and interfacial discontinuities are the causes of unstable crack propagation and low tensile strength of conventional concrete. The
addition of fibres to concrete would alter the crack propagation and makes it more controlled and slow, which leads to reduction crack propagation and
improved tensile strength.
Mostly researchers have used galvanized iron as fibre to study the effect of fibre on compressive strength and other properties of fibre reinforced
concrete. Galvanized iron has high density; and this increases density of concrete as well as dead load of

Concertainer
In this experiment, I will be learning about the ballistic penetration properties of different soils. My hypothesis is: If I shoot a container of sand, then
that container will have the least amount of penetrative impact. I thought that this outcome would be likely, because sand is dense and coarse, making
the bullet halt. While thinking of experiment ideas with my dad, he mentioned this project. I thought this would be a fun project to do, because I have
always liked thinking of how you could make something with more local products.Throughout the course of this paper, I will be explaining the
properties of the concertainer, HESCO, and some bullet resistant materials relevant to my experiment. The Concertainer is a square, steel–mesh
cage–like ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
HESCO's Concertainers are made out of steel mesh, non woven geotextile material, and locally available resources such as rocks, rubble, sand,
and dirt. The bastion is a very sturdy and pliable wall used to make things from defensive walls to forts. The objects contain large amounts of
ground materials such as dirt, sand, and rock bits which I will be using in my experiment. Kevlar vests, a widely used bullet proof armor for public
safety officers, contains ceramic plates in the centre. Ceramic is baked clay, and I will be using clay in my experiment. Ceramic is used in kevlar
armor because it shatters instead of separating for the bullet to pass through. From this information, I will not change my hypothesis because the
ceramic is baked clay, not clay in its soil form. Through my research I have learned that boxes filled with earthen material are used, making my
experiment relevant in real world situations as I saw from HESCO. However, I still believe that sand will have the least amount of penetrative impact.
I believe this because I think the gardening soil particles will be so fine the bullet slips through, the clay is to smooth, so the bullet will also slide
through. I have not changed my hypothesis, and through my research I have a much better understanding of my

The Production of Sludge
Sludge could be produce in many ways, it can be from waste settlement to the dry process. Brick is one of the flexible product that gain attention from
researcher to be incorporated with different type of sludge material such as waste water sludge, water treatment sludge, marble sludge, effluent
treatment plants (textile industry) sludge and arsenic contaminated sludge.
2.1Textile sludge
Jahagirdar et al (2013) discussed the reuse of textile mill sludge in burnt clay bricks. Textile mill sludge was mixed together with different proportion
(5% to 35%) as the raw material in this study. The brick was fired at 600 to 800ВєC and for 8, 16 and 24hours. Base on the result textile sludge can be
added up to 15% as it gives compressive strength above 3.5N/mm2 and the water absorption ratio is less than 20%.
According to (Herek et al, 2012) investigated on incorporated the textile laundry sludge into a brick showed that sludge can be incorporate until a
concentration of 20% in terms of the mechanical properties. The compressive strength for the brick was 3.73Mpa for the control brick and 4.62Mpa
for the sludge brick. For the water absorption result had shown that 15.73% and 10.10% for control brick and sludge brick respectively. Besides, the
produces brick are safe according to applied leaching and not exceed to the standard limits. (Baskar et al, 2006) discussed about characterization and
reuse of textile effluent treatment plant waste sludge in clay bricks. In this study the

Types Of Cross Sectional Aspect Ratio
Specimens characterization:
The test specimens were divided into three series (R1.5, R2.0 and R2.5) on the basis of cross–sectional aspect ratio, and complete details of the test
columns are summarized in the table 1 and Fig. 1. The specimen identification convention, which are utilized in Table 1, is in accordance with the first
letter R defining the rectangular column. In addition, the following numbers 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 refer to different sets of cross–sectional aspect ratios. The
following letter and number refer to the volumetric ratio of hoop (H) reinforcement with 0 denoting plain concrete, 1, and 2 denoting transverse
reinforcement of 0.3 and 0.6% volumetric ratio, respectively. The third last symbol L and number following it refer to the number of layers of CFRP
wrap. The final symbol in the specimen identification of M or C refers to monotonic uniaxial loading and complete unloading/reloading of cyclic axial
loading patterns. In this paper, complete unloading/reloading refers to unloading from the envelope curve to zero stress followed by reloading to the
envelope curve. For further clarification, R2.5H2CL4, for example, had aspect ratio 2.5 and hoop steel reinforcement ratio 0.6% .As well, before it was
tested under cyclic axial compression loading, this specimen was externally confined with four layers of CFRP material.
Specimens fabrication and material properties:
So that a reliable model for the design of CFRP– confined rectangular concrete columns subjected

