2. BRYOPHYTES
-FUNARIA
POINTS TO REMEMBER
⚫ Funaria is a Latin Word.
⚫ Funis means Rope.
⚫ Commonly called Cord Moss.
⚫ Funaria is a Moss type of Bryophytes.
⚫ The plant body is Haploid Gametophyte.
⚫ Grows Up to 2-3 cm Height.
⚫ Leaves are Sessile and Ovate with Distinct Midrib.
⚫ Branch is Monopodial and Extra-axillary.
⚫ Rhizoids are Branched and Multicellular.
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3. BRYOPHYTES
-FUNARIA
POINTS TO REMEMBER
⚫ The Gametophyte is also called Gametophore.
⚫ Antheridia and Archegonia are Present in Different Branches of Same
Plant.
⚫ Funaria is a Homothallus.
⚫ Antheridial Branches are called Male Moss Flowers.
⚫ Archegonial Branches are called Female Moss Flowers.
⚫ The Neck Contains 8-12 Neck Canal Cells.
⚫ Sporophytic Body is also called Sporogonium.
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5. FUNARIA
STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY OF FUNARIA
STRUCTURE OF FUNARIA or
PLANT BODY OF FUNARIA or
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
⚫ Funaria is a Moss type of Bryophytes.
⚫ It is Commonly called Cord Moss.
⚫ It Grows in Dense Patches in Shady Places on Moist Soils,
Rocks and Tree Trunk of Forest.
⚫ The Plant Body is Haploid Gametophyte, Grows up to 2 cm
Height.
⚫ It Consists of
⚫ Stem
⚫ Leaves
⚫ Rhizoids and
⚫ Sex Organs.
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6. FUNARIA
STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY OF FUNARIA
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STEM
• The Stem is Green, Erect and
Branched.
• Branch is Monopodial and
Extra-axillary.
• It is involved in Support and
Conduction.
LEAVES
• Leaves are Sessile and Ovate
with Distinct Midrib.
• They Arranged Spirally on the
stem.
• The Leaves are Green and
Photosynthetic.
7. FUNARIA
STRUCTURE OF PLANT BODY OF FUNARIA
RHIZOIDS
⚫ Rhizoids are Root like Structures.
⚫ They are Branched and Multicellular.
⚫ They are involved in Fixation and Absorption.
SEX ORGANS
⚫ The Mature Plant Produces Male Sex Organs called Antheridia and
Female Sex Organs called Archegonia in different Branches of Same
Plant.
⚫ The Male Sex Organs Antheridia produced in clusters at the tip of
Antheridial Branch and the Female Sex Organs Archegonia produced
in clusters at the tip of Archegonial Branch.
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8. FUNARIA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STEM
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INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF
FUNARIA STEM
The Transverse Section (T.S)
of Funaria Stem shows
Epidermis
Cortex and
Central Cylinder.
9. FUNARIA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF STEM
EPIDERMIS
⚫ It is an Outer Most Multicellular Unilayer.
⚫ Cuticle and Stomata are Absent.
⚫ It Gives Protection to the Internal Tissue.
CORTEX
⚫ It is a Tissue Present below the Epidermis.
⚫ It is made up of Parenchyma Cells.
⚫ It is Involved in Storage.
CENTRAL CYLINDER
⚫ 1. It is an Innermost Tissue.
⚫ 2. It is made up of Elongated Parenchyma Cells.
⚫ 3. It is Involved in Conduction and also Gives Mechanical Support.
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10. FUNARIA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF LEAF
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INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF FUNARIA LEAF
The Transverse Section (T.S) of Funaria Leaf shows
Leaf lamina and
Midrib.
11. FUNARIA
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF LEAF
LEAF LAMINA
⚫ 1. It is Single Layered Cells of Wings on both sides of central midrib.
⚫ 2. It is made up of Chlorenchyma Cells.
⚫ 3. Cells are larger in Midrib and gradually smaller towards the margin.
⚫ 4. It is involved in Photosynthesis.
MIDRIB
⚫ It is in the Middle of Wings.
⚫ It is multilayered and consists of
⚫ Upper Epidermis
⚫ Lower Epidermis and
⚫ Central cylinder.
⚫ The Central cylinder is made up of Elongated Parenchyma Cells. It is
Involved in Conduction.
