Business and Society KTU First Trimester MBA

3. An ecosystem, is a community of plants and animals interacting with
each other in a given area, and also with their non-living environments.
The non-living environments include weather, earth, sun, soil, climate
and atmosphere.

4. A renewable resource is a substance of economic value that can be
replaced or replenished in the same or less amount of time as it takes to
draw the supply down. Some renewable resources have essentially an
endless supply, such as solar energy, wind energy and geothermal
pressure

5. A nonrenewable resource is a resource of economic value that cannot be
readily replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption.
Most fossil fuels, such as oil, natural gas and coal are considered
nonrenewable resources in that their use is not sustainable because their
formation takes billions of years.

6.  Forest
 Water
 Minerals
 Land & Food
 Energy

7. Natural resources are generally defined as all those things given by
nature on, above and under the surface of the earth. In this broad sense
natural resources include land, water, forests, fisheries and animals,
mineral ores and sources of energy like coal, petroleum, gas and
uranium, etc.

8. 1. Land Resources:
In terms of area India ranks seventh in the world with a total area
of 32, 87.263 sq. km. (32.87 crore hectare). It accounts for 2.42% of
total area of the world. In absolute terms India is really a big country.
However, land man ratio is not favourable because of the huge
population size.
Land utilisation figures are available for about 92.9% of total
geographical area, that is, for 3,287.3 lakh hectare. Forest constitutes
21.02 per cent of the total geographical area of country. Out of a total
land area of 304.2 million hectares about 170.0 million hectares is under
cultivation.

9. 3. Mineral Resources
Iron-Ore:
India possesses high quality iron-ore in abundance. The total reserves of
iron-ore in the country are about 14.630 million tonnes of haematite and
10,619 million tonnes of magnetite. Haematite iron is mainly found in
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Goa and Karnataka.
The major deposit of magnetite iron is available at western coast of
Karnataka. Some deposits of iron ore are also found in Kerala, Tamil
Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.

10. Coal and Lignite:
Coal is the largest available mineral resource. India ranks
third in the world after China and USA in the realm of coal
production. The main centers of coal in India arc the West
Bengal - Bihar region. Madhya Pradesh. Maharashtra, Odisha
and Andhra Pradesh.
Bulk of the coal production comes from Bengal-Jharkhand
coalfields.

11. Bauxite:
Bauxite is a main source of metal like aluminum.
The areas of bauxite deposits in India are: Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand,
Goa, Gujarat, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka. Kerala, Chhattisgarh,
Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.
Major reserves are concentrated in the Fast Coast bauxite deposits of
Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.

12. Mica:
Mica is a heat resisting mineral which is also a bad conductor
of electricity. It is used in electrical equipment's as an
insulator. India stands first in sheet mica production and
contributes 60% of mica trade in the world.
The important mica bearing pegmatite occurs in Andhra
Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar and Rajasthan.

13. Crude Oil:
Oil is being explored in India at many places of Assam and
Gujarat. Digboi, liadarpur, Naharkatia, Kasimpur, Palliaria,
Rudrapur, Shivsagar, Mourn (All in Assam) and Hay of
Khambhat, Ankaleshwar and Kalol (All in Gujarat) are the
important places of oil exploration in India.

14. Gold:
India possesses only a limited gold reserve. There are only
three main gold mine regions—Kolar Goldfield, Kolar district
and Hutti Goldfield in Raichur district (both in Karnataka) and
Ramgiri Goldfield in Anantpur district (Andhra Pradesh).

15. Diamond:
The total reserves of diamond is estimated at around 4582
thousand carats which are mostly available in panna (Madhya
Pradesh). Rammallakota of Kurnur district of Andhra Pradesh
and also in the Basin of Krishna River.

16. Limestone:
Limestone is available almost in all the slates of the country and every
state contributes in its production. Andhra Pradesh is the leading state
followed by Rajasthan, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Odisha,
Chhattisgarh and Tamil Nadu.

