Law And The Institutions Of The European Communities

Law And The Institutions Of The European Communities
In this book which was entitled, Law and the Institutions of the European Communities, written by D. Lasok and J. W. Bridge, examined the
background and development of law, principles, and inter–relations within the European Communities. World War I and II having caused drastic
economic devastation in Europe, these communities concluded that it would be more expedient, efficient, and productive to come up with a system of
working with and not against each other. This books primary purpose is to explain the many different laws and programs created to better the European
Communities ability to work together in a post–war era. It argues that not only were these institutions beneficial, but necessary to prevent the demise of
every European ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Factoring in Nationalism, each nation also wanted to claim lands that were highly populated with individuals who had ancestral ties to these nations.
While unification has always been a dream of the European empires, many of the procedures carried out by political and military leaders were to
force specific ideals and practices that were not necessarily accepted by each individual nation. Two key political movements in the pre–war time
period were ". . . (The) ideologies, Communism and Nazism. . . " (Lasok and Bridge 3). That being said conquest and the effects of conquest led to
many confrontations between these individual nations. One of the key players of this time period was Adolf Hitler ultimately unleashed World War II
(3). Eventually with many battles, World War I and II caused drastic economic devastation in Europe. Lasok and Bridge put it best when they say
"Europe was reduced to smoldering heaps of rubble, physically and politically. These communities concluded that it would be more expedient, efficient,
and productive to come up with a system of working with and not against each other.
Now that Europe has finally concluded that War was not an effective way to deal with one another they had to come to up with better alternatives to
deal with inter–state conflict. In fact most of this book examines the many laws and procedures carried out to prevent another World War. What this
reader assumed most interesting about this book was the fact that even
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Churches of Cherokee Essay
There are many challenges to ministry in today's world and having a vital and relevant ministry is even harder. Churches across all denominations face
drastic declines in both attendees and financial giving. With this as the background, it is imperative that vital ministries seek out opportunities to grow
and engage groups and communities that have previously been overlooked, missed or not involved for other reasons including some theological
reasons. With this idea and goal in mind, this essay sets out to examine and design a process by which the Churches of Cherokee, Oklahoma can
successfully connect with and minster to the new Hispanic community in Cherokee. Using the pastoral cycle method, a process will be designed in this
essay to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, action is the last step in the process before the process begins again. Action is the considered response from the organization to answer the
need or experience that was discovered during the experience portion of the cycle. While on the surface this appears to be a simple four step process,
however, when used to the fullest extent the cycle of examination never really stops, the ministry is always at one point or the other within the cycle. (1)
The context chosen for this essay is the intercultural needs of Cherokee, Oklahoma. The community of Cherokee is primarily a rural agricultural and
ranching community. This community was settled during the Oklahoma land run of 1893 primarily by immigrants of German decent. (2) However, in
the past two years the community has seen a population explosion due to the new oil production method called fracking. With this discovery more
than three thousand oil field workers have moved into and around Alfalfa County and the city of Cherokee. While many of these workers return to
homes on the weekend a large portion of those workers have moved their families into Cherokee and the surrounding communities. One of the primary
ethnic groups represented in this group are Hispanic. One of the key issues facing the churches, social services and schools of Cherokee is language as
this ethnic group is primarily Spanish speaking. Other issues include outreach

Britain as an Awkward Partner in the European Community...
Britain as an Awkward Partner in the European Community
Britain emerged from the war in a relatively favourable position, compared to its European neighbours. In 1946 industrial production was as high as at
any time pre–war, and increasing quite fast. By the end of the year exports had regained their pre–war level along with this there was little
unemployment and retail prices remained fairly stable. All this contrasted strongly with the situation in France, Germany and Italy. Indeed in the late
1940's and into the early 1950's Britain's economy performed better then it's European counterparts. Churchill suggested that France and West Germany
should lead the creation of a new Europe for "justice, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The official line on Britain's non–entry being ,"we are not willing to make prior commitment to a scheme whose terms of membership are unknown."
This also underlines the fact that Britain wanted to continue 'as before' and thought it could, at the time Britain was producing about one half of the
coal and steel in Europe.
Right from the conception of the European union Britain has stood aloof from the union being very cautious and wary. From as far back as the creation
of the European Steel and Coal Community in 1952 Britain has shown its unwillingness and reservations about joining Europe. The ECSC was set up
under the Treaty of Paris in 1951 with 6 countries signing. These countries were France, Italy, Luxemburg, Holland and Belgium. Britain was expected
to join the ECSC but this was not the case. Britain at the time had a far superior economy in strength than the rest of its European counterparts and felt
the union would only inhibit them Economically.
In 1955 a congress was held on the creation of a general customs union, to which Britain did not deem important enough to send more than a civil
servant. However even he was recalled from the conference. This demonstrated the arrogance of Britain at the time that felt that these Treaties and
agreements did not warrant their involvement. Further adding to their

