Materi Kuliah Pekarangan Fakultas Pertanian UGM

1. KLASIFIKASI BUAH
Sri Trisnowati

2. A. Klasifikasi buah berdasarkan
lingkungan tumbuhnya
• Buah dari daerah beriklim sedang (temperate fruits)
• Buah dari daerah subtropika (subtropical fruits)
• Buah dari daerah tropika (tropical fruits).
Perbedaan utama ketiga wilayah terletak pada
suhunya, sehingga tanaman buah yang tumbuh
di ketiga daerah berbeda tergantung kepada
kemampuan adaptasinya.
Tugas: Mempelajari sifat tiga wilayah tempat tumbuh memberi
contoh buahan yang tumbuh baik di wilayah yang
bersangkutan.

3. B. Kategori buah
Buah (hortikultura) dikategorikan dalam dua kelompok
besar yaitu buah sejati (true fruit) dan buah semu (false
fruit).
1. True fruit (buah sejati):
 A fruit in which all tissues are derived from a ripened ovary and
its contents.
 A fruit derived from a single carpel or from the united carpels of
a single flower
2. Accessory fruit (sometimes called false fruit, spurious fruit,
or pseudocarp) ( buah semu) :
 A fruit in which some of the flesh is derived not from the ovary
but from some adjacent tissue exterior to the carpel.
 A fruit, as the apple, strawberry, or pineapple, that contains, in
addition to a mature ovary and seeds, a significant amount of
other tissue.

4. A bunch of ripe bananas from Museum
Victoria's wax fruit collection.
Photographer: John Broomfield, Source:
Museum Victoria
<http://museumvictoria.com.au/discovery
centre/discovery-centre-news/2007-
archive/is-a-banana-a-fruit-or-a-herb/>
Contoh buah sejati

5. A true fruit develops from the ovary at the base of a
flower and contains the seeds of its plant. A tomato is
therefore definitely a fruit. Other “vegetables” that are
really fruits include capsicums, zucchinis and chillies.
Bananas also develop from the ovaries of flowers, but
where are their seeds? We’ve eaten a lot of bananas
and we’ve never found any. When we did some
research, we discovered that wild bananas have
obvious, black seeds. Apparently, the plants of
commercially-grown bananas are sterile and the seeds
only develop into tiny black specs. If you look closely,
you should be able to see them.

6. Buah semu

8. Ada pertanyaan dan jawaban yang menarik tentang
apel. Is apple a true fruit ? Smile, Your question is a little bit
tricky to answer, but the apple is a true fruit. The apple is a
Pome fruit. A fruit consisting of a central “core”, the true fruit
formed by several united carpels enclosed within a fleshy
receptacle or pseudocarp, as in the genus Malus (apple). So the
actual core of the apple is a fruit, the fleshy part of the apple
that you eat is a pome of the fruit, which makes some people
to call it a false fruit, but it is in reality a true fruit.
Pertanyaan yang sama juga dapat terjadi pada buah pir
Pear: Only the core,
containing small black seeds,
is the true fruit; the fleshy,
edible part is formed from the
stalk.

9. Penggolongan buahan yang lain dilakukan atas dasar
jumlah atau banyaknya bakal buah (ovarium) yang berkembang
menjadi buah atau bagian buah, sehingga dikenal buah tunggal
atau simple fruit dan buah majemuk atau compound fruits.
Pengertiannya adalah sebagai berikut.
1. Simple fruit
A simple fruit always develops from a single ovary
containing one or more carpels and may or may not include
additional modified accessory floral (perianth) structures. A
simple fruit is either fleshy or dry. Fleshy fruits are often edible
and are seen in the fresh fruit and vegetable section of your
local super market. Fleshy fruits include the berry, drupe, pome,
pepo, and hesperidium.

10. 2. Compound fruits
A compound fruit is one that develops from several ovaries in
either a single flower or multiple flowers. In contrast, a simple fruit
develops from one ovary. Compound fruits may be aggregate fruits,
in which one flower contains several ovaries, each of which
develops into a small fruit. These small fruits are joined tightly
together to make a larger fruit. An example of this is a raspberry.
Each fleshy lobe in a raspberry is actually an individual fruit, but
they are joined at their bases. Despite having the suffix "berry,"
aggregates cannot be berries, which are composed of a single ovary.
Compound fruits may also be multiple fruits , in which
several flowers, each with an ovary, develop into small fruits that
are clustered or fused together into a larger fruit. An example of this
is a pineaple. Each section of a pineapple was an individual fruit
from an individual flower, but they have fused to form the pineapple.

