New York City, Tokyo And Paris

New York City, Tokyo And Paris
Introduction: With all major cities in the world, such as: New York City, Tokyo and Paris, comes a exceptional transit system. Whether its is subways,
buses, light rail transit (LRT) or a combination of the above, they all perform a crucial role in transporting people from one destination to the next.
Since opening in 1954, Toronto's Transit Commission, also known as the TTC, has a system that just about cover every part of Toronto, with 4 subway/
rapid transit lines, 143 bus and 11 streetcar routes in 2015, (TTC, 2015). Unfortunately, the TTC is still plagued with many problems, such as:
unexplained delay and overcrowding, which decline the riderships and revenues (Curry, 2016; Hume, 2016). Furthermore the population of the greater
toronto area (GTA) is expected to grow in the upcoming years, Toronto's transit system would not be ready for the increase in capacity (CrosstownTO,
2014). Therefore in order to increase the transit system's capacity and make it more appealing, more LRT/Bus lines would need to be built in the GTA
due to their constructability, benefits to society and the environment, flexibility in suburbs and their low risks in meeting ridership goal.
Constructability
Planning and constructing a new transit system is simple and inexpensive task . Everyones loves the idea of subways, those electric powered trains
can travel at rapid speeds of 24–39 km/hr with their own right of way and carry over 1500 passengers per train and serve as the backbone of any
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Innovation In Transport Industry Essay
Innovation in Transport Industry
Introduction
After Singapore independence, Singapore's bus service was provided by numerous small operators and was highly split with both service and safety
standards were low. The aggressive competition by the private bus companies led to poor service, lack of incorporation and network economies
eventually resulting in the immediate bankruptcy of many of these companies. The government moved in a team of civil servants, take over the
fragmented companies and put together a tight outfit, making reasonable profits. The new entity, SBS Transit, was eventually nationalized.
Start of Singapore Transport
In the mid–1980s, the development of MRT systems and SBS was the main player in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since 1987, managing the three–way tensions of ensuring profitability and acceptable quality had been the job of the Public Transport Council (PTC),
which regulates transport fares for both buses and trains. In today, according to 'Fare Review Mechanism Committee Final Report (2013)' (Anon.,
2013) the PTC implements a cap on annual fare adjustments which is based on the formula.
Exhibit 1: The Public Transport Quality
Affordability Profitability
In 1996, Singapore Government revealed one of its most aspiring and extensive plans for the
Singapore's land transport system. It contained details step the authorities to follow to achieve its vision of a world–class transport system for the city
in the next 10 to 15 years' time. The change to existing schemes was proposed like revision of taxi fares. New schemes were introduced as well such
as Electronic Road Pricing (ERP), which eventually become omnipresent in Singapore. But among all these implementation, the heart of the blueprint
was that 75 Percent of all day–to–day trips in Singapore would be made by public transport. In order to achieve this goal, improvements to public
transport were critical. The White Paper said that the government would enhance public transport, encouraging more Singaporeans to switch from cars
to train and bus, and easing traffic congestion. It would also enhance railway and road networks so that commuters can

Sydney Trains Operate A Train Operator Owned By The New...
Introduction
Sydney Trains is a train operator owned by the New South Wales Government and operates all suburban passenger rail services in Sydney, Australia,
maintains the New South Wales Metropolitan Rail Area, and maintains all but a handful of operational railway stations in the state. Sydney Trains is a
wholly owned subsidiary of the Transport for New South Wales(TfNSW) statutory authority.
The network is a hybrid suburban–commuter railway with a central underground core that serves 178 stations over 815 km of track. The network has
20 hours a day operation with train frequencies of every three minutes or better in the underground core, 5–10 minutes at most major stations all day, 15
minutes at most minor stations all day and four trains an hour on the Cumberland Line. On weekends service is less frequent with headways of
upwards of a half hour on outer stations with frequencies of less than 10 minutes in the underground core. Ticketing is provided by the New South
Wales My Zone and Opal card systems.
Sydney Trains operates quick, frequent and reliable trains in the greater Sydney suburban area (bounded by Emu Plains; Berowra; Waterfall and
Macarthur).
To provide a passenger service between midnight and 05:00 while leaving the tracks clear of trains for maintenance work, parallel bus services were
established in 1989. Night Ride services operate typically at hourly intervals (some routes depart more frequently on weekends). Night Ride services
are contracted to

The Cost Benefit Analysis Of Capital Metro Project
The Analysis of the Process and Reporting of the Cost–Benefit Analysis of the Capital Metro Project – a 12 km Light Rail Route from Gungahlin to
the City
Introduction
In 2004, the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) government published the Canberra Plan as a guidance for the growth and development of Canberra
from 2004 and beyond. The Canberra Plan: Towards Our Second Century, launched in 2008, aimed to achieved prosperity by providing a better health,
education, and municipal services as well as ensuring the continuing well–being, safety and equity of the community. The Canberra Plan also launched
in respond to new challenges that might hamper the growth and development of Canberra. The new challenges include climate change, water security,
housing affordability and skill shortages. The plan comprises of seven strategic themes that reflect the ACT government's priorities, which are quality
health care; a fair and safe community; excellent education quality teaching and skills development; a strong, dynamic economy; a vibrant city and
great neighbourhoods; a sustainable future; and high–quality services.
The Capital Metro project is one of the ACT government's project aims to achieve Canberra's sustainable development as states out in the Canberra
Plan. The project is the design and construction of a light rail transport from Gungahlin to the City. The route is 12 km and equipped with stops, depot,
road, and signaling. The project also covers preparatory, other works

The Pros And Cons Of The Sydney Light Rail
On the other hand, the Sydney Light Rail brings some disadvantages to society and the environment. The construction has caused many local
businesses to close due to the interruption caused by blocked roads affecting access and parking, thereby losing customers resulting in a decline in
sales. In Appendix 3, David said the Bourke Street Bakery has 'suffered a considerable loss of customers', and others such as Book Kitchen in Surry
Hills have closed. The light rail has evidently affected residents and businesses, however in Sydney Olympic Park, following the development, the
longer term benefit means businesses are now positively impacted by extra customers and more residents. Many individuals and businesses have
moved due to the disruption of construction, noise and blocked roads, causing more traffic and congestion, seen in I.6.... Show more content on
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850 trees will be affected, with almost half being cut down (I.8) and the remainder being pruned. Despite protests and activists fighting against the
cutting of trees, the animals and birds who live in them, lost their homes. According to Transport NSW, (Appendix 4) no animals or birds were
rescued or relocated from the 40 chopped trees on Alison Rd and Anzac Parade. The Government is not helping to save or move them, instead denying
spotting any wildlife, despite individuals finding young possums at the bottoms of trees. Cutting down the trees, disadvantages society by clearing
nature and their function of providing oxygen and homes to wildlife who were at risk of death. In contrast, Olympic Park, (I.9) has a range of diverse
trees to entice natural

