dried leaf and flowering top of Hyoscymus niger, family solanaceae.

1. HYOSCYAMUS

3. HISTORY
 Hyoscyamus is known since ancient times
and was used as household drug.
Dioscorides has also mentioned about this
drug in his literature. The references
about this drug are found in ‘Arabian
Nights’ and also in Anglo-Saxon works on
medicine. The drug was reintroduced in
1809 in the London pharmacopoeia.

4. CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom : Plantae
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta
Superdivision : Spermatophyta
Division : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Subclass : Asteridae
Order : Solanales
Family : Solanaceae
Genus : Hyoscyamus
Species : niger

5. SYNONYM
 Henbane
 Hyoscyamus herb
 Hyoscyamus leaves
Nepali name :Khursani jwanu

6. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE
 It consists of the dried leaves, or leaves
and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus niger ,
belonging to family Solanaceae.
 It should contain not less than 0.05 per
cent of alkaloids of hyoscyamus,
calculated as l-hyoscyamine. It is grown as
a biennial herb.

7. GEOGRAPHICAL
SOURCE
 Hyoscyamus is a native of Western Asia,
North Africa, Europe and India. It is
cultivated in Russia, Belgium, Hungary and
India.

8. CULTIVATION AND
COLLECTION
 Cultivation is done in temperate region at an altitude
of 2400 to 3300m.
 The method of propagation is by seeds. The small
seed beds are raised and seeds are sown. The seeds
require about two weeks for germination and then
are transplanted in field in the month of May by
keeping a distance of half metre between them and
about 75cm between two rows.
 The plants are kept free of weeds and occasional
hoeing is also done.
 Crop is harvested when it reaches the maturity.
 Under all favourable conditions, the yield of the drug
per hectare is 1000-1500kg.

9. MACROSCOPIC
CHARACTERS
 COLOUR : Pale greyish green
 ODOUR : characteristic and strong
 TASTE : bitter and acrid
 SIZE : 25cm long lamina
 SHAPE : ovate, oblong to triangular ovate
 Parts used : Fresh leaves, flowering tops,
branches, and seeds.
 The margin has acute triangular lobes, which are
irregularly dentate. The apex is acute, the lamina
is covered with glandular hair. There is the
prominent midrib with pinnate venation. The

11. MICROSCOPIC
CHARACTERS
 The leaf is dorsiventral. Epidermis is covered
with smooth cuticle and numerous glandular
trichomes. Anisocytic stomata are present in
epidermal layer. Palisade cells are present in
a single layer but all cells contain prismatic or
cluster crystals of calcium oxalate. Near the
veins, some times, the idioblasts are present
containing microspheroidal crystals. Midrib
shows many bicollateral vascular bundles
arranged in an arc.

13. CHEMICAL
CONSTITUENTS
 The principal alkaloids of this drug is :
 (-) hyoscyamine (C17H23NO3) is an ester of
tropic acid and tropine, and is more active
than the racemic form i.e. atropine.During
the extraction, it is racemized to atropine.
 And hyoscine(scopolamine).

14. CHEMICAL
STRUCTURES

15. CHEMICAL TEST
 It gives Vitali-Morin test positive in case
of datura herb.

16. USES It is used to counteract gripping due to
purgatives.
 It is used to relieve spasms of urinary tract.
 It is also sedative and used to check salivary
secretion.
 It is an expectorant too.
 It is an antispasmodic and antiasthmatic.
 TRADITIONALLY : used as an anti-
inflammatory drug
 IN AYURVEDA : as an antparkinson drug

17. DOSE
 Hyoscyamine sulphate - 125 – 250 3-4
times a day

18. OVERDOSE
 Restlessness
 Hallucination
 Mydriasis
 Convulsion
 Dry mouth,thirst
 Slureed speech
 pyrexia, nausea, vomiting

19. SUBSTITUTION AND
ADULTERANTION

20. THANK YOU…..!!!