Tugas Biomakromolekul

1. DEFISIENSI DAN KELEBIHAN
MINERAL Fe

2. PENDAHULUAN
Fe
Defisiensi Fe Kelebihan Fe
 Anemia
 Gangguan fungsional
tubuh
 Keracunan

3. PEMBAHASAN
FUNGSI Fe
 Oxygen Transport & Storage
o Hemoglobin
o Mioglobin
 Transport Elektron & Metabolisme Energi
o Sitokrom
o Protein Fe-S
 Substrat Oksidasi & Reduksi
– Tergantung Enzim Besi-
Ribonukleat reductase
Asam amino oxidase
Asam lemak desaturase
Oksida nitrat sintase
Peroksidase
 Regulasi Intraseluler Besi

4. Flavoprotein
Hemeproteins
Fe-sulfur
Nzms
Fe
Nzms lain
Other Fe
Proteins
Fe-Containing
Proteins
Transferrin
&
Others
Ferritin
&
Hemosiderin
Nzms lainHeme
Flavoprotein
Hemoglobin
Nzms lain
Besi
Mengaktifkan
Nzms
2Fe-2S
4Fe-4S
Nzms
Myoglobin Cytochromes Other Nzms
Fungsi Fe

5. Distribution
Compound Male (mg/kg) Female
(mg/kg)
Functional Hemoglobin 31 26
Myoglobin 4 3
Heme Nzm 1 1
Nonheme Nzm 1 1
Transferrin Iron 0.05 0.05
Total 37 (74%) 33 (87%)
Storage Ferritin 9 4
Hemosiderin 4 1
Total 13 (26%) 5 (13%)
Body Total mg/kg 50 38
Handbook of Nutritionally Essential Mineral Elements

6. DistributionIronRequirementmg/day
6
5
4
3
2
1
Body Iron Loss
Fetus
Menstruation
Menstruation
Lactation
Red Cells
Non gravid 1st 2nd 3rd
Trimester
Postpartum

7. Absorption
Nonheme
1. Iron solublized and
ionized by stomach acid
2. Chelation with small molecular
weight compounds and mucin
3. Iron chelates pass through
unstirred water layer bind to
surface proteins and
are internalized
4. Absorption all along
the small intestine, but
highest in duodenum
Heme
1. Protein digestion of
hemoglobin and
myoglobin releases heme
2. Heme transported as
such into the cell

8. Absorption
Duodenal Lumen Duodenal Mucosa Plasma
B2-microglobulin
HFE
DMT1
B3 integrin
Mucin
Fe++
Fe++ Fe++
Fe2+
Fe3+
Mobilferritin
Heme-
Protein
Heme
+
Polypeptides
Heme
Biliverdin Bilirubin Bilirubin
CO CO
paraferritin
Fe2+ Fe2+
Fe3+
Transferritin
Ceruloplasmin
Ferroportin

9. Mineral Interactions
Mn
Fe
CuZn
(-)

10. Iron Deficiency
Subtle symptoms unless anemia is severe (hemoglobin <70g/L)
Mainly three identified (from least to most severe)
 Storage iron depletion
Only iron store is depleted
 Early functional iron deficiency
Iron store is depleted and functional iron is low but not low
enough to cause measurable anemia
 Iron deficiency anemia
Impaired tissue oxygenation, reduced work ability
Responsible for many maternal death at parturition
Impaired oxidative metabolism in muscle
shift to gluconeogenesis and lactate utilization (acidosis)
Behavioral and Intellectual Defects
Body temperature regulation impaired

11. Deficiency Signs
Koilonychia
“Spoon Nails”
Glossitis
Angular Stomatitis

12. Iron Excess & Toxicity
Acute toxicity - overload transferrin, strong acids produced by Fe/HCl in stomach
kill GI tract
Bloody vomit and stools
Systemic effects from conversion of ferrous to ferric and release of protons
Iron Excess & Toxicity
Chronic Iron Toxicity
Hemosiderosis - excess iron in hemosiderin
Hemochromotosis - excess iron in fibrotic tissue damage
common causes = excess ingestion or transfusion
Genetic hyper absorption - Hemochromatosis
3-4/100 of European descent
Cirrhosis, diabetes, heart failure, arthritis, sexual dysfunction
Transferrin saturation good screening test