Light Rail Transport System Proposal
STUDENT #400075821, #400073192
STUDENT NAMES: ANGEL HUANG, JOLISSA ROGERS
GEOG 1HB3
Human Geographies: City and Economy
Assignment 2
Proposal for Light Rail Transit in North–Central Hamilton
Instructor's Name: Dr. Michael Mercier
TA's Name: Ashleigh Patterson
Tutorial Day/Time: Tuesday– 12:30pm–2:20pm
Date of Submission: Tuesday, Nov. 29, 2016
Both members have read and abided by the Guidelines for Student Fieldwork Guidelines.
Angel Huang, Jolissa Rogers
Introduction
The movement of people is a crucial aspect to consider in contemporary development, not only around the world, but within a single municipality.
According to "Code Red", an extensively researched article published in The Hamilton Spectator in 2010, the most underdeveloped area of Hamilton
exists in its downtown district. The proposed Light Rail Transit system is a public transit project that could revolutionize the downtown core of
Hamilton, Ontario and improve the city's rate of urban development. This report will discuss and justify a proposal for a North–South route, including
three stations/stops, and rejected routes and stations.
Background of the proposed LRT system in Hamilton
I. Rationale Great consideration has been taken by the provincial and municipal governments along with Metrolinx to ensure that the Light Rail Transit
system would substantially benefit Hamilton, particularly in its downtown core
II. Costs and Funding
In current plans, the procurement of

Comparing Stage 1's Connection Of Gold Beach CBD To Gold...
After stage 1's connection of Gold Coast CBD to Gold Coast University Hospital, stage 2 is the key step to finish the connection of Gold Coast CBD to
heavy train to Brisbane. suitability, safety and economic connection to heavy train to Brisbane, environmental control, technology and finance
management are major factors to be considered for this light rail route design.
Locality and property description
Provides a brief physical description of the property on which the proposed action will take place and the project location (e.g. proximity to major
towns, or for off–shore projects, shortest distance to mainland).
The project is located alongside and within existing road and rail transport corridors between the GCUH (Gold coast University

The Ottawa Light Rail Transit
The Ottawa Light Rail Transit Project
Introduction:
The roadways of Ottawa, Ontario have been become battered and congested due to the poor infrastructure of public transit. There have been many
proposed temporary short term solutions for the issue such as toll roads, public transit route optimization and rapid road rehabilitation. But ultimately,
the plan is to implement an expansion to the Ottawa Light Rail Transit (OLRT) system and widen Highway 417. There are many requirements in order
to achieve such a task so, this report will outline the guidelines of the procurement processes after issuing the Request for Proposal (RFP) for the
OLRT project from the City of Ottawa.
The City of Ottawa's first RFP was published October 27, 2011 [XX11]. The report stated that a private sector team began preliminary research for
the expansion of the OLRT system in September of 2010 following the approval of Federal and Provincial government funding before the initial
procurement process was issued. The project adopts a Design, Build, Finance, and Maintenance (DBFM) model which allows multiple companies to
place a bid on the RFP. With many options the city is then open to make a choice the contract which will be reported on in the upcoming (sections).
Following the RFP, the City of Ottawa must choose a contract for the post. The RFP outlines the the procurement process and states that the purchase
of construction services must be in accordance to the City of Ottawa's Purchasing

Abandoned Railroad Terminal
Analyzing an Image: Abandoned Railroad Terminal The goal of this assignment is to analyze an image. The image that I chose was one of an
abandon railroad terminal. Being a novice at analyzing images, I chose an image that was very familiar to me. The abandon rail yard image brought
back a tumultuous outpouring of memories of my past life with the railroad. I was a freight conductor/brakeman, for the Southern Pacific and Union
Pacific railroad for thirty–one years (1976–2007). I can say with all certainly what most people observe in this image, is not what a railroad person
will see. Just from my observation of this image it would be very difficult to determine the geographical location of this terminal. However, I would
say that this was once a major center of activity, possibly the focal point (headquarters) of this particular railroad. The two domed shaped buildings at
the top of the photo are most likely the roundhouse and engine shops where the rolling stock (engines and railcars) is repaired, when it cannot be
repaired at smaller yards or... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tracks were full of rail cars, and the switch crews were building trains to depart for various locations. Outside of the roundhouse, sits the big road
engines, with black smoke bellowing out of the exhaust and the ever–present smell of diesel fuel. The road crews are in the ready room. The conductor
and the engineer are inspecting their train orders and waiting for further instruction from the dispatcher. The brakeman is at the roundhouse waiting for
instruction from the dispatcher to bring the engines out to couple to the train. Once the engines were coupled to the train, the engineer would perform
a brake test, to make sure the brakes were operating properly. After the test is performed, the crew waits for a green signal to depart the terminal. This
scenario happens daily. The elements and Mother Nature seldom, if ever, stop train

Business Presentation Of My Young Career
The other day, while standing on the elevated train platform, I realized that it's always the same people waiting for the same train. Morning after
morning, the same commuters wait while knowing a little bit about each other; who has a new bag, who brown bags it, who got a haircut, if
someone is late or on vacation. We know all of this about each other without ever saying a word. In fact, we don't even look at one another. I share
my mornings with anonymous friends I never talk to. There I stood, on the train platform above the buzzing street traffic, waiting. I showed off
my new winter coat. Beneath I wore the smartest black and red suit made solely for my body. Straight skirt, opaque stockings, new black Italian
high heeled pumps; the ensemble cost me a fortune. It was okay. I faced the single most important business presentation of my young career. Like
the express train, I pulled out all the stops. I looked too good for anything to go wrong. I was a nervous wreck. That's when I noticed him. I noticed
him every morning. He was the quiet faraway crush of my adult years. Slim stature of a man always dressed in a nice suit, 'London Fog' type
trench coat, he worked for an architectural firm. I knew this because coincidentally we worked in the same office building. All right, I admit I
couldn't help myself; I had to see what company occupied the floor where he got off from the elevator. I knew a lot about him. He was a klutz. The
type of guy who trips up the stairs while