The European Economic Community and the Euro Dollar Essay
The European Economic Community and the Euro Dollar
The European Economic Community (EEC), also known as the common market, was established in 1957 through the treaty of Rome signed between
Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Germany in order to achieve economic cooperation. "It has since worked for the free
movement of labor and capital, the abolition of trusts and cartels, and the development of joint and reciprocal policies on labor, social welfare,
agriculture, transport, and foreign trade." Over the years, monetary union has been suggested by the members of the EEC and was finally attained on
January 1,1999 when eleven European countries, which are now collectively referred to as Euroland, introduced a ... Show more content on
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The Euro is the newly created currency of the European Economic Community, a currency that became legal tender on January 1, 1999. By 2002, euro
notes and coins will replace the Austrian schilling, Belgian franc, Finnish markka, French franc, German mark, Irish punt, Italian lira, Luxembourg
franc, Dutch guilder, Portuguese escudo, and Spanish peseta. These 11 nations will share a common currency, a singlemonetary policy, and a single
foreign exchange rate policy. Currencies not only serve as a standardized value of measurement, so that we have a consistent way of expressing
value, but they also function as an efficient means of payment. Also they serve as a store of value, allowing us to transport wealth easily over a
distance and to store it for indefinite periods of time. There are two main reasons for this monetary union within the EEC (European Economic
Community), one being a political reason and the other an economic reason. The political arguments are that a single currency will further unite the
European alliance, which was formed after WWII, by forcing Europe to act as a whole rather than as single states. This could perhaps eliminate
nationalism and bring unity to this continent, which has been plagued by war twice in the last century. The Economic reasons for the euro project can
be found in the relatively poor performance of the European economies over the last twenty years or more. Europe has, for a long time, suffered form

The European Economic Community ( Eec )
In the aftermath of the 1957 Treaty , the European Economic Community (EEC) was established and customs barriers between the member states have
been abolished. Member States throughout the Community, can "promote a harmonious development of economic activities, a continuous and
balanced expansion, an increased stability, an accelerated raising of the standard of living and closer relations between them". Therefore, in order for a
common market to be established between Member States, the Community enacted some legislative provisions which aimed to a true harmonization of
laws; incorporate different legal systems under a basic legal framework. The main issue arising is whether these legal provisions in accordance with
the case law, ensured the free movement of goods within this market. The idea of common market (or internal) is one of the centrepieces of modern
liberal political thought which aims to promote economic and social progress through the creation of an area without internal frontiers and through the
establishment of economic and monetary union. In this area, the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital must be ensured in accordance
with the provisions of the Treaty. These four 'freedoms' are the vital elements of the internal market and through the years have been a subject of
considerable legal reinforcement. However in order to achieve the four 'freedoms', two main integrations were considered. Positive integration which
aims on the

How Do Sociological And Psychological Needs Affect Form,...
Masters in Design
SDES9211 Culture and Identity
ASSESSMENT TASK II
By Shrestha z5089685
Lecturer Mark Ian Jones
___________________________________________________________________________________
EXAMINING NATIONAL IDENTITY
Research Question:
How do sociological and psychological needs affect form, national identity, and concept in the contemporary world? What is the importance of cultural
identity? And why is it important? These are a few question I would answer in the following study. The objective is to understand the early or modern
concepts representing cultural or national uniqueness. This research proposes, the designs and concepts to be crafted more than being engineered
(Norman D, 1990), so that every culture is unique in itself, and analysing Australian national identity in connection with globalization, culture, art, and
society. Examining greek culture in the previous assignment made us familiar with the concept and will also help to analyze the Australian National
identity.
Outline :
"My path leads to the creation of a fresh perception of the world. I decipher in a new way the world unknown to you" stated by a Russian filmmaker
Dziga Vertov, in a prescient 1923 manifesto,(Vertov 1984, p18). In today's scenario, Industrialisation at its peak has given birth Globalisation widely
recognized since mid–1980's, which means to 'make worldwide scope'. This has also brought about a change as ethnoscapes, financescapes,
technoscapes, ideoscapes have seen an

What Triggers Could Cause The Outbreak / Further...
What triggers could contribute to the outbreak/ further escalation of conflict?
"Politics, plays a very vital role in an intense and violent struggle like the one in Jos. This precipitates inter and intra communal/ethnic conflict". In
order to adequately understand the nature of any, there is the need to understand the possible causes of such crises. From the analysis of scholars in
the field of conflict resolution, causes of conflict can range from historical, mythological and political perspectives to mention a few. Dawan (2004)
traces the root of the crisis in Plateau State to people. He opines that, "the settlers" feel they were being labeled as such in order to be further
marginalized". This feeling among the people instigated the debate on the ownership of Jos. Also, the creation of Local Governments and Federal
Constituencies by the Babangida administration in a lopsided manner gave "the minority Muslim Hausa/Fulani economic and political advantages over
the indigenes; this further fueled the crisis" (the International Conflict Group 2012). Any political machination of this nature can and will always
trigger conflict now or in future.
What new factors contribute to prolonging conflict dynamics?
Ellsworth (1999) discovered that "ethnicity and religious affiliation are the two highest ranked identity makers for a vast majority of Nigerians than
other indices such as state, national, ECOWAS and African identity". Ellsworth research revealed that "northerners are