Essay On Tyre Derived Aggregate
The use of tyre– derived aggregate (TDA) was also tested as an aggregate for light rail ballast tracks in the sub ballast layer due to its absorption of
impact properties compared to soil. A study proved results revealed that TDA efficiency in terms of vibration reduction was in the range of 17
–46 dB
when the impact was applied to the ballast and it was in the ranges of 6–32 dB and 6–47 dB while impact locations were on the sleeper and rail,
respectively. Overall, it was proven that TDA with the particle size of 5–50mm and thickness of 200mm reduced by 6–47 dB in vertical vibrations with
the dominant frequency range of 32–63 Hz. Australian transport at the moment is years behind the development of other countries, therefore the
government... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was concluded that the 500mm thick TDA proved the best results and with an increase in thickness the decrease in frequency. Towers (2010) also
conducted a field test in Denver. In his study on average, the TDA underlayment at Denver Regional Transportation District (RTD) provided
ground–borne vibration reduction of about 3 dB between 25 and 31.5 Hz and 8–14 dB between 40 and 160 Hz. First we needed to test the optimal size
for the TDA, with the use of Terzaghis equation (B) Ballast (SB) Subballast The TDA used in the construction section was of Type A (coarse TDA
with the maximum size of 50mm for TDA layers with less than 1m thickness). For the proceeding experiments a 20mm thickness was used, as shown
below Figure 4 is broken into 2 sections, one using a 20cm layer of TDA and the other without it. One of the most common methods for determining
the dynamic features of structures is the IR test. In this test, structures are usually actuated by a hammer in one or more selected locations, and the
response time history (displacement, velocity or acceleration) is recorded in many other defined positions. Point receivers would be placed at 2m,
4m, 6m and 8m from the centre of the track while impact would be directly to the track an footing at multiple points. According to the obtained results
at all receiver points in the vicinity of the test track with sections A and B, it is obvious that

Concrete Cube Compressive Strength
Experiment No : 5 Title : Concrete Cube Compressive Strength (7 days) Introduction : To determine the strength, maximum load can be applied and
workability of concrete mixture.
Theory :
Hard concrete test were conducted at the age of 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after curing(but we tested it for 7 days only). The concrete strength increases
according to the age,the mixture of its concrete design and the strength increment will continue for sometimes. Nevertheless, for most of the work, the
concrete strength on the 28 days is set as standard even though it might be determined at a much earlier or longer period. The increment rate of the
concrete strength will depend on the temperature and moisture during hardening process.
Objective ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another reason why cube test is carried out is to measure the workability of concrete. The workability of the fresh concrete shall be judged by its
suitability for the condition of handling and placing so that after compaction, it surround all, reinforcement, tendons and ducts and completely fills the
formwork. Our cube strength can withstand the maximum load only at 319.78 kN(cube sample no. 3) this is because in our mixture of concrete,
volume of water is higher so that our strength of concrete is lower. To get higher strength of concrete, volume of water must reduced. Problem of
concrete we need to face is segregation and bleeding. Another problem is shrinkage, expansion, cracking, tension cracking and so on.
Reference
1)http://www.ahm531.com/lab–reports/concrete–lab/reports/1/Concrete%20strength.pdf
2) http://theconstructor.org/concrete/compressive–strength–of–concrete–cubes/1561/
Appendix
Concrete Cube Compressive Strength Test
Maximum load applied causing the concrete cube to

Ash Lawn-Highland Routine Maintenance Case Study
The basement also features several areas where maintenance is required to prevent the deterioration of the structure. The area that is in danger of
declining are the walls in the storage room of the basement. Pictured in Figure, this portion of the basement wall features the weathering of paint
and brick including a spot where a whole section of brick has broken off. If not treated and left in a state of disrepair, the bricks in the basement wall
will continue to crumble and have the potential, if exposed to moisture, to mold. While the deteriorated area of the wall can be repaired by
sandblasting, which is a commonly used practice, is not advisable. Since sandblasting is done at high pressure, it can cause the condition of the bricks
to worsen... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the structure itself does not have a document, the National Park Service suggests that a checklist or schedule is created to record maintenance
and work completed on the structure. Documentation of repairs to interior and exterior walls, the brick foundation, interior floorboards, and other parts
of structure helps keep track of areas that have received maintenance during a particular time. Executive coordinators and surveyors working for the
William and Mary Foundation at Ash Lawn–Highland could maintain a record of the inspections conducted in the past few months or years. Regular
inspections can be performed on Ash Lawn–Highland to identify areas that are in danger of deteriorating. Photo taking is another technique that is
helpful in performing repetitive inspections on maintaining the condition of a building and its materials. Current photos of Ash Lawn–Highland help
document the physical appearance of a building over time and allow officials compare the changes that have taken place to the building since it's last
maintenance inspection. Other methods that Ash Lawn–Highland could consider when planning maintenance and structure reports are detailed records
of previous work and repairs conducted in the past. Documentation of previous repairs and paint samples applied to the structure during maintenance
inspections

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