exclamation mark and hyphen

1. Exclamation mark &
Hyphen &
Dash
prepared by:e.heidari
May,2018

2. Exclamation mark
Apart from subject – specific uses such as n! in
mathematics,exclamation mark is not normally
used in university and research writing in English.

3. Hyphen
The hyphen(-)is a small line used to join words.its
main use are:
• Dividing a word at the end of a line
• Joining a prefix in some cases
• In permanent compounds
• In temporary compounds before a noun

4. Hyphenation of prefixes
• A prefix is a small word element that is
attached to a following word,for example in
sub-marine,where sub- means below or
under.

5. prefix Whitout hyphen With hyphen
anti antibiotic Anti-american
co cooperative Co-operative
intra intravenous Intra-arterial
micro microbiology Micro-organism
neo neoclassical Neo-nazism
non nonconformist Non-nuclear
post postwar Post-keynesian
pre prerequisite Pre-raphaelite
pro proceed Pro-american
re reform Re-form
self selfish Self-absorbed
semi semicircle Semi-independent

6. When to use a hyphen with a prefix
• Where the prefix and root have the same letter:
Meta-analysis
Pre-emptive
Re-entry
Anti-inflammatory
Cross-sectional
• But:
Override
Ovverated
Underrated
underrepresented

7. When to use a hyphen with a prefix
• Before a capital letter:
Non-hodgkins lymphoma
Pan-African
Proto-indo-European
• With an abbreviation:
Non-SI
Pro-EU
Anti-US

8. When to use a hyphen with a prefix
• With a data:
Pre-1990
Post-1954
• With self:
Self-adhesive
Self-confidence
Self-rule
But
Selfish
selfless

9. Non
• Non is somewhat of an exception,as both
forms with and without a hyphen are found:
• Us English tends to use non without a hyphen
(apart from cases such as non-nuclear,where
the following word begins with n).
Without hyphen With hyphen
nonessential Non-essential
nonfiction Non-fiction
nonproliferation Non-proliferation

10. The hyphen in fixed compounds
• The hyphen is also used to from fixed compounds
of two or more words,for example:
Editor-in-chief
Indo-European
Mother- in- law

11. Using the hyphen in temporary compounds before
a noun
• The hyphen is also used in temporary compounds before a
noun,for example
a well written paper
along-term problem
A full-time position
• Don’t use a hyphen :
After words ending in –ly:
A purely theoretical approach
In latin or greek words:
An ad hoc explanation

12. Dash
• The en and em dashes shoud not be confused with the
hyphen.
• The en dash is used:
To insert an extra phrase in a sentence
In number of year range ,for examplepage125-30
As a long hyphen,for example an English—chiness dictionaty
• The em dash is used:
To insert an extra phrase in sentence

13. Dash
1.inserting an extra phrase in your sen tence
Several british citis –Manchester and Glasgow for example —were
important in the industrial revolution.
2.Adding a pause for thought or emphasis
The consequences were clear—war
3.Number and year range
Page5—10
Lines1—50
4.As a long hyphen
The London—paris Eurostar The smith-jones process
The smith—jones process

14. The possessive with ’S
the singular possessive is normly formed
by adding ’s
The author ’s work
The patient ’s reaction
Newton ’s law
Names that end in -s,-z or-x
Bayes’ theorem or Bayes ’s theorem