Essay On European Community Law
The European Union is the unifying power of 28 member states, and consists of many branches of government that fall under intergovernmentalist or
supranationalist functions. One branch that seems to go below the radar is the European Court of Justice, which in reality, has greatly affected the
development of European Community law, and contributed greatly to European integration. As we have seen throughout history, the member states
have been ebbing back and forth between integration and sovereignty, and the states hardly want to give up their national rights, but the European
Court of Justice (ECJ) has proven to be vital to the process European integration. Different sets of case laws set up the precedents of direct effect,
supremacy, and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vertical effect ensures there is a European standard, because the EC law will directly affect all individuals of all member states. This provides a
standard across borders, allowing the free movement of people, capital, goods, services to actually be a reality. Horizontal effects means that
individuals have the right to apply the laws in relation to one another. Since these laws affect every individual, and all individuals must abide by these
laws, all individuals are equal. What greater form of integration is there, than all individuals affected equally under European Community laws? For
direct effect to work in integrating the people of Europe, the people and the states must respect and abide by these laws, which is where supremacy
comes into play.
Without supremacy, there is no direct effect, so when the ECJ coined the principle of supremacy it changed the landscape of European integration
forever. In the case Costa v. ENEL, Costa, a shareholder of an electricity company, refused to pay his electricity bill when the electricity sector went
national. Costa claimed that nationalization violated the Community law, but the ECJ responded by stating nationalization is legal, and that European
Community law rules over national law. Berski states that "nothing should jeopardize the community nature of the European law or undermind the
legal foundation of the EU." To work together as a European Union, the member states must be

Environmental Policy in the European Union
1. INTRODUCTION
In last decade we can notice a trend of constant growth of environmental pollution in Europe and also elsewhere in the world. Every year European
Union produces around 2 billion tone of waste materials and the number is getting 10% bigger every year. There is also a constant increase ofcarbon
dioxide emissions that are a result of increasing consumption of energy and cars. Majority of European Union members is fighting with utmost and
more and more frequent weather conditions, heat waves and floods, that have disastrous outcomes – economic and also for people. Climate changes
have influence on the environment and our everyday lives. Nineties were the most warm decade of century across the globe.
Because of all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason for that was, that at that time the environmental awareness was still on a really low level all around the world. In 1960 none of the
European members had a clearly defined environmental policy of their own. Until 1987 the environment was not a priority for European Community.
Certain environment protection laws were adopted which were supposed to release trading barriers. This laws were intended only for individual
domains – radiation, vehicle gases, packaging and labeling chemicals and so on.
Care about protecting an environment somewhat increased in seventies. In year 1972 the accelerated activities of European Community began with
four action programmes. These were based on vertical and sectoral approach concerning ecological problems. In July 1972 the first Environmental
Action Programme (EAP) covering the period 1973–1976 was adopted at the Paris Summit of the Head of States and Government. Basics of European
Union environmental policy were that special attention would be devoted to protection of environment in frame of economic development and
improvement of life.
In 1973 the Environment & Consumer Protection Committee DGIII and the Committee on the Environment in the European Parliament were
instituted. Second Environmental action programme followed in 1977 and

Pros And Cons Of Nafta
The North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was marked into presence on January first, 1994. It is participation between Mexico, The United
States, and Canada that evacuates duties between the three. It likewise addresses work and ecological worries that advance the improvement of the
states included. The association does not have any genuine chain of importance but rather is essentially a consent to take out duties. Every one of the
three states advantage from this assention, despite the fact that Mexico advantages the most since it is a less created nation and has minimal cash to
pay duties. The hindrance of this assention is that it restricts the facilitated commerce inside a state. NAFTA challenges neighborhood differences since
it wipes out monetary boundaries, which... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It appeared differently in relation to dangerous patriotisms of the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years that started in a superb patriotism and
finished in wars.[8] He followed the starting idea of supranationality back to the nineteenth century, for example, the Postal Union, and the term
supranational is utilized around the season of the First World War. Popular government, which he characterized as 'in the administration of the general
population and acting in concurrence with it,' was a crucial part of a supranational group. Be that as it may, governments just started to hold direct races
to the European Parliament in 1979, and after that not as per the arrangements. A solitary discretionary statute was determined in the settlement for
Europe's first group of coal and steel in 1951. Common society (to a great extent non–political) was to have its own chosen chamber in the Consultative
Committees particular to every Community as fairly concurred, however the procedure was solidified (similar to Europe's parliamentary races) by
Charles de Gaulle and different legislators who restricted the Community