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13. FUNARIA
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
It takes place by
⚫ Secondary Protonema
⚫ Bulbils and
⚫ Gemmae
SECONDARY PROTONEMA
⚫ It is Green Filamentous Structure Develops from the Base of Stem.
⚫ It Produces Many Small Lateral Buds.
⚫ Later, these Buds Develops in to New Gametophytes.
BULBILS
⚫ Bulbils are Small Resting Buds, develops from the Protonema.
⚫ During Favorable Season, the Bulbils Produce Green Filamentous
Protonema with Many Small Lateral Buds.
⚫ Later, these Buds Develops in to New Gametophytes.
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15. FUNARIA
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
⚫ Sexual Reproduction is of Oogamous type.
⚫ Funaria is Monoecious. Funaria Produces Male and Female
Sex Organs in different Branches of Same Plant.
⚫ The Branches are
⚫ Antheridial Branch and
⚫ Archegonial Branch.
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17. FUNARIA
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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ANTHERIDIAL BRANCH
• It Produces Many Antheridia at
the Tip. It is also called Male
Branch or Antheridial Phore.
• Antheridia are produced in
clusters along with Paraphyses
and also surrounded by
Perichaetial leaves to form Male
Moss Flower.
18. FUNARIA
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
. ANTHERIDIUM
⚫ It is a Male Sex Organ.
⚫ It is Club Shaped Structure.
⚫ It has Multicellular Stalk.
⚫ It consists of
⚫ Outer Jacket Layer and
⚫ Inner Androcyte Mother Cells.
⚫ The Outer Protective Jacket Layer made up of Sterile Cells.
⚫ The upper few cells of Jacket Layer in Antheridium are called Opercular Cells.
⚫ The Opercular Cells are thick walled, they helps for Dehiscence of Antheridium.
⚫ The Inner Androcyte Mother Cells are Fertile.
⚫ Each Androcyte Mother Cell divides and to forms Two Androcytes.
⚫ Androcytes are Develops in to Male Gametes called Antherozoids.
⚫ Male Gametes are Spirally Coiled and Biflagellate.
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19. FUNARIA
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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ARCHEGONIAL BRANCH
• It Produces Many
Archegonia at the Tip. it is
also called Female Branch
or Archegonial phore.
• Archegonia are produced in
clusters along with
Paraphyses and also
surrounded by Perichaetial
leaves to from Female Moss
Flower.
20. FUNARIA
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ARCHEGONIUM
⚫ It is a Female Sex Organ
⚫ It is Flask shaped structure.
⚫ It has short Multicellular Stalk.
⚫ It consists of Two parts Namely
⚫ Venter and
⚫ Neck
⚫ The Lower Swollen Venter contains
⚫ A Ventral Canal Cell (VCC) and
⚫ A Female Gamete called Egg
⚫ The Upper narrow Neck contains 8-12 Neck Canal Cells (NCC).
⚫ The mouth of the Neck is closed by 4 Lid or Cover Cells.
⚫ After mature, the NCCs and VCC are Disorganize into Mucilage
Substance that create a pressure to open the mouth of Archegonium.
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21. FUNARIA
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
FERTILIZATION
⚫ It is a Process of Fusion of Male and Female Gametes. As a Result
Zygote is Formed.
⚫ Many Antherozoids Reaches the Archegonium from Antheridium
along with Splashing Rain Drops during Rainy.
⚫ The mucilage substance present in the mouth of Archegonium that
receives the Antherozoids and allow to entering the Venter.
⚫ Any one of the Antherozoid (n) Fuse with Egg (n) to form Diploid
Zygote (2n)
⚫ Later, the Zygote Develops in to Diploid Sporophyte.
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22. FUNARIA
SPOROPHYTIC BODY
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STRUCTURE OF SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
REPRODUCTION OF SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF FUNARIA
• The Sporophyte of Funaria is a Diploid and
it Depends up on the Gametophyte for its
Nutrition.
• The Diploid Zygote develops in to Globular
Pro- Embryo and then Diploid Sporophyte
or Sporogonium.
• The Mature Sporophyte consists of
• Foot
• Seta and
• Capsule
23. FUNARIA
SPOROPHYTIC BODY
FOOT
⚫ It is a Lower Swollen Part of Sporophyte that used for Attachment
the Sporophyte to the tip of Archegonial Branch of Gametophyte.
⚫ It is made up Parenchyma Cells.
⚫ It is Involved in Absorption of Water and Food from Gametophyte.
