GOING OPEN: The Case for OER & Open Policies
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This document discusses the case for open educational resources (OER) and open policies. It notes that textbook costs have risen much faster than inflation and tuition, putting financial pressure on students. OER provide free and openly licensed alternatives to traditional textbooks. They can be customized, translated, and made accessible. The document advocates for publicly funded educational resources to be openly licensed as well. It provides examples of open policies from the White House and California community colleges. Overall, the document makes the argument that OER and open policies can help reduce costs for students and increase access to educational materials.
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GOING OPEN: The Case for OER & Open Policies
- 1. GOING OPEN The Case for Open Education Resources and Open Policies Sponsored by Join the conversation on Twitter: #goingopen28 April 2015
- 2. Dr. Cable Green Director of Global Learning cable@creativecommons.org twitter: @cgreen #goingopen
- 3. Before We Begin • We are using Adobe Connect. Please enter questions in the text field at the bottom of the Q&A Window. We are monitoring the discussion and will try to bring the Q&A comments into the conversation. • We will not use the “raise your hand” feature. • We are recording the webinar; the webinar archive and slides will be available under a CC BY 4.0 license Join the conversation on Twitter: #goingopen Q & A
- 4. Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
- 5. Poll #1 (please check only one) Are you familiar with or have you used a Creative Commons (CC) license or CC content: A. I have never heard of CC licenses. B. I know of CC licensing but have not used CC licensed materials C. I have used CC licensed materials. D. I share my work and have also used CC licensed materials.
- 6. Figure 1: Estimated Increases in New College Textbook Prices, College Tuition and Fees, and Overall Consumer Price Inflation, 2002 to 2012
- 8. State Funding Tuition Revenue US Public Higher Education Funding - $/Undergrad FTE Data source: State Higher Education Officers Association Slide source: @dernst, adapted under CCBY
- 9. Incredible Financial Pressure Incredible Financial Pressure
- 11. Physics: Principles With Applications, 7th Edition by Douglas C. Giancoli
- 15. Average Estimated Undergraduate Budgets, 2014-15 Source: College Board Books & Supplies = $1,328
- 16. There is a direct relationship between textbook costs and student success 60%+ do not purchase textbooks at some point due to cost 50% take fewer courses due to textbook cost 31% choose not to register for a course due to textbook cost 23% regularly go without textbooks due to cost 14% have dropped a course due to textbook cost 10% have withdrawn from a course due to textbook cost Source: 2012 student survey by Florida Virtual Campus www.projectkaleidoscope.org
- 17. How are your students supposed to learn with materials they can’t afford and are not buying?
- 18. Cost of “Copy” For one 250 page book: • Copy by hand - $1,000 • Copy by print on demand - $4.90 • Copy by computer - $0.00084 CC BY: David Wiley, Lumen
- 19. Cost of “Distribute” For one 250 page book: • Distribute by mail - $5.20 • $0 with print-on-demand (2000+ copies) • Distribute by internet - $0.00072 CC BY: David Wiley, Lumen
- 20. Copy and Distribute (and storage) are “Free” This changes everything CC BY: David Wiley, Lumen
- 21. Except We Can’t © forbids copying, distributing, and editing
- 22. © Cancels the Possibilities of digital media and the internet
- 23. Internet/ Tech Enables what to do? Copyright Forbids
- 25. Nonprofit organization Free copyright licenses Founded in 2001 Operates worldwide
- 27. Step 1: Choose Conditions Attribution ShareAlike NonCommercial NoDerivatives
- 28. Step 2: Receive a License
- 29. most free least free Not OER OER
- 32. Wikipedia: Over 77,000 contributors working on over 22 million articles in 285 languages
- 33. 175+ Million CC Licensed Photos on Flickr
- 34. CERN releases photos under a Creative Commons License CC-BY-SA
- 36. Open Educational Resources including: open textbooks
- 37. Poll #2 (check only one) Are you familiar with or have you used Open Educational Resources (OER) in your courses? A. I have never heard of OER until today. B. I know about OER, but have never used OER materials for my courses. C. I have used OER materials for one or more of my courses. D. I have used OER materials and have also made my course materials available as OER.
- 38. OER are teaching, learning, and research materials that reside in the public domain or have been released under an open license that permits their free use and re-purposing by others.