The Treaty Of Rome Established The European Economic...
The Treaty of Rome established the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957. With this treaty member countries goods would not be taxed, but
outsiders' goods would. The member countries of the EEC specialized their products and their economies flourished. Then in 1992 with the Maastricht
treaty a single economy was created along with a single currency (euro) and a regional bank. The EEC established a currency that is a major player in
international business. The single currency is good on the domestic level because it eliminates the differing exchange rates between individual
countries, which in turn encourage customers to travel and shop in different countries.
The Maastricht treaty laid out certain, strict qualifications a state had to meet in order to join the European Union; these requirements were to prove that
the nation's economy was strong. Despite the entering guidelines, a single currency cannot fulfill the needs of differing countries in the real world. A
major issue of the Euro was a low interest rate, which caused many countries to borrow a large amount of money in order to pay off their national
debts; Starting in 2008 and continuing today some countries have started defaulting on their loans and have called for a bailout. Of the nineteen
countries that currently use the euro as currency, several have called for a bailout such as Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and Cyprus. (European
Union, "The Euro")
Greece was the twelfth country to join the European

The Treaty Of Paris And Germany Essay
It was 1945 when the treaty to officially end the second world war was signed but that was just the beginning. Europe was still in ruin. Even
though Adolf Hitler was dead his army could still be felt across the continent. It was now time to rebuilt. This wasn't just the rebuilding of cities and
lives, it was the rebuilding of order. Hitler had tipped the delicate scale of order and balance and the scale had to be fixed. This fix came in the form of
the Treaty of Paris (1951) which was also known as the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Treaty. The original purpose of this treaty wasn't
to unify Europe but in a few years that was its effect.
The ECSC Treaty's original purpose was to improve the economies that suffered during the war. This idea was born from the thinking that France and
Germany's vast steel and coal resources could be used to help other countries. France and Germany agreed to participate because through this treaty
they believe they could help start the healing process that Europe so desperately needed. There was also hope that European integration would stem
from this treaty. The founding countries of this community were France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. It was the foreign
minister of France that proposed "common high authority" so other European countries could participate if they wished. Changes were made and the
treaty was signed July 23, 1952. This treaty had a validity period of 50 years which meant it expired on July

The European Integration On Different Aspects And Levels...
Historically, attempts at unifying Europe can be traced back as far as 1464 when, after the fall of Constantinople, King George of Podrebady
suggested that a "league of Christian Nations" should be formed (Wen, 2013). However, it was only after 1945 that the process for European
integration, a process "whereby sovereign states partially relinquish, or pool, national sovereignty to maximize their relative power and interest" began
(Kenealy et al., 2015). The theorization European integration started within the political subfield of International Relations (Pollack, 2001). However,
the European Union is a complex and unique international organization. Are International Relations (IR) theories able to account for the origin,
development and future of European integration?
We will argue in this essay that IR theories account for European integration on different aspects and levels. Although Realism offers an interesting
interpretation for the genesis of integration, European Integration is better explained through Liberalism. Howbeit, the shortcomings in their
assumptions lead us to the thought that Constructivism gives a deeper account for European integration.
Realism is one of the prevailing IR theories. Still, in the context of European integration, it has struggled to tie in its assumptions with what caused
integration and how cooperation has developed. However, several thinkers have given a realist account of European integration. Integration is an
"exceptional event"

The Union Of The European Union Essay
On the morning of June 24, 2016, Britain announced that after a nationwide vote, it would be leaving the European Union. In what has since become
known as Brexit, the United Kingdom held a referendum in which 52 percent of the voting–eligible population chose in favor of the country's departure
from the 28 country politico–economic union. When this political issue is analyzed, it is important to understand the reasoning behind Britain's
decision and the many factors that drove them to this resolution. The people of the United Kingdom decided to leave the European Union based on
economic and immigration concerns, but ultimately their main goal was to preserve their country's identity. A movement toward unity in Europe was
first expressed following the mass devastation that World War II left on Europe. Many Europeans felt that a unification of the nation states would
provide a sense of collective security and would prevent another catastrophe similar to that of World War II. In 1950, the Schuman Plan, authored by
French prime minister Robert Schuman, was presented to various European nations. The project proposed to unite the coal and steel industries of
France and Germany in an attempt to find a guarantee for European peace. In 1952, the plan took action, establishing the European Coal and Steel
Community, the first European common market. The union was comprised of six countries and that did not include Great Britain, who declined to
participate. In 1958, more steps were

Solitary Confinement Definition
It has been argued that in order to exist as part of a community, one must sacrifice their individuality; however, quite the opposite is true. Community is
the source from which individuality is derived. From birth, humans are social beings who require interaction, connections, and relationships;
communities help to fulfill this physiological need. From family and friends, to acquaintances and colleagues, these connections are made, sanity is
preserved, and life can continue on as normal. However, without this community of individuals, consisting of the whole world, humans would be
plagued with a life of solitary confinement. Prison systems, POW camps, novels, TV shows, and movies constantly explore or utilize the effects of
such seclusion on characters and real individuals on a regular basis. Horror stories often revolve around the concept of people going mad after being
alone for extensive periods of time. Prison systems reserve solitary confinement for only the worst of transgressions. Peoples' nightmares are fraught
with dreams of being the last person alive. Even as I write this, secluded from every one of my own volition, I feel a sense of nervousness, of ... Show
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I personally believe that William James's description of the relationship between community and the individual is remarkably insightful and accurate. It
transcends time and illustrates the close symbioses that they share; one cannot exist without the other, though the individual holds a lot of the power in
the relationship: they have the power to redefine community and change definitions– altering relationships and cultures to suit their needs. Community
is an ever–changing, malleable force that allow humans to have the connections and friendships needed for survival. Together, the Individual and the
Community are unstoppable forces of change and

