The document is a proposal for an underground subway system in Pakistan. It discusses the need for improved public transportation as population increases. It considers two construction methods - cut and cover and deep bore tunneling. The proposal outlines key aspects of infrastructure like electrical power systems, track material and monitoring systems. It describes the proposed fare payment system using smart cards and oversight by transport authorities. Recommendations emphasize following procedures to benefit the economy and population while increasing safety and standards.

1. 2015
Muhammad Ali
1/19/2015
Pakistan Underground Subway
Proposal

2. TRANSMITTAL LETTER
The Transport Ministry,
CIIT Lahore.
Jan 10th, 2015
Muhammad Ali
Dear Sir,
I submit my proposal “Pakistan Underground Subway” which would be helpful for
every generation of the societies and mainly for the students who want to accomplish
good grades and want to proceed further in their studies, for abroad and want to
make their own identification. In this project the ideas and the progression is that the
system will support and value in our country. The design and the procedures shows
how it should be obliging.
I will be thankful if my mentors and superintendents will further process this proposal,
it will be an absolute privilege for me.
Muhammad Ali DDP-SP14-BEC-015

3. Contents
TRANSMITTAL LETTER ..........................................................................................................1
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................3
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ...........................................................................................4
NEED OF THE STUDY..............................................................................................................5
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.............................................................................................5
RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................6
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................6
CUT AND COVER METHOD....................................................................................................7
DEEP BORE METHOD.............................................................................................................7
DISCUSSION.............................................................................................................................9
INFRASTRUCTURE..................................................................................................................9
DESIGN.................................................................................................................................... 11
CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................... 13
RECOMMENDATION.............................................................................................................. 13
REFERENCES......................................................................................................................... 14

4. Abstract
The underground subway is an engineering marvel carrying millions of people
daylight and nightlight. The first forever underground train was constructed in London
in 1863. But in 1890, the electrified underground line made London underground the
world’s first ever metro system. With its success to its nation its shows that how we
can bring out the finest mass transit system in our county. Therefore, my proposal
explains the procedures to be considered, in what manner government should
implement it, what kind of services and security should be provided. Furthermore, it
briefs the pros and cons of the underground subway system in Pakistan.
The International Association of
Public Transport (IAPT) outlines
metro as ‘‘inner-city passenger
transport system’’, operated on
their own right of way and
segregated from general road and
pedestrian traffic. The term Heavy
rail is fundamentally identical with the term "metro". But heavy rail system is
specifically defined as an "electric railway".
The separating line between metro and other means of public transport, such as light
rail and commuter rail is by their separation from other traffic. Light rail (tram) share
roads, streets, boulevards, paths or lanes while a metro offers no access for
pedestrians and traffic.
Figure 1 Underground Subw ay Construction 1863

5. Statement of the Problem
The capacity of the existing transport is being awkward, rude, blundering due to the
increase in the public transport use and urban densification. With the increase in
population the peoples of Pakistan are facing variety of problems and travelling is the
one of them. Moreover, peoples while travelling faces traffic jams which are caused
by the unusual lane violation, accidents, vehicle breakdown, long train at rail
crossing, checkpoints, tollbooth, divergence etc. therefore, in order to increase the
consistency, volume, reliability of public transport network or to increase its growth
could be possible only by introducing mass transit system or metro style service, that
should be inexpensive and directly facilitated by subsidies from the government.
Figure 3 Metro (Present) Figure 2 Light Rail or Tram
Figure 5 Failure of Public Transport
Figure 4 Traffic blocked because of side construction

6. Need of the Study
The need of the study is that the underground subway or metro would play a vital
role in the economy and it is a great way to travel in cities, agglomerations, and
metropolitan areas providing the facility to transport large amount of peoples at a
high frequency. Moreover, it is the most frequent way of travelling that eradicates the
chaos of the traffic jams, accidents, V.I.P protocols, and certain types of strikes, high
prices of petrol or CNG. Therefore, with is growth it helps peoples of all classes to
travel long distances in a very short time and in a very small expenditures. Due to its
better design and infrastructure which are chatted with architectures and engineers
will provides the safety of the passengers.
Significance of the Study
Growth in exchanges
Increase in tourist interests
Communication in communities
Time saving
Decrease in accidents ratio
Increase in the economy

7. Research Questions
The questionnaires in this research are the core riggings. The questions asked in
different dimensions like
What are the different methods of the construction?
Will the ‘deep bore’ method would be benefit in cities?
‘Cut and cover’ method would be used?
Introduction
The metro system is a rapid transit system. The word metro is also referred as
subways or U-Bahns. U-Bahns is the name of the underground metro system in
Berlin capital of Germany which is having a track length of about 151.7 km and
serving stations about 173. Moreover, there are 168 metro systems in just 55
countries of the world.
Country City Name Year Opened Track Length Stations
Canada Toronto Toronto Rapid
Transit
1954 63.8 km 69
Argentina Buenos Aires Buenos Aires
Covert
1913 51.6 km 83
Germany Berlin U-Bahns 1902 151.7 km 173
India Delhi Delhi Metro 2002 190.0 km 137
Japan Tokyo Tokyo Metro 1927 195.1 km 179
Table 1 Constructed Underground Subways