17. Manganese:
Manganese is used in the production of steel and other iron compounds.
The total resources of manganese ore in the country are placed at 379
million tonnes. Its maximum deposit is found in Karnataka. Besides,
Odisha, Madhya Pradesh. Maharashtra and Goa also possess relatively
larger deposits of manganese. Some deposits are also found in Andhra
Pradesh, Jharkhand, Gujarat and West Bengal:

18. Copper:
As per United Nations Framework Classification (UNFC), the total
resources of copper ore are placed at 1.39 billion tonnes with a metal
content of 11,418 thousand tonnes. Important copper producing areas are
Singhbum (Bihar), Balaghat (Madhya Pradesh), Jhunjhunu and Alwar
(Rajasthan). Khammam (Andhra Pradesh), Chitradurga and Hasan
districts of Karnataka and Sikkim.

19. Barytes:
It is a colourless or white mineral which consists barium sulphate.
Barium metal is obtained from barytes. As per UNFC, India has got
74 million tonnes deposits of barytes as on April 1, 2005 which arc
mostly available in Mangampet of Cuddapah district of Andhra
Pradesh.

20. Chromite:
It is a mineral of brown black shade with which chromium and its other
compounds are prepared.
Chromite deposits of economic significance occur in Andhra Pradesh.
Bihar, Karnataka. Maharashtra, Manipur, Odisha and Tamil Nadu. The
largest share (about 96%) of the total geographical resource is
accounted by Cuttack district in Odisha.

21. Dolomite:
It is mostly a colourless mineral (sometimes white or pink) which is the
main source of calcium magnesium carbonate. Magnesium and its
compounds arc obtained from dolomite.
As per UNFC, the reserves of all types of dolomite are estimated at
7.533 million tonnes which are mostly found in Odisha, Madhya
Pradesh, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.

22. Fluorspar:
It is a shining mineral which contains calcium fluoride. Fluorine and its
compounds are obtained from fluorspar. This mineral is mainly available
in Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.

23. Gypsum:
Gypsum is a colourless or white mineral which contains calcium
sulphate. It is used in the production of cement and plaster of Paris. Most
of its deposits arc found in Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Jammu & Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat.

24. Graphite:
It is a crystalline form of carbon which is used in making pencils and
electrodes. Graphite is also used as a lubricant and moderator in atomic
reactors. It contains carbon between 10 to 40%. Odisha is the main
graphite producing state.

25. ILMENITE:
It is a black coloured mineral having some magnetic property. It contains
iron titanium oxide with which titanium and titanium dioxide are
obtained. As per Department of Atomic Energy, the total deposits of
ilmenite in the country are estimated to be 461.37 million tonnes which
arc mostly found in the sands of eastern and western coast.
Kerala, Odisha and Tamil Nadu are the states having abundant reserves
of ilmenite.

26. Kaolin:
It is a white mineral used in making porcelain and bone china. It is also
used in making medicine.
Jharkhand, Gujarat, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Kerala, Haryana, Odisha
and Andhra Pradesh are kaolin producing states.
Bone China : mixes cow bone ash into the ceramic material

27. Lead and Zinc:
The main deposits of lead and zinc are found mostly in Rajasthan,
Meghalaya, Gujarat, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Odisha and Sikkim, but 95% of known reserves are
centralised in Rajasthan and Gujarat.

28. Nickel:
Nickel is mostly available in Cuttack, Kyonjhar and Mayurbhanj districts
of Odisha. Sukinda region of Cuttack district contains maximum deposits
of nickel. As per UNFC, the total resources of nickel ore have been
estimated at 189 million tonnes. About 92% resources are in Odisha and
remaining 8% are distributed in Jharkhand, Nagaland and Karnataka.

29. Phosphate Minerals:
Phosphate minerals are of different types—phosphorite deposits are
available in Chhattarpur, Sagar and Jhabua districts of Madhya Pradesh,
Udaipur, Jaisalmer and Banswada districts of Rajasthan, Dehradun and
Tehri districts of Uttarakhand and Lalitpur district of Uttar Pradesh.

30. Tungsten:
The main deposits are at Degana (Rajasthan) it is also found in Haryana,
Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and
Uttarakhand.

31. Magnesite:
India possesses abundant reserves of magnesite. Magnesite is an
important refractory metal which is used in making fire bricks. It
contains magnesium carbonate. Magnesium is also obtained from its
processing.

32. Fireclay:
It is used in making bricks. The reserves are mostly available in
Gondawana coal regions and basins.
Jharkhand, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal
and Chhattisgarh are the states where fire clay is abundantly available.