The European Economic Community ( Eec )
In the aftermath of the 1957 Treaty , the European Economic Community (EEC) was established and customs barriers between the member states have
been abolished. Member States throughout the Community, can "promote a harmonious development of economic activities, a continuous and
balanced expansion, an increased stability, an accelerated raising of the standard of living and closer relations between them". Hence, in order for a
common market to be established between Member States, the Community enacted some legislative provisions which aimed to a true harmonization of
laws; incorporate different legal systems under a basic legal framework. The main issue arising is whether these legal provisions in accordance with the
case law, ensured the free movement of goods within this market. The idea of common market (or internal) is one of the centrepieces of modern liberal
political thought which aims to promote economic and social progress through the creation of an area without internal frontiers and through the
establishment of economic and monetary union. In this area, the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital must be ensured in accordance
with the provisions of the Treaty. These four 'freedoms' are the vital elements of the internal market and through the years have been a subject of
considerable legal reinforcement. However in order to achieve the four 'freedoms', two main integrations were considered. Positive integration which
aims on the harmonisation

After the Second World War, the emergence of high-level...
After the Second World War, the emergence of high
–level warm peace in West Germany was understood to be due to the induction of democratisation
and social reform process by the liberal United States (US) and the common Soviet Union threat. The problem of ethnic German expellees from the
East result to the destabilisation of democracy in West Germany which nearly caused the collapse of the government. The US came to aid in mitigating
the problem and assisting the state into a successful German democracy. As discussed earlier, the realist factors of American hegemony had produced
cold peace in the Western Europe, but insufficiently produced high–level warm peace. However, with the nature of liberal democracy in the region, the
cold peace ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A report shown, after two decade of France democratisation, about fifty–two percent of French gave a good opinion in regard to their perception
towards West Germany and reduction of nine percent gave bad opinion. The structure and stability of liberal democracy have developed transnational
interactions between the French and German people. Even though there was conflict arise between the governments in 1960s the level of mutual trade
and confidence never decreases. Besides that, liberal democratic structures also generate confidence of German and French policymakers of their
mutual reliability.
Middle East
In Middle East, the situations were different from the European case when the three key liberal mechanisms; regional institutions, economic
interdependence and democracy, induced in the region. The use of defensive and offensive liberalism failed to produce a stable warm peace on arms
control, economic cooperation, water, refugees and the enivronment. Defensive liberalism of multilateral talks was conducted in the framework of
Madrid Conference. The idea was to create regional peacemaking through bilateral negotiations between Israel and the Arabs, the Gulf and North
African. However, the bilateral talks with Israel were boycott by some of the rejectionist camp including Iran, Iraq, Libya and Sudan. The rejection
limited the ability to reach region–wide agreements yet the support from the great powers helped broaden the peace process and

European Union Foreign Policy In A Changing World Summary
The second edition of Karen E Smith's book European Union Foreign Policy in a Changing World is another installation of the series started in 2003.
The second installation is an update and expansion in which she offers a crisp and different outlook on the intricacies of the contemporaneous
European Union's foreign policy. Karen expounds on EU foreign policy by not only examining what the European Union is but also what it does. The
book has nine chapters that delve into different aspects of the European Union policy but all focusing on the union's foreign policy objectives.
In the introduction chapter, Karen introduces the five pivotal foreign policy objectives that the European Union strives to achieve. These are:
i.Advocacy for regional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The European Coal and Steel Community body was created post war second world war not only to achieve peace but also to solve the economic
difficulties that the countries were facing. To achieve this, six countries agreed t the Treaty of Paris in effect forming an area of free trade. The book
also looks at the the European Economic Community, a body created in 1958 to build a common market that had no tariffs or bottlenecks to the
movement of goods and labor. This chapter looks at the transformation of the European Union through a number of political reforms and is depicted
through the evolution of three distinct pillars:the European Communities, The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the The Justice and
Home Affairs (JHA) Council. This evolution is tracked to what Smith describes as 'the world's largest unified market and trading bloc that conducts
economic and trading relations with virtually every country'(Smith, 21).
The next chapter looks at the policy instruments that are available to the European Union. These policy instruments are economic, diplomatic and
military. In the evaluation of each of these policy instruments Smith looks at certain policy tools are assessed. Some of the policy tools that are
evaluated under economic instruments are trade and cooperation agreements with third world countries, development aid to those countries is
evaluated, regional associations are also presented coupled with their share in the 2007 European Union

