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Flower, Fruit and Seed Dispersal Chapter 8 Lecture Outline
- 1. Chapter 8 Lecture Outline Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 2. Outline Introduction-- Reproductive Organs Phylum Anthophyta-- Differences Between Eudicots and Monocots Structure of Flowers Fruits Fruit and Seed Dispersal Seeds
- 3. INTRODUCTION--REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS Sexual Reproduction Primitive Reproductive Organs • Archegonia • Antheridia • Sporangia Complex Reproductive Organs of the Higher Plants • Cones • Flowers of Angiosperms
- 4. PHYLUM ANTHOPHYTA--Eudicots and Monocots Dicots Monocots Two cotyledons One cotyledon Flower parts in multiples of four or five Flower parts in multiples of three Leaves with distinct network of veins Leaves with parallel primary veins Vascular cambium and cork cambium present Vascular cambium and cork cambium absent Vascular bundles of stem in ring Vascular bundles of stem scattered Pollen grains with three apertures Pollen grains with one aperture Two major classes of flowering plants: • Eudicots (Magnoliopsida) and Monocots (Liliopsida)
- 5. Structure of Flowers Flowers begin as embryonic primordium PARTS Peduncles. • pedicels Receptacle - Swollen end of peduncle or pedicel Other parts of flower attached to receptacle in whorls: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil.
- 6. Structure of Flowers Sepals - Outermost whorl • calyx • function Petals - Next whorl inside sepals • corolla – Function of Showy corollas: – Inconspicuous or missing corollas in plants that are: • Calyx and corolla form perianth.
- 7. Stamens attached around base of pistil. • filament • anther – Pollen grains developed in anthers. Pistil = female portion: • Ovary: – Ovules • Style: • Stigma:
- 8. OVARY … – Superior Ovary – – Inferior Ovary – Ovary with ovules. o Seeds develop from: o Fruit develops from: – Simple or Compound Ovary:
- 10. Structure of Flowers Flowers can be produced singly or in inflorescences. • Inflorescence – Spike: – Raceme: – Panicle: – Umbel: – Compound Umbel: – Head: – Catkin:
- 12. Fruits Fruit = • develops from: • And from Accessory parts: Phylum of Plants w/ fruits: Tomato fruit
- 13. Fruit Anatomy Pericarp: Three regions collectively Fruit Regions • Exocarp: • Endocarp: • Mesocarp: Peach fruit
- 14. Variability of fruits • fleshy or dry • Formed from one or more flowers Milkweed follicle
- 15. Types of Fruits Fleshy Fruits: • SIMPLE FLESHY FRUITS: # PISTILS – Drupe: • single seed • enclosed by hard, stony endocarp (pit) Drupes: peaches, almonds, olives
- 16. Simple fleshy fruits … – Berry – Pericarp: __________ – Ovary: ______________ – # seeds _______ – True berry - thin skin and soft o Examples: – Pepo - Relatively thick rind o Examples – Hesperidium – leathery skin has citric acid glands o Examples Grape berries
- 17. – Pome - receptacle grows: o Endocarp papery or leathery o Apples, pears Apple pomes
- 18. Fruits Complex Fleshy Fruits • Aggregate Fruits – Derived from single flower with several to many pistils • Multiple Fruits - several to many individual flowers in single inflorescence – Mulberries, Osage orange, pineapples, figs o Examples Blackberry aggregate fruits Osage orange multiple fruit
- 19. Fruits Dry Fruits - Mesocarp dry at maturity • Dehisicent or indehiscent • DEHISCENT FRUITS • Follicle - Splits along one side – Larkspur, milkweed, peony • Legume - Splits along two sides – Legume family: peas, beans, lentils, peanuts Milkweed follicle Legumes
- 20. Fruits Dehiscent fruits … • Siliques: • More than three times longer than wide • Examples: Silicle Silique
- 21. Fruits Dehiscent fruits … • Capsules – split in: • Examples: Capsules
- 22. Fruits Dry Fruits INDEHISCENT FRUITS = • Single seed: united with pericarp – Achene - Base of seed attached to pericarp. o Examples – Nut - harder and thicker pericarp with: o Examples: Inside of sunflower achene Acorn
- 23. Fruits Indehiscent Fruits • Grain (Caryopsis) - Pericarp tightly united with seed – Examples: • Samara - Pericarp extends as: – Examples: • Schizocarp - Twin fruit • Examples Corn section Samaras Schizocarp of mericarps
- 24. FLESHY • Simple • Aggregate • Multiple • DRY – Dehiscent – Indehiscent
- 25. Fruit and Seed Dispersal Dispersal by Wind • Fruits and/or seeds have:
- 26. Fruit and Seed Dispersal Dispersal by Animals • 2 Main Types –
- 27. Dispersal by Animals … • Oils attract ants. – Elaiosomes on bleeding hearts used as food by ants. Seeds from bleeding hearts. Elaiosome is white.
- 28. Water Dispersal • Some fruits contain trapped air for floatation.
- 29. Seeds Structure • Ovules develop into seeds. – Cotyledons - Food storage organs that function as “seed leaves” – Embryo = cotyledons and plantlet Bean seed
- 30. Germination Germination = • Fruit Ripe when – after embryo develops.
- 31. Germination … Favorable environmental factors needed for germination. • W • O • L • T Enzymes activated by:
- 32. Germination • Some require period of dormancy. – Period of Cold – Mechanical Abrasion o Scarification: – Growth-inhibiting substances present in seed coat or fruit– that must be washed off by rain
- 33. Longevity Seed viability varies, depending on species and storage conditions. • Viability extended: – Temperatures – Wet or Dry?