SETA
⚫ It is a Middle Long Cylindrical Part and act as a Stalk of Capsule.
⚫ It consists of
⚫ Outer Epidermis
⚫ Middle Cortex and
⚫ Inner Medulla
⚫ It is Involved in Conduction of Water and Food from Foot to
Capsule
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24. FUNARIA
SPOROPHYTIC BODY
CAPSULE
• It is an Upper Pear-Shaped
Green Yellow or Orange
Part of Capsule.
• It is a Fertile part of
Sporophyte.
• It consists of
• Apophysis
• Theca and
• Lid or Operculum
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25. FUNARIA
-SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
APOPHYSIS
⚫ It is a Lower Part of Capsule.
⚫ It consists of
▪ Outer Epidermis
▪ Middle Cortex and
▪ Inner Medulla
⚫ The Outer Epidermis is a Multicellular Unilayer with Few Stomata
for Gas Exchange.
⚫ The Middle Cortex is Made up of Sponge Parenchyma contains
Chloroplast, involved in Photosynthesis.
⚫ The Inner Medulla is made up of Elongated Thin Walled
Parenchyma Cells, involved in Conduction
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26. FUNARIA
-SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
THECA
⚫ It is a Middle Fertile Part of Capsule
⚫ It consists of
▪ Capsule Wall
▪ Air Space
▪ Spore Sac
▪ Columella and
▪ Peristome.
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27. FUNARIA
-SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
CAPSULE WALL
⚫ It is an Outer Most Protective Wall Consists of
▪ Epidermis
▪ Hypodermis and
▪ Spongy layer
⚫ The Outer Epidermis is a Multicellular Unilayer with Few Stomata
for Gas Exchange.
⚫ The Middle Hypodermis is made up of Double Layers of
Parenchyma Cells
⚫ The Inner Spongy layer is made up of Thin Walled Parenchyma
Cells, contains Chloroplasts.
AIR SPACE
⚫ It is Present Next to Capsule Wall
⚫ It is Cylindrical and divided in to many Air Chambers by Narrow
Strands called Trabeculae
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28. FUNARIA
-SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
SPORE SAC
⚫ It is a Spore Producing Sac Present Next to Air Space
⚫ It is Barrel-Shaped consists of
▪ Spore Mother Cells and
▪ Spore Sac Wall
⚫ The Spore Sac wall is made up of a Layer of elongated Cells
⚫ The Spore Mother Cells are Diploid.
⚫ Each Spore Mother Cell undergoes Meiosis to from Four
Haploid Spores.
⚫ Spores are Identical and Formed in Tetrad.
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29. FUNARIA
-SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
COLUMELLA
⚫ It is an Inner Tissue made up of Thin Walled Parenchyma
Cells, involved in Conduction of Water and Food.
PERISTOME
⚫ Peristome is Toothed Plate Like Appendages that attached to
the Rim or Mouth of the Capsule and act as Fringe and
Releases the Spores Gradually.
⚫ Funaria has Two Plates of Peristome, each Plate has Sixteen
Peristome Teeth.
⚫ The outer ring of Peristome teeth are long, red, slightly Curved
with tapering ends and join by central sterile tissue.
⚫ The inner ring of Peristome teeth are Small and Colourless.
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30. FUNARIA
-SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
LID or OPERCULUM
⚫ It is a Conical Cap like Terminal Part of Capsule.
⚫ It is made up of 4-5 Layers of Cells in which the Outer most
Layer is called Epidermis.
⚫ The Lower Part of Lid has a Ring of thin Walled Cells called
Annulus.
⚫ The Lid is Separated from the Theca by a Constriction.
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31. FUNARIA
-SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF FUNARIA
DEHISCENCE OF CAPSULE
⚫ After Mature the Capsule, the Lid is Thrown Away by the Rupture of
Annulus and Open.
⚫ When the Capsule dries, the spores are released from Capsule by the
rupture of sterile tissue in the tip of Peristome.
⚫ The Peristome Tooth acts as Fringe Around the Mouth of the Spore
Sac and Releases the Spores in Gradually.
⚫ The Released Spores are Carried by Wind.
GERMINATION OF SPORES
⚫ Spores are Haploid and it Germinate in to Protonema with Many
Lateral Buds
⚫ Protonema is a Branched Green Filamentous Structure.