Brampton's LRT Plan Essay
Brampton's LRT Plan The latest idea of building the 23 kilometer Light Rail Transit System which planned to run from Port Credit to the Brampton
Go Station has created a huge division between some of the residents of Brampton's downtown core and the City of Brampton's Council Committee.
"Light Rail Transit is a transportation system based on electrically powered trains, designed to be easy, reliable, frequent, comfortable and
convenient." (Fausto, 2015) The design phase began in December 2011 and was completed in September 2014. The public was able to start voicing
their own opinions about the design in late 2014. The Light Rail Transit was created to aid the vision for a vibrant, modern street appeal. According to
the LRT Mississauga–Brampton website, they state that if it is approved, the construction should commence in 2018.... Show more content on
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Firstly, I believe it will cause a major congestion on Main Street, leading into the down town area. Lands would have to be expropriated, which
will be to the displeasure of many residents living along Main Street. I believe it will cause a great amount of chaos, gridlock and not to mention,
an upsurge in accidents. Pedestrians will also be affected in a negative way, i.e. they will have more difficulties trying to maneuver safely along
Main Street. I believe that, it should be considered carefully, so that tax payers' dollars aren't wasted. Also, the disruption of the beauty of the
downtown area would be avoided. I do believe that serious thought should be given to the implementation of the LRT route. All of the pros and cons
of the LRT should be discussed and they should examine if it's beneficial to build or not to build. The issue of the LRT has been an ongoing one for
some time and it has caused major disagreements amongst the mayor and her council members. She seems not to be getting the support that she'd like to

The Rail Line Extension Of The Metro Bus System
Minneapolis has been ranked as one of the worst areas in the United States when it comes to traffic. Drivers in the Twin Cities spend an average of
63 hours per year stuck in traffic according to a 2015 survey done by TomTom, a GPS navigation company. In hopes of solving the traffic problem,
the first rail line in Minnesota opened back in 2004. Since then there has been a Green Line extension from St. Paul to Minneapolis. The original
Blue Line provided 10.6 million rides as of last year and the Green Line has provided 12.4 million rides. Both lines have contributed to the decrease to
the overall ridership of the Metro bus system. Due to the success of the Minneapolis light rail system there has been plans to expand it even further.
In May 2010, a southwest Green Line extension was finally approved. The southwest light rail would extend the green line fourteen and a half miles.
Adding sixteen new stations beginning in downtown Minneapolis and running through St. Louis Park, Hopkins, Minnetonka, and Eden Prairie. The
total estimated cost for the project is $1.858 billion, costing the state of Minnesota a total of $30.3 million. The rest of the funding comes from various
sources such as Counties Transit Improvement Board, Hennepin Country Regional Railroad Authority, Metropolitan Council, in–kind land transfers,
and other local contributions. Construction is set to start in 2017 and end by 2021 if light rail is allowed to continue. This costly project has been
approved and

Light Rail System
The feasibility of a light rail system is possible when looking at the amount of room in the city of Pittsburgh. This light rail system would be able to
help transport college students, city workers, and other Pittsburgh citizens. A light rail system would help to thin out the heavy traffic that vastly
impacts the environment with car emissions and still leave the city with some room to expand. Alight rail system in the city of Pittsburgh could be set
up to run on a straight line system that would follow a North to South and an East to West pattern. Quite like the room to build a light rail system, the
engineers and construction builders are plentiful in the Pittsburgh region for such a project. So, workers would not be much of a factor for constructing
a light rail system. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although funding for a few hundred million dollar project would be hard to obtain, it is still possible. It may take several years of writing grants to the
Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT), the federal government, and private Pittsburgh transportation organizations, but the money is
there. Like any major million dollar project, it would take many years to complete. The idea of obtaining environmental permits as well as getting
utility companies to cooperate is another subject of its own that majorly impacts the project feasibility. Even with those impacts, the project is still
possible because new transportation systems overcome these factors each year. Though this type of transit system is possible, it would take a major
spokesperson or government official to get the project passed for

Dallas Rail Transportation History
History of Dallas Rail Transportation & DART
By Nagih Youssouf
There is one transportation story that I believe is a great part of Dallas' history and will become an intricate part of its future. Started in 1983, the
Dallas Area Rapid Transit system for the Dallas area rolled its wheels, not knowing it would be the largest light rail system in the country. With 92
miles of tracks, connecting two vital airports, and a robust bus network sprawled across several suburban cities in Dallas. It was the first light rail
transit system in Texas and the southwest United States. When Dallas started its citywide grid system, it was a very pedestrian friendly town.
Buildings were built close to the street, roads were very narrow, sidewalks were wide, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Expansion to the suburbs were definitely next on the agenda and all this served as the foundation for the great expansion. After the success of the light
rail starter system, voters approved DART's request to use long–term bonds to expedite the construction of the regional light rail system. While DART
had originally planned single–track extensions of the Blue Line to Garland and the Red Line to Richardson and Plano, the starter system was so
popular that the agency made plans to double–track the entire route.
Work began on the extensions of both the Blue Line and the Red Line on January 15, 1999. That same year, on September 27, the Blue Line was
extended to Mockingbird Lane, for its expansion to Garland. The first station since 1997 to open came on September 2001, when the Blue Line was
extended from Mockingbird Station to the new White Rock. Later, the Blue Line was further extended east outside the LBJ Loop when the LBJ
/Skillman Station opened on May

Transportation Costs: Heavy Rail Cost
a) Heavy Rail versus Light Rail Costs:
Heavy Rail system need track and power therefore it is less costly than bus for volumes greater than 30,000 (O'Sullivan). It is an efficient choice for
big cities like New York, San Francisco, or Chicago. For example, the BART uses feeder bus system and heavy rail system. Its capital costs are high
due to tracks and right–of–way (Bresnock). BART costs are more expensive than integratedbus system because capital costs, operating costs, and
distribution costs are higher. Light rail systems are more common in medium sized–cities. Some older versions of light rail are trolleys, and streetcars.
The capital costs are higher than bus, but cheaper than heavy rail since they operate on the surface streets (Bresnock).