- 43. / Open Textbooks
- 44. A Growing Library CC BY: OpenStax College
- 45. Received funding to provide faculty development on your campus: - The impacts of high textbook costs - Open textbooks as a solution - Stipends for faculty reviews of open textbooks The OpenTextbook Initiative University of Minnesota For more information: http://z.umn.edu/opentextbooks
- 47. CC-BY licensed textbooks for university courses
- 48. • We must get rid of our “not invented here” others’ content –move to: "proudly borrowed from there" • Content is not a strategic advantage • Nor can we (or our students) afford it WA Community Colleges:
- 49. – English Composition I – 60,000+ enrollments / year – x $175 textbook – = $10.5 Million every year
- 51. Does it make any sense that WA State and K- 12 Districts together spend $130M/year on textbooks and the results are: • Books are (on average) 7-10 years out of date • Paper only / no digital versions. • Students can’t write / highlight in books • Students can’t keep books at end of year • All rights reserved… teachers can’t update • Parents pay for lost paper books…
- 54. Open Policy
- 55. Publicly funded resources should be openly licensed resources.
- 56. White House issues directive supporting public access to publicly funded research
- 57. $2 billion over four years CC BY required
- 58. California Community Colleges require Creative Commons Attribution for Chancellor’s Office Grants & Contracts
- 61. Resources and References Find OER: https://open4us.org/find-oer Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJWbVt2Nc-I Article: • http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/news/2012/02/07/11167/dramatically -bringing-down-the-cost-of-education-with-oer OER Research • Overview: http://openedgroup.org/review • http://www.onlinelearningsurvey.com/oer.html OpenTextbooks: • OpenStax: http://openstaxcollege.org/books • CK12: www.ck12.org Open Simulations: https://phet.colorado.edu OER Chapter: http://www.educause.edu/library/resources/chapter-6-why-openness-education
- 62. Credits ● Open Policy Network slides – from TimVollmer @ Creative Commons ● Big idea Icon - from the Noun Project, Public Domain ● Blueprint Icon - by Dimitry Sokolov, from The Noun Project - CC BY ● Check List Icon - by fabrice dubuy, from The Noun Project - CC BY ● Hackathon - by Iconathon 2012 - CC0 ● Question Icon - by Rémy Médard, from The Noun Project - CC BY
- 63. Dr. Cable Green Director of Global Learning cable@creativecommons.org twitter: @cgreen
Editor's Notes
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- Big remix – with special thanks to: David Wiley Nicole Allen Dave Ernst David Harris <number>
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- Source http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-13-368 <number>
- Copyrighted image from http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/12/30/peter-thiels-graph-of-the-year/ <number>
- Data Source: http://www.sheeo.org/resources/publications/shef-%E2%80%94-state-higher-education-finance-fy13 Slide Source: http://www.slideshare.net/djernst <number>
- CC BY photo from https://www.flickr.com/photos/peasap/4684467836 <number>
- Source http://www.studentpirgs.org/sites/student/files/reports/A-Cover-To-Cover-Solution_4.pdf <number>
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- Source http://uncg.bncollege.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/BNCBTBListView <number>
- Source http://www.coursesmart.com/macroeconomics-fifth-edition/stephen-d-williamson/dp/9780132992787 <number>
- Public facing – we’re a learning company – don’t care about textbooks Private strategy – fight a “rear guard strategy” and profit as long as possible from high textbook costs <number>
- Data and image source: http://trends.collegeboard.org/college-pricing/figures-tables/average-estimated-undergraduate-budgets-2014-15 8% total, 17% tuition <number>
- 2 in 3 Students say they decided against buying a textbook because the cost is too high 1 in 2 Students say they have at some point taken fewer courses due to the cost of textbooks Source http://www.uspirg.org/reports/usp/fixing-broken-textbook-market <number>
- It has become clear that the cost of textbooks has reached a point where there are two classes of students: those who can afford reliable access to their course materials, and those who cannot. - Nicole Allen, SPARC <number>
- Clearly, the Internet has empowered us to copy and share with an efficiency never before known or imagined. However, long before the Internet was invented, copyright law began regulating the very activities the Internet makes essentially free (copying and distributing). Consequently, the Internet was born at a severe disadvantage, as preexisting laws discouraged people from realizing the full potential of the network. <number>
- CC-BY slide by David Wiley <number>
- CC-BY slide by David Wiley <number>
- Revised from CC-BY slide by David Wiley <number>
- CC is the law catching up with the way the internet actually works. <number>
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- CC-BY image by Creative Commons <number>
- CC-BY image by Creative Commons <number>
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- Revised CC-BY slide by David Wiley <number>
- CC licensed OER address language and accessibility concerns OER 800 MIT OCW courses have been translated into languages other than English, all without needing to ask permission from the copyright holder Open textbooks can be converted into accessible formats, such as audiobooks and Braille refresh; no additional royalty costs since the rights are pre-cleared via the CC license