Greece And The European Union
1 Abstract: Purpose of the Research "Tipping point" may be defined as the critical point in a situation, process or system beyond which a significant
and often unstoppable effect or change takes place. In this analysis, "tipping point" refers to the dilemma Greece faces. What are some of the
questions the Greek crisis in the Eurozone may raise? How did the Greek sovereign debt crisis begin? How will the Greek crisis evolve? How will the
crisis influence the future of European Union member states as well as the Continent as a whole? How should citizens in European countries understand
the crisis? My research aims to: 1) understand Greece's situation in the Eurozone through an analysis of history and economy; 2) explain the ... Show
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1.3 The Present Debt Crisis – The Past 5 Years (Greece in the Eurozone)
Greece has suffered through a vicious circle of recession over the past five years. The Greek economy experienced a series of successive setbacks
during this period. Since 2010, the Greek economy contracted more than 20%. The investment level decreased by 86 % as compared to 2008 (IMF,
2013b). The continuous drop in GDP, which in 2011 surpassed the historical maximum for the entire postwar period, led to a rapid decline in domestic
demand. Unemployment more than doubled within the first three years of austerity reaching 25.4% in August 2012. More than half the population
between 15–24 years of age or 57%, is unemployed (Eurostat, 2012), homelessness increased by 25% from 2009 to 2011 as suicide rates hit record
levels, increasing 25% from 2009–2010 and an additional 40% from 2010–2011 (Reynolds, 2015). In early 2014, unemployment exceeded 28%; youth
unemployment rose to 63%, which led young, educated people to emigrate in large numbers (Visvizi, 2014). Greece's uncertain future remains a
troubling predicament on the periphery of the European Union.
II. Background
2.1 The Formation of the European Community/Union: Integration's Twentieth Century Narrative– 'No More War'
As an advisor to Franklin Delano Roosevelt during World War II, Jean Monnet, the former League of Nations official, first conceived of the

The Controversy: The European Economic Community
The European Economic Community was an organization started in 1957 by France, West Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, and Luxembourg,
in post War World II torn European. This organization was a union between the Steal and Coal Community and The European Atomic Energy
Community. The goal of the organization, heavily influenced by John Monnet one of its founders and National Liberation Committee member at the
time, was to build a stronger cohesive Europe through collaboration and economic ties to bring mutual prosperity. This organization and its ideals
developed into the well know European Union of today, that currently sits with 28 members. However, one controversial possible membership has
increased in importance over the years.
Turkey,

There Was A Fear Among European Nations That The United
There was a fear among European nations that the United States was getting too strong of an influence on the continent. As Trachtenberg explains, the
United States was essential for Europe to rebuild itself and the NATO, serving as a mechanism to protect the continent, centered around the strong U.S.
forces. But, there was a realization that Europe was right in between the conflict of the Cold War and that therefore U.S. influence should be balanced
by another entity. This was, according to Trachtenberg, one of the initial moments that European nations started to think about the relevance of
cooperating. Directed by Monnet's writing, Schwabe supports Trachtenberg's argument. Schwabe argues that Monnet saw it as an essential step in...
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It was a first step towards an European Union. Not only Schuman was concerned with an integrating Europe, also Winston Churchill famously called
for cooperation. Churchill said European cooperation would bring "nothing but good and hope in a richer, freer, more contented European
communality." Both Schuman and Churchill passionately talk about Europe not as a means to cooperate economically, but as a political entity that can
ensure that a war such as the First and Second World War will never break out again.
Besides creating a third block between the United States and the Soviet Union, European cooperation brought a possible solution to the German
question. Central to European integration, according to the founding fathers, was creating a political identity over an economic one. But, it took until
the 1970's to establish a formal political forum that connected European nations together, almost twenty years after the creation of the ECSC. Monnet
argues that efforts for political cooperation failed before the 1970's, naming the European Defense Community (EDC) as an example. The EDC was a
response to deal with the possible German rearmament in the

European Community Law Enacted Into Domestic Law
The European Communities Act 1972 was passed by parliament, this introduced the European Community law enacted into domestic law. On the 1st
January 1973, the United Kingdom joined the European communities, along with other European nations, and this embarked on the nations becoming
the European Union. On the 23th June 2016, the European Union Referendum Act 2015 took place questioning as to whether the United Kingdom
should leave the European Union, and thus, the people voted in agreement to leave. This triggered Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union,
whereby Prime Minister Theresa May is to give liable notification to exit the European Union. This allows a two–year 'open window' to discuss a
withdrawal agreement. The R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union case discusses as to whether the Crown's notice is
substantial to give notice of this leave.
The legal issue presented before us asks if the Crown Court has the prerogative power to give notification under Article 50 to exit the European Union
without notifying parliament. This foreseeing the risk of losing European Union statutory rights. The Crown agrees so, and this brings into question
parliaments sovereignty, Britain's constitutional statutes and what can be perceived as a diminishing history of democracy.
The defendant Secretary of State pinpoints that in the ECA 1972, 2015 Referendum Act or any other United Kingdom legislation passed by parliament
states no terms which show that the