12. 1.Aggregate Fruit: Many ovaries derived from a single flower.
Aggregate fruit of a hybrid strawberry (Fragaria x
ananassa) showing the individual yellowish-brown, one-
seeded achenes embedded in the red, fleshy receptacle.
Although the one-seeded achenes represent separate ripened
ovaries, each strawberry is produced from a single white
flower bearing many stamens.

14. 2. Multiple fruits, are actually bunches of simple fruits
-- each simple fruit arising from its own flower with a
single pistil -- the simple fruits having grown together
to form the multiple fruits. The picture below shows
fine multiple
fruits.
Buah pace (Morinda citrifolia) dan murbei putih (Morus alba), buah
multiple.

15. Do you see those immature flowers on the left? These
flowers have immature ovaries.
Be sure to notice the difference between what's happening
with the above multiple fruit and the aggregate fruits.
Aggregate fruits develop from one flower in which are located
several ovaries. Multiple fruits develop when the ovaries of
several distinct flowers mature grow packed together.
At the right you see some multiple fruits. They're mulberries
from the White Mulberry tree, Morus alba. One neat thing
about that picture is that you can see those little black, squiggly
things atop the bumps of which each mulberry "fruit" is
composed. Those squiggly things are the former flowers'
stigmas. That make sense because each "bump" was a former
ovary in a flower. If you eat a single mulberry you can be
grammatically and botanically correct if you say "Those fruits
sure tasted good!"

16. The diagram at the left shows what an inferior ovary is.
Therefore, the multiple fruit shown above is composed of many
inferior ovaries squeezed together. The multiple fruit did not
develop from just one blossom the way most fruits do..

17. Murbei hitam termasuk buah multiple.

18. Black mulberry (Morus nigra), a dioecious tree native to
western Asia. The bumpy surface of the fruit is due to many
tightly-packed, seed-bearing ovaries (drupelets), each with
separate styles that appear like black hairs. It is technically a
multiple fruit (called a syncarp) composed of a cluster of
drupelets superficially resembling a blackberry; however,
unlike a blackberry, each drupelet arises from a separate,
minute, unisexual (female) flower. Each monocarpellate pistil
(also referred as a gynoecium) consists of a forked stigma, a
short style and a spherical ovary. In the aggregate fruit of a
blackberry, all the drupelets of the cluster (syncarp) come from
a single flower. Seedless, parthenocarpic mulberry fruits are
produced without pollination.

19. Three examples of multiple fruits: A. Jackfruit (Artocarpus
heterophyllus); B. Pineapple (Ananas comosus); and C.
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis). All three fruits are refered to as
"multiple fruits" because they are derived from the coalescence
of ovaries from many individual flowers plus a fleshy stem axis.

20. C. Tipe buah
Secara morfologis ada lima tipe buah, yaitu berry atau
buah buni, hesperidium, pepo, drupe, pome
•Berry
Grapes and tomatoes are classified as berries
because the ovary wall of the carpel becomes almost
completely fleshy at maturity. The number of carpels in
each species varies from one to several and their skins
can be thin and tender or thin and tough. The number
of seeds also varies from one per carpel to many per
carpel. The seeds of all berries, are embedded in the
fleshy tissue of the carpel. Berry : All or most of
pericarp fleshy.

21. Although it is called a "vegetable," the tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum) is technically a botanical fruit referred to as a berry.
Most of the interior tissue of a true berry is soft.

22. •Hesperidium
Hesperidium type fruits are always covered with a leathery
rind and the partitions separating their carpels are tough and
fibrous. The orange, lemon and grapefruit, all members of the
citrus family, are good examples of the hespiridium type of fruit.
Close-up view of the peel (exocarp) of a lemon (Citrus lemon)
showing numerous pits containing volatile oil glands.

23. Essential oils (terpenes and phenolic compounds)
in the pits are responsible for the aroma given off
when the peels are bruised or ground up. The fragrant
perfume called bergamot comes from the fruit rinds of
Citrus bergamia (C. aurantium ssp. bergamia).
Essential oils in the pits of skins are extracted by
maceration and modern hydraulic presses. The bitter
chemical found in the mesocarp and parchment-like
layers (partitions) surrounding the sections (carpels)
of citrus fruits is limonin.

24. Penampang melintang buah jeruk

25. • Pepo
The pepo is covered by a rind that is hard and thick.
The cucumber, pumpkin and watermelon are good
examples of the pepo type of fruit. Below the rind, the
rest of the ovary wall is soft and fleshy. In the
photographs below seeds fill the locule of each carpel.