8. As we go deeper we discover that the tube system has helped many countries and is
playing a vital role not in London, not in China, not in India but also in various parts
around the globe.
Therefore, the purpose of this proposal is to bring out the best mass transport
system that should be inexpensive but also directly facilitated by subsidies from the
government. It is convenient as you will not left deserted in the CNG strikes. One of
the main reason for it is that it would be safe and will provide better quality travel in
less time but could have rush hours but no traffic jams which will bring the pollution
assorted.
Cut and Cover Method
In "cut and cover" tunnelling, the roadway of the street is removed, a hole for the
subway and stations is dug, and then the street is restored. The "cut and cover"
method is much cheaper than "deep bore" but the alignment is restricted to the street
grid. "Cut and cover" also results in the stations that are much closer to the surface
as little as twenty feet below the surface, which significantly reduces passenger
access time. On the other hand, "cut and cover" results in serious disruption to traffic
along the street for a significant amount of time. This disruption usually results in
negative effects to especially store landlords along the passageway.
Deep Bore Method
In "deep bore" tunnelling, boring machines are inserted into a hole dug at a
convenient spot along the proposed line, and then proceed through the earth, little by
little, up to eighty feet per day until they have fixed out space along the entire
corridor. These boring machines are huge. The world’s largest is fifty feet in

9. diameter. Boring machines generally can dig only in one fixed shape, which is
generally circular. "Deep bore" construction costs significantly more than "cut and
cover" and the underground stations alone can cost $150 million. Because of the
large number of variables that make up the cost of subway construction, it is
extremely difficult to quantify the cost differential between the two methods. The
second is access is the passenger access to "deep bore" stations, significantly more
difficult than "cut and cover" stations, making the subway much less useful for
relatively short trips.
Country Location Name Start of
Construction
Planned of
Opening
Qatar Doha Doha
Metro
2013 2019
Iran Qom Qom Metro 2010 2015
Saudi
Arabia
Riyadh Riyadh
Metro
2014 2019
India Chennai Chennai
Metro
2010 2015
Table 2 Projects under Construction

10. Discussion
The underground subway or metro is expected to provide the shape to future
transport network. Therefore, it is important to under know the infrastructure of the
underground subway or metro system in Pakistan.
Infrastructure
Most metro systems are electrical compound units with lengths from three to over
ten cars. Power is commonly delivered by a third rail or by overhead wires. Most run
on conventional steel railway tracks, although some use rubber tires. Rubber tires
allow sharper inclines and a softer ride, but have higher maintenance expenses and
are less energy efficient. They also lose traction when weather conditions are wet or
ice-cold. Moreover, the infrastructure of the underground tube in Pakistan would be
planned in such a way that the monitoring system must be tailor made to suit
applications and critical parameters such as “Rate of movement, extent of influence
and need of accuracy”. Fibre optics strain measurements and sensors will be used
because it is unresponsive to electromagnetic interference, durable and chemically
inert, low transmission loss, distributed sensing and Low cost.
The above figure will show the method of how the fibre strain measurement would be
calculated and what procedure will be followed and why what and how the fibre
sensor will be used.
 Range (5-10 km)
 Resolution 30 µε (0.003%)
Figure 6 Fibre Strain Measurements

11. System
The subway system will work in such a way that it will be a zone fare System which
will be planned by its charges. People will use contactless smart card or oyster which
will be embedded with RFID chip, which would be loaded while travelling. Peoples
will touch in before the start of the journey and at the end of the ride. However, the
underground will be patrolled or guarded by both the uniformed and ticket inspector
with hand-held card readers to check passengers, who are travelling with a valid
ticket and those who are travelling with invalid ticket would be fined. The public will
have rights to access to all the information on the subway by visiting the websites,
information reception before travelling which would tell them about the delays,
postpones, interruptions etc.

12. Figure 8 Smart Card And Oyster
Design
The underground tubes are designed in such a way that it focuses on the safety and
on the sensor deployed in such a way that it could be easy for a communication in
distance, no delays, no postpones, no interruption, and no other criteria.
The following shows the design we focus on sensor deployed for underground
tunnels:
Figure 9 Sensors

13. Figure 10 Cables and System
The figure here emphases on the cables and the system. This picture shows the final
application of the system.
Figure 11 Final Application

14. Conclusion
The tube’s greatest strengths are its efficiency and simplicity of navigation. It is used
and preferred for both sensitive and coherent reasons. Therefore, the conclusion is
that as the Subway system is necessary in Pakistan, it is also important that with the
good planning, understanding the strategy and keeping our population in mind we
have to see how it is benefiting the budget, economy of our country.
Recommendation
As per the rules and regulation must be followed it is important for our people to
obey the laws for mass transit system. If the laws are not followed not only it will
create problem but also will affect the economy. With the security cameras are more
I would recommend that a penalty should be charge to those who break rules. It
would then make more people understand with this much population it is significant
that procedures should be followed. My recommendation to the government is that
focusing on this will not just attract more tourist but will also increase its standard.

15. References
 “Travel-cards make way for oyster ”.BBC News. 30 June 2003. Retrieved 7
March 2012.
 "Where can I buy my ticket?" Transport for London. January 2012. Retrieved 18
June 2014.
 Murray, Dick (23 August 2002).Tube”. London Evening Standard. Retrieved 31
March 2013.
 "Northern line extension". Transport for London. 2013. Archived from the
original on 3 December 2013.
 Smith, Stephen J. (6 January 2014). "New Starts: Shanghai Metro World’s
Longest, Panama Canal Drama, Japan’s Maglev". Next City. Retrieved 2014-09-
21
 Rapid Transit". Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2014-11-28.