The United State And European Union
The merger which is proposed by the United State (US) and European Union (EU) in 2000 would have joined together two of the three greatest
railroads in the West and made the greatest railroad in the country. According to Kwoka and White,2 the joined together railroad would have 35,000
miles of track and $9.5 billion in earnings. United State (US) urged the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) – which transformed into the Surface
Transportation Board (STB) in 2003 – to support the merger, declaring that it would make liberal cost diminishments and organization updates and in
this way invigorate rail contention in the West. UP saw the merger as an opportunity to restoreEuropean Union (EU), which United State (US) and
various others ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other merger protestants included shippers besides shipper affiliations, and distinctive railroads. The STB in like manner got sections from other
government associations, including the U.s. Limb of Transportation (DOT), and from state and neighborhood associations, and work affiliations.
Merger foes considered the proposed answer for centered issues – including trackage rights – to be lacking. They proposed rather either rejection of the
merger application or else embellishment its backing on the full divestiture of rail lines to distinctive railroads where competition was crippled. DOJ
and others, as reported in Kwoka and White (2004), and White (2002), also considered various the efficiencies affirmed for the merger to be
misrepresented, or not unmistakable as open benefits, or else achievable through choice suggests. Kwoka and White furthermore note that certain
get–togethers brought issue with instances of SP 's disintegrating cash related condition and centered suitability. As an audit point by point dissection,
the United State and European Union merger gives an unusual opportunity to review this some piece of merger analyzation because it gives
post–merger affirm on certified capability conclusions furthermore clear information on adequacy claims. It is similarly an open entryway in light of
the fact that there is gigantic cover

Statement Of Purpose Statement For Mumbai
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE ABHIJEET REDEKAR
It was Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, who said in October 2004: "When we talk of a resurgent Asia, people think of the great changes that have
come about in Shanghai. I share this aspiration to transform Mumbai in the next five years in such a manner that people would forget about Shanghai
and Mumbai will become a talking point," the prime minister said. "I have a dream that we can do it. I believe we can become number one through
modernization, expansion and development and make Mumbai the number one city in our country," Fast forward 11 years later to 2015 and here we
are, Mumbai is in no way an approximation of what Shanghai is today. Pollution, encroachment, traffic congestion and unplanned urbanization have
taken their toll on India's commercial capital.
It's not a complete failure though as Mumbai has got a new 8.8 km stretch of monorail track, the new T2 terminal of the Mumbai International Airport,
the Sahar Elevated Road, the first line of the Mumbai Metro's first phase and the 6.54 km Santacruz–Chembur Link Road. In the next few years, other
projects which are due to be completed include the second phase of the monorail, the Navi Mumbai metro rail's first line, the ... Show more content on
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Traditionally, Architects have designed and built housing, utilities, transportation, and society's entire infrastructure. I belong to the city of Mumbai,
India. The ingenious majesty of skyscrapers or the sheer complexity of the space formation of Dharavi, the largest slum in Asia highly intrigues me.
Growth brings along with it both advantages and disadvantages. While Mumbai is growing up to become a truly global city, we as citizens of Mumbai
also have witnessed the mayhem which engulfs all sectors and most importantly the transportation / development

Vertical And Horizontal Axis Of The Roof Garden
In these two images, you can clearly see there are vertical and horizontal axis intersecting one another: the walls and the large frame windows. The
concrete walls, thin but rigid, have axis the run vertically and what it seem to be supporting is a thick slab of the same material, that run
horizontally across the entire image. Furthermore, the windows seem to also repeat the ordering principle of axis with wood trims. The windows
have axis, but they are more defined and they have coloration and a pattern that make the axis stand out better than the axis off the walls, which are a
bit subtle and silent. The descending concrete stair case in this picture is part of the roof garden located in the back of the museum. Looking at it, it
looks like any regular stair case that people use to get from one level to the next; that's without apply the ordering principle of rhythm. However, once
you apply this principle and analyze the way the stair is structure–it has rhythm in the design. It's not just a stair that has evenly and equally distributed
steps, there are wide and large steps with that symbolizes a pause with each dozen of steps. The same can be say for the descending terraces and the
hand rails. In particular, the hand rail is not connect, which reinforces the rhythm in the stair case. Upon walking toward the wide open entrance, your
eyes will be directed toward a grand and beautiful art work hanging from the concrete wall. The art work has rhythm, axis, symmetry, and

Finch West Light Rail Transport Essay
Assignment #1 1.0Introduction This assignment will be based on Finch West Light Rail Transit (LRT). It is located in Toronto Ontario. The project
will be finished in 2021. This LRT was made for residence dwellings and Humber College. The LRT distance is 11km long that would be on Finch
West. 2.0Existing conditions 2.1Transit Service The HOT will operate on Finch West. They have 18 station stops for this rail. The station stops are
located on Finch West, Sentinel, Tobermory, Driftwood, Jane, Norflinch/Oakdale, Signat/Arrow, Weston, Milvan/Rumlike, Duncanwoods, Pearldale,
Islington, Kipling, Stevenson, Albion, Martin Grove, Westmore and Humber College. There are some talks if it's going to be completed due to the fact
it's still in its infancy

Project Management, Nait Lrt Project
Abstract
The purpose of this research paper is to critically analyse the issues of delay in the NAIT LRT project. This project was initiated on September 6,
2015, which was supposed to be in 2014. The key objective of this research paper is to identify steps and activities that must be managed to avoid
delays, development problems due to unexpected risks and even monitoring the project. This study will provide a brief analysis of the issues incurred
in the failure of NAIT LRT project. This study undertakes the information available on the journal articles, newspaper articles, online material, City of
Edmonton website and other news channel websites to explore the history and current position of the project. Keywords: Project ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It is formally known as the Metro Line. (Objective) The 3.3km division line was planned to run from Churchill Square to NAIT linking MacEwan
University, the Royal Alexandra Hospital, the new arena and Kingsway Mall to the main LRT system. It was expected to add 13,200–weekday riders
to the city's LRT network. The objective of this project is to get the line open, subject to it being safe, as described by city manager Simon Farbrother
in an interview in Edmonton Journal. The construction and designing of this extended Meto Line were predicted to cost (baseline cost) of $755
million. This cost estimation includes the purchasing property and new LRVs. Sponsors of the NAIT LRT project were the Government of Alberta, the
Government of Canada and City of Edmonton. The baseline schedule and milestones of this project are mentioned in the appendix of this paper. Thales
Computer –Based Train Control system are responsible for operating the NAIT LRT. While construction on the $665 million (expected cost was $755
million) project was completed on schedule, there have been issues incorporating the new Communication–Based Train Control system with the current
LRT signalling system. Mario Peloquin, Vice President, Thales Rail Signalling Solutions Inc. says he appreciates everyone's patience as crews work to
complete the work. The current signalling system is one of the reasons for the delay of this project. The communication lines include the