33. Energy conservation is the effort made to reduce the consumption of
energy by using less of an energy service. This can be achieved either
by using energy more efficiently (using less energy for a constant
service) or by reducing the amount of service used (for example, by
driving less).
Energy conservation reduces the need for energy services and can result
in increased environmental quality, national security, personal financial
security and higher savings

34. Conservation is the process of reducing demand on a limited supply and
enabling that supply to begin to rebuild itself. Many times the best way
of doing this is to replace the energy used with an alternate.

35. Energy conservation refers to reducing energy through using
less of an energy service.
Energy conservation differs from efficient energy use, which
refers to using less energy for a constant service.
For example, driving less is an example of energy
conservation.
Driving the same amount with a higher mileage vehicle is an
example of energy efficiency.

38. Agriculture sector:
 Air: drift of agricultural chemicals (pesticides, herbicides,
fungicides, fertilizers), pollen, & dust
 Water: runoff of agrochemicals to surface waters; percolation to
groundwater; silting of water
 Land: erosion, depletion of organic material & organisms
Human: toxicity of chemical; loss of soil

39. Mining sector:
 Air: particulates from surface mining & transportation; noxious &
toxic fumes from smelting
 Water: runoff from mines and waste disposal
 Land: dumping of tailings & processed wastes; disruption of
agriculture, forestry, recreation

40. Tourism sector impact on environment
Air emissions
Noise
 Solid waste and littering
Releases of sewage Oil and chemicals
Architectural/Visual Pollution

41. Healthcare activities result in the generation of waste and air or water
pollution
Healthcare operations also generate a wide variety of hazardous waste,
such as chemicals, mercury, solvents, waste anesthetic gases etc.

47.  Acid Rain (Kill Trees & Plants)
 Breathing Problem
 Diseases
 Contaminated Water
 Ozone Layer Depletion
 Global Warming

49. Prevention of air pollution:
 Using smokeless sources of energy like smokeless stoves, which use
biogas, solar energy, etc.
 Using devices for filtering smoke in chimneys of factories and
powerhouses
 Planting more trees.
 Locating industries away from residential areas.
 Strictly checking pollution levels in automobiles’ exhaust emission.

50. Prevention of water pollution:
Water Pollution is caused by dumping of domestic sewage, industrial
wastes and detergents into water bodies and flow of harmful chemicals
like insecticides, herbicides in water.
 Adequate sewage and industrial waste treatment in sewage treatment
plants before dumping them into river bodies.
 Recycling-various products should be recycled instead of dumping
them into rivers, e.g., biogas can be made from city waste.

51. Prevention of land pollution:
Land Pollution is caused by solid wastes like city wastes, crop residues,
and industrial wastes like fly ash, chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides
and polythene bags.
 Proper solid waste disposal like sanitary landfill.
 Using limited amounts of fertilizers and pesticides.
 Avoiding polythene bags.

52. The climate change phenomenon refers to seasonal changes over a long
period with respect to the growing accumulation of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere.

53. The three main categories of climate change impact on human health are:
 Direct impact (e.g. as a result of heat waves, large-scale air pollution,
natural disasters).
 Impact on ecosystems and environmental relationships (e.g. damage
to agricultural crops, over abundance of mosquitoes and depletion of
marine species).
 Indirect impact (e.g. poverty, displacement, conflict over resources
such as water, post-disaster epidemics).

55. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
The IPCC is the umbrella organization that articulates not only
the consensus among climate scientists, but also the breadth of
opinion among them. It assembles and synthesizes the work of
some 2,000 scientists in scores of disciplines from about 150
countries.

56. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
The UNFCCC is a treaty that was negotiated at the 1992 Earth Summit
in Rio-de-Janiero, was ratified by some 189 countries, and went into
effect in March 1994. It initially had no mandatory controls or deadlines.
The 1997 Kyoto Protocol, which did set mandatory limits, was an add-
on to the UNFCCC.

57. Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol (1992) is a plan created by the United Nations
for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that
tries to reduce the effects of climate change, such as global warming. It
is called the Kyoto Protocol because it was made in Kyoto, Japan.

58. World Meteorological Organization
The WMO is the U.N.-based international organization for
cooperation among national weather agencies on all sorts of
weather-related projects, including the instrument
observations at a vast network of weather stations that
provide basic data on climate.

59. United Nations Environment Programme
UNEP is the administrative umbrella for most major UN environmental
efforts, including those on climate change. Their site is a good place to
look for current and upcoming events, reports, and documents.