⚫ Later, each Lateral Bud Develops in to Gametophytic Body of Funaria
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32. FUNARIA
- LIFE CYCLE
LIFE CYCLE of Funaria
⚫ It is Alternations of generation and it consists of two bodies
namely
▪ Sporophytic Body and
▪ Gametophytic Body
⚫ In which spore producing Sporophytic body and gamete
producing Gametophytic body are depends each other and
alternate with one another.
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33. FUNARIA - LIFE CYCLE
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FUNARIA
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY
(n)
ANTHERIDIAL
BRANCH
ARCHEGONIAL
BRANCH
ANTHERIDIA ARCHEGONIA
ANTHEROZOIDS
(n)
EGG (n)
ZYGOTE (2n)
SPOROPHYTIC BODY OF
FUNARIA (2n)
CASULE
SPORE MOTHER
CELLS (2n)
SPORES
(n)
SECONDARY PROTONEMA
BULBILS and
GEMMAE
PROTONEMA
34. BRYOPHYTES
- ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES
BRYOPHYTES AS A SOURCE OF FOOD
⚫ Sphagnum as a Base Food for Human Beings in some
Countries.
⚫ Bryum, Polytrichum and some Mosses are also used as
Food Source for Birds like Geese and Ducks and Mammals
like Reindeer, Sheep, Musk-Ox and other Rodents.
MEDICINAL USES OF BRYOPHYTES
⚫ Marchantia, Anthoceros and Riccia are used to cure
Tuberculosis.
⚫ The Decoction of Dried Sphagnum Moss is used in the
treatment of Acute Hemorrhage and Eye Diseases.
⚫ Tea Prepared from Polytrichum helps to Dissolve Kidney
and Gall Bladder Stone.
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35. BRYOPHYTES
- ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
MEDICINAL USES OF BRYOPHYTES
Antibiotic Activities of Bryophytes
Antitumor Property
⚫ Marchantia and Polytrichum having Antitumor Property
Antifungal Activity
⚫ Extract of Cenocephalum shows Antifungal active against
the fungi Candida Sp.
Antibacterial Activity
⚫ Extract of Sphagnum Moss inhibit the growth of Gram
Negative and Positive Bacteria
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36. BRYOPHYTES
- ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF BRYOPHYTES
Water Holding Capacity
⚫ Bryophytes have a high Water Holding Capacity due to their
structure. They can Quickly Absorb Water and Release it
Slowly into the Surrounding Environment, and maintain Forest
Microclimate.
Formation of soil
⚫ The Mosses that Grown on Rocky Surfaces Secretes Organic
Acids which Gradually Break the Rocks in to Soil.
Prevention of Soil Erosion
⚫ The Mosses Grown on Soil as a Dense Cover to form a Mat or
Carpet like structure that Prevent the Erosion of Soil
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37. BRYOPHYTES
- ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF BRYOPHYTES
BRYOPHYTES AS POLLUTION INDICATORS
BRYOPHYTES AS INDICATORS OF WATER POLLUTION
⚫ Amblystegium - found in Sewage Water.
⚫ Eurhynechium - found only in Heavy Metal Polluted Water.
BRYOPHYTES AS INDICATORS OF SOIL POLLUTION
⚫ Funaria – found only in those sites where the Soil is Rich in Ca and P
BRYOPHYTES AS INDICATORS OF AIR POLLUTION
⚫ Sphagnum - found only in Cations Heavy Metal Polluted Air
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38. BRYOPHYTES
- ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
BRYOPHYTES IN EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY
⚫ The Liverworts and Mosses have played an important role as
Research Tools in the various branch of Botany such as Genetics and
Physiology
⚫ The Mechanism of Sex Determination in plants was discovered in a
Liverwort -Sphaerocarpos.
BRYOPHYTES AS HOLY PLANT
⚫ Mosses are also Planted in “Moss-Gardens”, Particularly at Buddhist
Temples, where they Create an Atmosphere of Beauty, Harmony, and
Peacefulness For Reflecting the Spirit of Buddhism.
ROLE OF BRYOPHYTES IN AGRICULTURE and HORTICULTURE
⚫ Bryophyte Act as Suitable Substratum for Blue Green Algae that
Fixes Nitrogen from the Air into Soil and Increase Soil Fertility.
⚫ In Japan, Growing Mosses is a Traditional Part of Horticulture. The
Miniature Landscapes Under Bonsai Trees are Created with Mosses in
a Tray.
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