Denver Light Rail Case Study
Introduction o RTD presented their light rail plan back in 2004 and had presented a budget (O'Toole). o Now due to construction costs doubling
they will not be able to complete all lines promised without another tax increase (O'Toole). o People don't want to have to pay more on something
that they already thought they paid enough for because of construction and it not being as successful. o Some people say state taxes are already super
high and other projects in the city aren't even being addressed with the money already being given. o Some of the already existing lines aren't as
successful as the projected. o THESIS – The Denver light rail system cannot increase our taxes because they aren't as successful as projected, they are
needing more money than they asked for, and ridership is declining over time. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
oEvidence – "Ridership on Denver's new R and W light rail lines is so low that RTD is reducing train frequencies" (O'Toole). o Analysis– Since these
two lines are having low ridership and had to reduce the train frequencies shows that they were expecting more. They aren't as successful as expected.
They reduced the frequency showing that they were expecting more popularity on these lines than there actually is. o Conclusion – Light rail cannot
increase our taxes more because they aren't having the success they thought. Also if it isn't as successful as thought to be, why would we want to
increase our taxes on some unsuccessful? Body Paragraph 2 o Reason – They are asking for more money than they budgeted for back in 2004. o
Evidence – "In 2004, Denver's Regional Transportation District (RTD) persuaded voters to pay billions of dollars in taxes to build a 19th century rail
transit system for a 21st century urban area. Thirteen years later, this experiment is increasingly proving to be a failure"

Importance Of Railway Transport
Rail This mode of transport is reliable and fast and one of the most important ways by which people and goods are transported. (Train History , 2017)
Rail transportation is referred to as 'movement of on guideways' and rails are the most common guideways. However technological progress made
monorails and magnetic levitation trains now available and although railways are a result of the industrial revolution, they have been affected by
continuous innovations, technical, regulatory and commercial changes which have enhanced their capacity and efficiency. Therefore railwaytransport is
important now as it was in the late 19th century. One innovation pertains to the quality of the rail infrastructure, particularly rail tracks (e.g. better steel,
concrete ties), which regulates the operational characteristics of their use such as speed, permitted weight, maintenance and immunity towards the
environment.
Increasing electrification and automation also improve the efficiency of rail transportation, passenger and freight alike. For safety purposes
commodities ought to be stowed on the trains in a certain manner for guaranteed railway delivery. (Slack, 1998) Based on the implementation by
Transport Canada to strengthen the railway and transportation of dangerous goods safety systems. The emergency directive requires all rail operators to;
Ensure that no locomotive attached to one or more loaded tank cars transporting dangerous goods is left unattended on a main track;

Disadvantages Of Public Transport
I.Introduction (Christian Matthew Carbonell)
Everyday people would take different forms of transport simply because of some occasions and obligations to attend to. Many people prefer using
public transportation vehicles because they don't have the budget to buy their own cars or because no one would accompany them to their
destination. Most people would wake up very early and set their time. Some would record how long and how fast they should be taking a transport.
Recording the time of walking to the transportation terminal, the amount of time inside, and going to work or school is a good way for a commuter
to develop time management. No one can really predict what may occur when taking a transport. The recorded time will not be the same as the next
time the person would commute, because there would be unexpected events that could either delay or hasten travel. It is a person's decision whether
to keep going or stop. A common issue in riding a transport is the limited amount of people are allowed to go inside that transport. Commuters would
usually be stressed, because of technical difficulties or problem. There is a Facebook page called "MRT: Mga kuwento... Show more content on
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These vehicles may be owned by government entities as public utilities or by private entities for their own profit. These means of public transport are
important to the country's development because most people need to use mass transport to meet commitments or fulfill obligations like going to
school or work, especially when the places they need to go to are particularly far from where they live. However, there are many forms of public
transport for people to choose from and not all of them available in a given situation are convenient for the job, so people tend to be choosy with these
modes of transport to

Flicker Vertigo Studies
One of the main visual contributors to discomfort on high speed trains is lighting. Illumination within the trains carriages is an important factor to
consider for safety, convenience and comfort. One of the main sources of discomfort related to illumination is glare. Glare occurs when the eyes are
exposed to a source of light greater than that for which the eyes are adapted. Glare can either occur from the artificial lights inside the train carriages or
externally from the sun with complications ranging from mild discomfort and annoyance, to an impediment to vision and reduction in safety (Oborne,
1978).
In order to reduce discomfort and disability glare there are a variety of designs considerations that should be considered. Although completely
eliminating glare from the sun is almost impossible, due to its ever changing intensity and position relative to the train, there are certain measure that
can help reduce it. The simplest preventative methods include equipping the windows with blinds which the passenger can utilise to achieve ... Show
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Flicker vertigo is defined by Rash (2004) as 'an imbalance in brain–cell activity caused by exposure to the low–frequency flickering (or flashing) of a
relatively bright light'. The effects of this can vary from mild discomfort in the form of dizziness, nausea and nervousness to more serious effects of
vertigo, convulsions or loss of consciousness (Oborne, 1978). Flicker vertigo can affect a passenger if they are experienced to a light–flashing
sequence anywhere in the range of 4 – 20Hz (Rash, 2004). In high–speed rail this light flashing sequence can be a result of the interruption of sunlight
by external objects such as poles or wires. It is therefore difficult to design against, however with an appropriate seating layout and the presence of
blinds the discomfort can be

The Role Of Light Rail In The City Of Milwaukee
Milwaukee has had a long history dealing with light rail. From the 1890's when streetcars were the main way of transportations, to the trackless
trolleys and highways built in the 1950's and 1960's. The city of Milwaukee went through many ways of trying to get people around the city and the
county. By looking back, we can tell that a couple of major obstacles prevented Milwaukee from reinstalling light rail in the 1990's. One of those main
obstacles was the opposition from certain leaders in the community and state. Once light rail the light rail proposal came out to the community,
opposition immediately followed. Business leaders like George Watts, who heavily promoted the idea that light rail was not the right route to go for
transportation.