26. The watermelon is a good example of a pepo, a berry
with a hard, thick rind. This is a triploid, seedless
"yellow watermelon" (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus).
Although it is sold as "seedless," there are some seeds in
the fleshy interior

27. • Drupe (stone fruit) –Buah batu
If a fruit is fleshy and it has a hard stony pit containing a seed
it is classified as a drupe. Drupes are covered by a thin skin
derived from the outer tissue layer of the ovary. The soft fleshy
tissue below the skin is derived from the middle layer of the ovary
and the hard stony pit is derived from the inner tissue layer of the
ovary. Cracking the pit open reveals a single seed formed from an
ovule contained within the ovary of the flower. Coconuts have
fibrous walls instead of the fleshy walls found in most drupes.
Coconuts have fibrous walls
instead of the fleshy walls
found in most drupes.

28. Plum, salah satu contoh buah
batu.

29. The fruit is called a drupe because it is composed of three
distinct layers: An outer skin or exocarp, a fleshy middle layer or
mesocarp, and a hard, woody layer (endocarp) surrounding the
seed. The lower pit (removed from another peach) has been
sectioned to show the thick, woody layer or endocarp
surrounding a single seed.
• Pome: Accessory fruit with thick hypanthium.
In botany, a pome (after the Latin word for fruit: pōmum) is a
type of fruit produced by flowering plants in the subfamily
Maloideae of the family Rosaceae.
The pome consists of tissue derived from the ovary and from
the perianth. For this reason it is often called an accessory fruit.
In the example (apple) the core is composed of modified tissue
from the ovary wall while the pulp is composed of tissue from the
base of the floral tube and receptacle. The seeds were once, early
in development, ovules containing fertilized eggs and endosperm.

30. The exocarp and mesocarp of a pome may be
fleshy and difficult to distinguish from one another.
The endocarp forms a leathery or stony case around
the seed, and corresponds to what is commonly
called the core. The shriveled remains of the sepals,
style and stamens can sometimes be seen at the end
of a pome opposite the stem, and the ovary is
therefore often described as inferior in these flowers.
Examples : The best-known example of a pome is
the apple. The pear is another pome type of fruit.
.

31. Apel merupakan salah satu contoh buah
pome.

32. Bahan, Sumber Informasi dan Referensi
•http://www.google.co.id/imglanding?imgurl=http://www.plantscienceimages
.
org.uk/images/additional/fruits_true_false.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.plantsc
ienceimages.org.uk/pages/classFruits.aspx%3FthemeId%3D1%26sectionId
%3D5&h=239&w=589&sz=16&tbnid=haI6xuDSbokwPM:&tbnh=55&tbn
w=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dtrue%2Bfruit&zoom=1&q=true+fruit&hl
=id&usg=__bbOX07StO7iwoEJk8CygrowaqAo%3D&sa=X&ei=zdeKTamJ
F8HRrQeQ5PzWDg&ved=0CGoQ9QEwCw
•Museum Victoria http://museumvictoria.com.au/discoverycentre/discovery-
centre-news/2007-archive/is-a-banana-a-fruit-or-a-herb/
•http://www.google.co.id/imgres?q=hesperidium+fruit&hl=id&biw=1024&b
ih=578&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=GClzGL2NBgrRtM:&imgrefurl=http://fr
uit-crops.com/citrus/&docid=KtSlmzERt5kIxM&imgurl=http://fruit-
crops.com/images/hesperidium%252520xsection.JPG&w=495&h=355&ei=
9p9hT67sEIqzrAeQ0_CuCA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=718&vpy=142&dur=
2185&hovh=190&hovw=265&tx=162&ty=106&sig=102804843491082366
053&page=1&tbnh=115&tbnw=160&start=0&ndsp=17&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:
0

33. •http://jbworld.jbs.st-
louis.mo.us/science/resources/flower/fruit1.html
•http://www.google.co.id/imgres?q=calyx&hl=id&gbv=2&tbm
=isch&tbnid=jjB77TjeXrGSsM:&imgrefurl=http://davesgarden
.com/guides/terms/showimage.php%3Fdid%3D2646%26tid%3
D144&docid=oZ1xz0M23cFPpM&imgurl=http://pics.davesgar
den.com/pics/2003/08/03/poppysue/fa54c1.jpg&w=640&h=480
&ei=vKJhT5CfEMmtrAe7na2nCA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=48
7&vpy=30&dur=247&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=131&ty=86
&sig=102804843491082366053&page=1&tbnh=121&tbnw=1
61&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:0&biw=1024&bih=5
78
•http://waynesword.palomar.edu/termfr4.htm