Consumerism: A Disease in the Chinese and European...
Consumerism: A Disease in the Chinese and European Community
Introduction:
According to the State of World (2004) report, China, UK and Western Europeans have had a bar on untenable over– consumption for decades.
Roughly 1.7 billion people globally now fit in to the "consumer class" the group of people distinguished by diets of extremely processed food,
yearning for bigger houses, better and bigger cars, higher level of revolving credit, and lifestyles dedicated to hoard unnecessary goods. Today nearly
half of global consumers dwell in developing countries like India and China. As we enter the dawn of the new century this consumerist appetite is
dejection the natural systems that the humanity has been relying on and making it difficult for the majority of this world to meet their ends meet. It's a
chaos out there. Every men and women are trying to at least look better, superior and wealthier than the other one. People are neglecting their basic
needs and spending more on flashing gadgets and expensive hand bangs just to look 'cool' walking down the street.
This "culture of the beast" has introduced some unthinkable problem in our society ranging from psychological problems to overeating to higher
suicide rates. But the question is why we have become the way we are. What has caused this global consumerism in the past few decades? Why is
everyone trying to compete each other?
One of the several major factors that influence mass consumption is advertizing. Diverse

The Formation Of The European Union
European Union comprises of 28 member states. The formation of the European Union arose from the desire stop war among the warring nations
within the states which will not only encourage peace and safety but also economic growth and embossed living standards for all of its peoples .
European Union is based on the rule of law, individual human rights protection and a common European Union Citizenship . The aspirations of the
Union have extended far beyond the original aims of a common market for goods and services and now includes common foreign and security policy
. In the meantime, it is noted that guiding principles of the EU are set out in the TEU (Treaty in the European Union). The Union is founded on the
values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy and equality. These values are said to be common in the member states . The EU Council
consists of political representatives of the member states, each being a minister who is authorised to commit to the government of their state. The
council meets in nine different configurations based on based to the decision as to the nature of these configurations taken by a qualified majority of
council members . For example, if the matters being discussed is on education, then United Kingdom representative will be the Minister of Education.
Since the establishment of the EU, the European community has been the major part of the EU which has more objectives. Every act and decision of
EU must have a basis in law, if there's no

Neoliberalism 's World Order
Neoliberalism's world order was established during the 1980s under the leadership of President Ronald Reagan and his British counterpart Prime
Minister Margaret Thatcher and appears to be ever expanding, or so is perceived by large swaths of the global population. The world that these
visionaries saw was meant to unite all nations into one system, and yet, despite the Soviet Union's implosion in 1991, there has been an increased sense
of nationalism throughout the world; no other entity exemplifies this more so than the European Union. Since the end of the Second World War, there
has been a continued effort to create a more interdependent and united Europe. Starting out as the European Economic Community in 1958, then
revitalizing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The result of this exchange can be seen in how the German economy hegemonically supports many other states within the union. Ironically, Europe has
always been the center of hegemonic power since the colonial era, which in turn led to national uprisings across their spheres of influence (Spiegel,
Matthews, Taw, & Williams, 2015). Since the end of the economic downturn,Germany has been unwilling to support the idea of simply bailing out
nations such as Greece, opting instead for a form of structural adjustment programme (SAP) to be imposed on the nation (Irwin, 2015). Placing such a
policy on a nation only results in the nation never being able to fully achieve sovereignty; supranational bodies such as the IMF imposed such
programmes on nations in Africa in the past, and these programmes have merely created more issues to resolve (Mkandawire, 2014). SAPs
polarization of economics is a major contributor to the prolonging of the European debt crisis, and has been a contributor to the skewing of global
politics in favour of the powerful. In the European context, the implementation of SAPs–like policy on Greece has resulted in nationalism becoming a
recurring theme in the Greek political scene. Rising from the debt–riddled aftermath of the market collapse of 2008 are the Independent Greeks
(ANEL), a right–wing populist party that promotes nationalistic

The War Of The Cold War
Following World War two it was the beginning of a new era between the Soviet Union and the United States of America both engaged in the Cold
War. With Europe divided, there were major difficulties with creating stability politically and through the economy. As a consequence of the war the
Allies created the United Nations which attempted to avoid a third world war eliminating the further risk of war between European countries which
had twice in the same century already created two world wars. During 1946, Winston Churchill the former British Prime Minister, gave a speech
calling for a "We must build a kind ofUnited States of Europe" which gave an enormous impact and gave "important credibility to the federalist
movements, despite the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, it is going to look at how post–war integration started through the prevention of war and to create peace throughout the European States.
Secondly this essay will discuss the economic changes and influence it had on creating a political union. Then it will discuss how this created political
unity along with how it affected integration and finally created the European Union. While lastly coming to a final conclusion as to what motivated
integration after the war.
Firstly, the main factor towards European Integration after World War II was to keep peace between neighbouring states within Europe and to prevent
war. After the war in 1945 there remained an ongoing tension between the Allied and the Axis powers as well as the dominance of the Russians in the
East. Along side Berlin now being divided into four zones influenced by the US, France, Britain and the Soviet Union. This meant that other nations
such as Poland, East German and Romania had no control and the continent was more divided than ever before with "The idea of the all–powerful
nation state had been discredited and the key players of the mainland; namely France and Germany, were keen to build closer relations."
Carleton shows that "World War II was more brutal, and bloodier than anyone who survived the Great War could have imagined. The Second World
War caused the deaths of around 60 million soldiers and civilians" along with 6 million Jews providing subsequent evidence for the need for