Virginia Beach City Operating Budget
Transit represents a little less than one–half of one percent of the Virginia Beach city operating budget. If light rail is built, only in its third year of
operation will light rail and the associated inflation drive that number up to just about one–half of one percent. Virginia Beach, a resort city, is a
suburban community with many environmental assets. There are green areas to the south that require protection. As the city is bordered by the
Atlantic Ocean and the Chesapeake Bay these require careful consideration for safeguarding. Virginia Beach has very little in the way of land to
develop so thinking vertically is a strategic plan the city has embraced and light rail is at the heart of its future when it comes to a unified Norfolk
/Virginia Beach Metro mass transit system.
As previous explained in the literature review of this study, those for the extension say it will spur economic development along the designated route,
help lower taxes through a wider tax base, and create additional opportunities for transit. Those against its creation argue that light rail is an old
technology that is very expensive and will not stimulate economic development or move enough people to validate the cost. A purposeful analysis,
will examine whether light rail will improve the quality of life for residents in Virginia Beach and if an incremental tactic in its construction is the
correct way forward. Regardless if the resort city remains a fiscally sound municipality, is the

Critical Analysis Of The Nait Lrt Project
The following report will provide a critical analysis of the NAIT LRT Project. The report will provide insights into the causes that resulted in the
failure of the project as well as will provide recommendations that would help in the success of the project. The reasons for the delay in the project
could be classified into improper management, lack of communication and coordination, failure to test the mechanisms of the plan as well as flaws in
the design and development of the project itself. The report also provides recommendations for improving the present position of the project like clear
definition of roles and responsibilties especially for the top management, through review of formal documentation as well as testing the project before
its actual implementation for estimates on cost and time required for its completion. This study is taken from online articles, journals, City of Edmonton
website and news channels. This study helps to understand the past and the present position of the project.
Introduction Edmonton's Light Rail Transit provides fast and appropriate service for passengers traveling. Metro Light Rail Transit (LRT) started on
September 6, 2015, from Churchill to NAIT. The 3.3km extension includes a second being an active line to Edmonton LRT network plan. The launch
NAIT LRT was different from the south campus in 2009 and century park in 2011. Both these previous extensions started with considerable media
attention, but this

The Security Of Rail Transportation
The security of rail transportation in the United States Rail Security falls into two categories, namely, passenger rail and freight rail. Passenger rail
together with the mass transit is among the transportation subsector networks that provide numerous means of transportation from access points to end
destinations connecting to other modes of transportation (Department of Homeland Security, 2007). While Freight railroads are key element of the
nation's transportation system that comprises of over 140,000 miles of track, which passes through thousands of bridges and tunnels, and carries
millions of tons of freight yearly (United States Government Accountability Office, 2009). Freight and passenger rail infrastructure intertwine and...
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However, DOT still retains the "regulatory role with respect to the transportation of hazardous materials via rail" (United States Government
Accountability Office, 2009). Moreover, "The Transportation Security Administration, the Federal Transit Administration, the Federal Railroad
Administration, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency share responsibilities, programs, and resource investments to mass transit and
passenger rail emergencies" (Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General, 2010). However, the rail transportation subsector is
susceptible to lots of hazards such as terrorist attacks, natural deserters, accidents, sabotage, cyber–attacks, etc. Some of these will lead to destruction of
trains and/or railways themselves, hi–jacking of trains, breaching railway databases (Major Vulnerabilities to Railway Security, n. d). Passenger travel
and security measures Many people across the United States depend on safe and secure rail systems to travel from one point to the other, as such
security of those travelers must be of utmost priority to governments at all levels, as well as stakeholders in the rail industry. There are various laws in
the United

Persuasive Essay On Rail Transportation
Trains are everywhere in our society, we have jokes, toys, movies, and children's television shows, but did you know rail transport started in 6th
century Greece? The city of San Antonio, Texas is a fast–growing metropolitan city that has a very tremendous amount of people. It has been estimated
that the city will grow by another million people in the next ten to twenty years. San Antonio's traffic is becoming a huge issue and is quickly
approaching to be one of the most congested areas in the states. The public transport in San Antonio consists of a very complex bus system, taxicabs,
Trolley's downtown, and the growing market of ridesharing drivers. San Antonio has had many talks and negotiations throughout the last two decades
on getting a Light Rail system constructed to help with public transportation. This proposal is for specific businesses, the city of San Antonio and
Bexar County to come to a funding agreement.
Funding for projects is always a topic of discussion, payments for a sculptor to sculpt a statue, and hiring wrecking crews for doing their job are just
small examples. The funding cost for Light Rail is extremely high when it comes to construction, these prices are something that a any+ billionaire can
personally handle. These prices are always subject to change because of materials used and the constant change of technology. Through the talks of this
new transit system coming to San Antonio, different funding options have been suggested, raising taxes,

Light Rail System Pros And Cons
The habitus of transportation plays a key role not just in my life, but in other people's lives as well. If you live off of campus, most likely, you will
commute. This is because driving to the university can be very expensive due to the cost of parking and gas. If you don't live in a walking distance
from the university, taking the bus or light rail is a must. Commuting has its benefits and drawbacks. For instance, commuting saves you a lot of
money, you don't have to pay for a dorm or for living in a fraternity or sorority. On the other hand, commuting can take a lot of time. That means you
have to wake up earlier, wait for the transportation vehicle to come and wait till you arrive at your destination. Furthermore, commuting causes an
increase ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And the light rail is a mean of transportation that can increase accessibility to the university by a lot. In the article To Build or Not To build: A Voter's
Guide to ST3 by Ben Celsi, explains the pros and cons of expanding the light rail system. The expansion of the light rail system will cost around "54
billion" dollars. This is a significant amount since this is all coming from taxes. Using up this much money also means that you won't have a lot of cash
left to spend it on other things. Nevertheless, the Seattle area has a huge traffic problem and building the light rail might help ease up the traffic.
However, taking the people that don't drive or cannot afford a vehicle into consideration, this seems like a pretty good idea. Easing up the Seattle
traffic and providing transportation services to people who don't drive would increase accessibility to the university tremendously. With the
addition of the light rail system, carbon emissions are supposed to decrease by "130,000 metric tons" yearly. Not only does it reduce traffic and
increase accessibility, it also reduces the emissions of greenhouse gases. Moreover, expanding the rail system is a "risk" since it's coming out of the
people's pockets. With this expansion, taxpayers will pay double the "taxes already paid to Sound Transit for the previous expansions of light rail"
(Celsi). This might be of a problem to certain people because they don't want to pay more or they want their hard earned taxes to be spent on
something else. Overall, the expansion of the light rail system will have an immense effect on the accessibility of the university for students and it will
lower Seattle's terrible traffic. It might cost an incredible amount of money, but it will be worth it for the students that live quite a bit of distance from
the