- CC licensed open textbooks is one solution to enable creativity, customizability, keep materials up to date, and make learning materials more affordable CK-12 has produced several open textbooks called “flexbooks”, and their Physics Flexbook is in use in Virginia high schools; developed and delivered within 6 months a professor at the UMICH School of Information, took an existing Computer Science Python textbook that was licensed under an open license and remixed the book in only 11 days, Michigan’s espresso book machine printed copies for $10
- We will expand to have an additional 8 books by the end of this year. In fact Statistics and the three Econ titles have already published year. In order to handle this load we scaled our production team to be able to run many more books in parallel. Our first five books took nearly 3 years to complete, but Stats and econ were completed in just under 1 ½ And we will have four more available by the end of this year. As you know, writing a textbook is not easy and takes quite a bit of time, but we have been working to maximize our efficiencies to get more books in to the hands of the students who need them as quickly as possible, without sacrificing quality. <number>
- 2 hour workshop = 37% (conversion rate to adopting an open textbook) 66% of those who (1) attended the workshop AND (2) wrote a review <number>
- “Tidewater Community College in Virginia has developed a two-year Business Administration degree program that uses OER in every course, which enables students to graduate without spending a single dollar on textbooks. The college estimates that by leveraging OER, the so-called “Z-Degree” cuts the cost of attendance for students by about a third. A few months ago I spoke with Melissa Hoch, a single mother of two who had taken courses as part of Tidewater's program. She said that the money she saved on textbooks allowed her to put braces on her daughter, which she could not have done otherwise. This is just one example of the tough choices students are forced to make because of the added cost of textbooks.” Testimony of Nicole Allen, Director of Open Education, SPARC New York City Council Higher Education Committee College Textbook Affordability Hearing September 30, 2014 Tidewater Community College (2014). TCC’s Textbook Free Degree Garners National Attention [press release]. Retrieved from: http://www.tcc.edu/news/press/2014/zdegreecbn.htm. <number>
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- What about something small – local? Do open policies make sense on a smaller scale? Even one open textbook for a top 100 course makes sense. But WA should (a) ask if anyone else has already done this and openly licensed it (e.g., CK12), (b) alert other states / countries that it is going to make this investment and share. <number>
- One of the earliest major programs to pursue open textbooks as a textbook affordability strategy comes from Washington State. The state legislature recognized that most of the enrollments in community and technical colleges were concentrated in a small number of courses, and therefore state student financial aid was being used to purchase the same textbooks over and over again each year. So, the legislature appropriated funding for a program called the Open Course Library to outfit the system’s 81 largest enrollment courses with OER and other low-cost materials that faculty could optionally use. So far it has saved students an estimated $8.3 million dollars to date, more than quadruple the state’s initial investment. Those savings will only continue to grow as more colleges, students and instructors make use of the materials. Allen, Nicole (2014). Back to Facts: Washington's Open Course Library [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.sparc.arl.org/blog/back-facts-washingtons-open-course-library <number>
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- White House Public Access Policy Effort to return scholarly publishing to its original purpose: to spread knowledge and allow that knowledge to be built upon. policy introduced Feb 22, 2013 allowable embargo 12 months 19 federal agencies agencies must coordinate and have plans in place by Aug 22, 2013 John Holdren, Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, “has directed Federal agencies with more than $100M in R&D expenditures to develop plans to make the published results of federally funded research freely available to the public within one year of publication and requiring researchers to better account for and manage the digital data resulting from federally funded scientific research.” --------------- Open Access FASTR legislation introduced Feb 14, 2013 public access to publicly funded research after allowable 6 month embargo federal agencies with extramural research over $100M/year State level California passed Assembly, now debated in Senate 12 month embargo Illinois New York OER new U.S. GAO report shows textbooks becoming increasingly expensive (textbook costs to students at higher education institutions are rising 6% per year on average, and have risen 82% over the last decade). Openly licensed textbooks can be a piece of the solution. California Senate Bill 520 - http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB520 This bill would establish the California Online Student Access Incentive Grant program. The bill would require the online courses supported by incentive grant funds to be placed in the California Virtual Campus. Online courses means educational materials that been released with an intellectual property license that permits their free use or repurposing by others. Open Data Obama Executive Order on Open Data Project Open Data Open licenses (aligned with Open Knowledge Definition) may be used by agencies for data outside of that in public domain under Section 105 <number>
- Thank you. <number>