I Am Working With Other Parts Of The Project
One of the lessons that I have learned through my 4+ years of work experience as an EIT is that a good Engineer must always be aware of the real
life system limitations of any project he/she is involved with. With experience, not only are you able to keep aware of these limitations, but you can
also prepare for them. As Engineers, when we set out to design a product or system, we are working in a theoretical world with no limitations or
constraints. However, out in the real world, there are numerous constraints and limitations that come into play when we are forced to integrate our
design into a functioning tool. Many times, on large projects, I'm working with different groups and subcontractors. When I release an engineering
drawing, I have to understand that it must cooperate well with other parts of the project. This takes a lot of coordination with different disciplines, and
at times poses limitations on your design that would otherwise not be present. In my experience, I had to modify my design many times to better suit
the overall structure and project requirements. In other cases, constraints could be brought upon through legal and/or cosmetic means. For example, I
have been involved in projects where I would draft a design which boasts a solid engineering background. However, for any number of reasons, the
client might not necessarily like something and thus the design must be re–suited to that constraint. However, I have also learned to be mindful in this
area. If

Analysis Of Karjon's Tale
On the way back, the two were discussing what they might do about all that they had discovered. Karjon was keen to expand his knowledge and
discuss with experts in the field. But first he had to find an expert in this field or at least a similar field. If one did exist. He was reticent to blindly
accept the premise by Murfon that there was no expert in this area. There had to be someone. The Hive could not be so ignorant about the sky around
them to not bother with picking someone to study it.
Murfon's stance was one of caution. He knew that Karjon's insatiable curiosity had got him into trouble before. The Hive Elders were running out of
patience with his endless questions about how and why the Hive did what they did. Karjon was most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If he is, then why aren't the Elders helping us mine the stuff as well? Besides I got off with another warning anyway. I did manage to put some doubt
into their minds at least." Karjon said with some pride.
"Yes, but it was your last warning. Any more awkward questions to the Information Centre, and you are going to be demoted down to a cleaner or
something, or worse yet, reclamation. It has happened before you know. So promise me you won't be going to the Centre to pursue this directly."
Murfon was almost pleading but noticed a wry smile on Karjon's face. That was enough to convince Murfon that Karjon was going to do something.
His curiosity had an overwhelming power over his decision making.
Back at the Hive, Karjon and Murfon immediately sought out Tamblin. He was in his usual area, at the Rail Area, working on one of the Rails. He
crawled out from under it when he saw the familiar feet of his friends.
"Well look what the Drones have sent me. I should send it back. How are you two? Sorry I couldn't see you this period but this repair job is an
emergency. It's the life of an engineer." Tamblin said. He was glad to see his two friends though.
"You'll never guess what we saw at the methane pool? Well, Karjon's 'special' methane pool. The most amazing sight I have ever seen. You've got to
come out and see it with us." Murfon was almost exploding with enthusiasm. Karjon was smiling at him.
Tamblin's engineering mind worked at light speed. He ignored

Southwest Light Rail Extension Case Study
Readjusting the Southwest Light Rail Extension: Strengthening Our Backbone The proposed Southwest Light Rail Extension presents a variety of
problems. The plan is costly; it creates a dangerous mixture of light rail, freight, and pedestrian traffic in critical corridors; and it does not serve
enough riders. However, there is an even bigger issue. The City of Minneapolis is not serving the public interest with the proposed line. Defining how
one should act for the public interest is a difficult task. For the purpose of this memo, I will define acting in Minneapolis' public interest as: an
evaluative process that seeks to improve the quality of life of the majority of Minneapolis residents in the immediate and long–term, while taking
corrective... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Specifically, the line should go "south down Nicollet Avenue and then west through the Lyn
–Lake and Uptown neighborhoods." Along with these
changes, the City should invest in heated shelters and mixed–use and mixed–income developments in the Lyn–Lake and Uptown areas. Targeting our
resources in these historically overlooked areas will not only create jobs and businesses around light rail stations, but it will also improve the
transportation core of the city in the immediate future. In the long–term, the enhanced transit system perhaps could connect with a future Southwest
light rail corridor. Before we make the Southwest Light Rail Extension the backbone of our transit system, we need to make the core strong by
serving the public interest. For Minneapolis to thrive, we need to hone this approach to serving the public interest. It is the engagement and work to
empower the poor and disadvantaged in our serving of the public interest that will go a long way in turning the Southwest Light Rail Extension into a
system that 'works for all' of the Twin

What Is 2.5.3 Light Rail
2.5.1 Motorbus
Motorbus are the largest component in the field industry of United States. In 1980, 1022 of 1055 transportation companies are using motorbus as a
services. Compare to the passenger's trip, Motorbus Transit has grew by 66 percent in the industry.
2.5.2 Heavy Rail
As known as the underground rail service, heavy rail are involves strong electric power, clear path towards the state of the art and modern stations. In
1980, there were 11 transit transportation in the United States that provides heavy rail transit. It grew by 26 percent compared to transit passengers.
Heavy rail transit service is available in 9 major cities in the US States. They all symbolize development of transport based rail field.
2.5.3 Light Rail
This type

Light Rail In Houston Essay
The light rail, also knows as the Metrorail, is an easy way to access many attractions in the metropolitan area of Houston. Attractions like the museums,
medical center, Downtown, and stadiums. However, it still goes through neighborhoods. The rail is mainly located in Downtown Houston, but extends
to norther part of Houston to the south side of Houston. It also extends itself towards the University of Houston into the third ward area, but it main
route starts from Airline on the northern part of Houston all the way to Fannin, in the southern side of Houston. The main use of the rail is it
transportation for those who do not have a vehicle and cannot get to important location like the courts located in downtown, or main hospitals who are
also located downtown as well. For this community investigation we were asked to do a scavenger hunt. Frankly I was not such a fan of this community
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless, these metro transportations have a time on their own, and if you do not arrive on time it will leave you behind and must wait till the
next on. For those students who depend on this transportation, this is crucial because metros do run on their schedule and cannot wait on no one
because they have to keep going. As a teacher I am going to have to understand these type of situations for students. Students may arrive late to class, or
for those students who live far have to spend most of their afternoon trying to arrive have, and not having enough time to do homework. Another issue
that can come in between if days were teachers must talk to parents. If parents do not have no other transportation, then the metro they have to go
through the same struggle. It also because a huge struggle if the parents has infants with them. These transportations are very hard to handle with
younger children making sure everyone is on and get off at the same

What Is The Pestel Analysis Of SMRT
1 Description of the company
SMRT Corporation Ltd (SMRT) is Singapore's leading diverse land transport provider. Their primary business is in rail operations, maintenance and
engineering as well as in trains, buses and taxis services. SMRT unit operates more than 130 stations daily around the year. With the involvement in the
commercial activities, SMRT Corporation Ltd was listed on the Singapore Exchange on 26 July 2000. The company has total assets worth more than
S$2.5 billion and enjoys an annual turnover of approximately S$1.1 billion. (SMRT, 2008– 2012)
SMRT Corporation Ltd is dedicated in bringing the vision of "Moving People, Enhancing Lives" to achieve the goals of Excellence Service and
Business. (SMRT, 2008– 2012). As the major transportation system in Singapore, their utmost objective driven towards the safety and reliable travels
of the nation. SMRT buses operate from all the interchange in Singapore and SMRT taxis operate around the clock, island wide to provide comfortable
and speedy travel service to the people.
2 PESTEL analysis
Pestel analysis consists of environmental factors that lead to the understanding weaknesses and strengths of the organization in an attempt to influence
the organization's success. The macro–environmental factors are political, economic, social, technological, environment and legal. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
With a well–recognized brand that is also lawfully abiding, the potential threat of a new entrant will be significantly reduced. The main focus for
SMRT Corporation Ltd is in the MRT system. SBS is a main competitor in the category of bus service. These are the only two large firms that
dominate the transport industry in Singapore. Even so, this does not substantially affect the SMRT business. The people are given the choice of
travelling to their convenience on various travel routes depending on their

City Of Hamilton: A Case Study
What can be done to improve a city that has already been developed? This was the question posed to the City of Hamilton in regards how Hamilton,
a city that has been forgotten, could be revitalised. The best way to revitalise an area is to make it more accessible. The Light Rail Transit or LRT is
key to ensuring Hamilton gets the improvement it needs to have the ability to be a major economic contributor in the future. What the City has
proposed is the best way to improve the newly revitalised Hamilton. With a LRT along King connecting Mcmaster to Eastgate, the East and West of
Hamilton will be connected in a more efficient way than ever before. Furthermore, with the LRT running along James street the waterfront will be
connected to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, with an LRT you would be building above ground and while this will cause a short term amount of heavy construction and traffic, it would
not threaten the city's structure, only further develop it. While many people would agree that a LRT is better than a subway to build, what about
buses? Why can't Hamilton just deploy more buses? While this seems like an easy solution, the LRT provides the better solution. Buses go with the
flow of traffic, and have to stop more than LRT's, causing backups on the road. With more buses on the road the traffic will only increase. However,
with the LRT, they will get all the advances from the lights and will not stop a much as the average distance between stops is 800m–1km (Kalinowski.
T. 2013, Oct. 28). As opposed to buses where the average distance between stops is half than that. In fact, an early study suggested that the inclusion
of an LRT in Hamilton would not cause gridlock or conversion of major roads into two way roads (Dongen, M. V. 2016, August 03. LRT Would
Have Mixed Results on Car Traffic: Study.). Hence the LRT in Hamilton has little to no cons in regards to traffic, in contrast to the a transit system
which would make traffic worse. Other Canadian cities that have an LRT are Edmonton, and Calgary where they have seen great improvements to the
traffic in their city because of it. Besides Hamilton, the city of Waterloo is also looking at

Comparing Necessary And UTA Trax Trains
There's a difference between actual trains and UTA trax trains. Regular trains run on an engine, while UTA runs on an electric source: power lines
like on telephone poles. All though these different trains have different qualities, they also have a lot in common. For example, they have a hard
time stopping and you will be severely injured or even killed if you get hit by one. Also, tampering with a train in any way can be dangerous to
anyone. First of all, there are a lot of differences between regular trains, i.e, freight trains, and UTA (Utah Transit Authority) trax, traveling trains. Big
freight trains carry huge amounts of freight and it takes them some time to start moving, and also slowing down. As stated on Unit 05 Lesson 7, "A
light rail car (trains that run on electrical wires)... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Second of all, there are also dangers that you need to watch out for while being around UTA trax. For example, in the video Utah Transit Authority
Operation Lifesaver, the actor states, "You should never try hopping in between cars just to speed up time." What is means by this is that you should
hop in between UTA cars just to not be late. As the video states, "It's better to be late than dead." Another thing you should watch out for is being
around trax trains. Whenever you are around a train, you should turn down the car stereo and watch out for a train coming. According to the passage,
Unit 05 Lesson 07 оЁЂ Railroad Crossing, it states, "If your vehicle stalls on a crossing, immediately get everyone out of the car and off the tracks.
Notify local authorities immediately. If a train is coming, stay clear of the tracks and run toward the approaching train at an angle away from the
train. By moving in the direction of the approaching train, you will be less likely to be hit by flying debris. If no train is in

Electric Streetcar Timeline
Electric Streetcar Era 1892–Present Ownership Timeline San Francisco and San Mateo Electric Railway1892–1902 Geary Street, Park & Ocean
Railway1878–1912United Railroads1901–1912 Market Street Railway Company1918–1944 San Francisco Municipal Railway (Muni)1912–present
New electric streetcar technology proved cheaper to build and operate than the cable car, and capable of climbing all but San Francisco's steepest
hills The San Francisco and San Mateo Electric Railway, the first electrically powered streetcar system in San Francisco began operation in 1892. In
1893 when Leland Stanford died, the Sutter Street Railroad Company was taken over by the Southern Pacific Railroad. The company was renamed to
the Market Street Railway... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The blocks from Broadway to Green were too steep for electric cars to ascend and descend unaided; the counterbalance solved the problem.
Passengers would transfer from double truck electric cars at the top of the hill to a single truck car attached to the cable by a plow. When the car
reached the bottom of the hill, it released the plow and ran on to Bay Street. The counterbalance was the only United Railroads line which directly
reached the 1915 Panama Pacific Exposition, held at the Marina. The 19–Polk came within a block of the eastern entrance. URR had all the single
truck cars rebuilt as Pay as You Enter (PAYE) cars with multiple unit (MU) capability. The cars ran as trains during the Exposition due to the heavy
passenger loads. After the URR had become the Market Street Railway, the line was extended to Marina Boulevard on August 29, 1925. MSRy
needed to store a weighted dummy car at the Turk and Fillmore car house so there would be a counterbalance car for the last run of the night. A
regular 22 Fillmore car towed it out to the top of the hill. The attendant attached it to the cable, and it counterbalanced the last car of the night up the
hill. The counterbalance car stayed in the middle of the intersection of Fillmore and Green, marked with a red lantern, all night. Automobiles often ran
into it. In the morning, it counterbalanced the first car coming down. Then a regular 22 Fillmore car towed it back to the

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