Sydney Cove: Impact On The European And Aboriginal Community
Disease at Sydney Cove
Introduction
Disease was introduced to Sydney cove when the first fleet arrived in Botany Bay on the 24th of January 1788. The outbreak of disease had many
effects on both European and Aboriginal communities. Whilst many of the effects from the event have lingered over to today's communities in many
ways.
Explain The Historical Event:
When the first arrived in Botany bay (Australia, New South Wales) on he 24th of January 1788, it is believed that they brought disease along with the.
According to "http://www.skwirk.com/p–c_s–56_u–426_t–1075_c–4149/WA/10/impact–of–european–settlement–on–indigenous–people/_tb–v" the
Europeans brought over numerous epidemic diseases. Disease like Chickenpox, Smallpox, Typhoid, Measles and Influenza. These diseases caused
many effects on both Aboriginal and European communities and people. As Aboriginals had never been exposed to such disease, they had no
immunity against these epidemics. The Aboriginal people began to become real sick and die, as their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Majority of Aboriginals were effected and according to "http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/ockhamsrazor
/was–sydneys–smallpox–outbreak–an–act–of–biological–warfare/5395050" more than 90% of Aboriginal people died due to the introduced disease
by the Europeans. Majority of Aboriginal people effected were children, pregnant women and elders. This meant tribes and clans had no youth, no
leader and no one to reproduce. The diseases that were introduced by the Europeans almost killed an entire race. As many Elder died, the traditions,
stories, leadership and wisdom were lost and were not able to be passed onto the generation coming forth into their communities. Since many
Aboriginals died it was hard for them to retaliate against the Europeans who came to colonize. Disease that was introduced to the Aboriginal people of
Sydney effected Aboriginals

The World Of World War II Essay
World War II resulted in the deaths of over three percent of the 1939 population and saw unprecedented economic damage. Similar to World War I, there
was strong European sentiment to prevent such a war from unfolding again, particularly due to the newfound fear associated with nuclear weapons and
the extensive civilian toll the war caused. The chief problem with creating benevolent relations between nations was reconciling France and Germany.
To ensure Germany could never threaten Europe again, Europe instituted the Monnet Plan, which dismantled German heavy industry and stripped
Germany of its coal–producing regions. Germany was also divided into West Germany, which was controlled by Western Europe/NATO and East
Germany, which was controlled by the Soviet Union.
As sentiments like Winston Churchill's 1946 call for United States of Europe became louder, the Council of Europe was established in 1949 as the first
pan–European organization. French Foreign Minister, Robert Schuman, on May 9, 1950, proposed the Schuman Declaration, which created a
community to integrate the coal and steel industries of Europe in an effort to promote international cooperation and understanding. He chose the coal
and steel industries due to their necessity in the production of weaponry. France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and West Germany
signed the Treaty of Paris, creating the European Coal and Steel Community, giving birth to cooperative agencies like the Common Assembly. The

Non Aboriginal Community Research Paper
Introduction
This paper will define what a community is and discuss some of the strengths and the differences between Australian Aboriginal Communities and
Australian Non–Aboriginal Communities.
What is Community?
A community is described by many as a group of people who have the same ideologies on their cohabitation. They share the same interests and more
often know how to work together.
The first meaning of community as a locality refers to the territorial or geographic notion of community – the neighbourhood, town or city. The Second
meaning of community, the relational community, refers to qualities of human interaction and social ties that draw people together (Heller 1989, pp.3
cited in Taylor, Wilkinson and Cheers, 2008). Whereas... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Non–Aboriginal communities, the commonality of ethnicity forms the basis of community life whereas in Aboriginal communities, kinship is an
important factor holding community life together (Taylor, Wilkinson and Cheers, 2008).
As the times and generations change communities of the future will be very different from the ones we live in today. Geis, D & Kutzmark, T. (1995)
noted that communities will need to be different because, as we move through the end of the twentieth century and into the twenty–first, we face a
whole new set of socioeconomic, technological, and global forces that are unlike those that brought us to where we are today.
Conclusion
Communities must have a base structure however there are fundamental differences when looking at different communities as each community is
different in many ways. For example a rural community may be strengthened by local initiatives to diversify its economy while some Aboriginal
Communities may be strengthened through improving the quality of relationships with members of its community such as the Djinda Falcons Program.
While all communities need social interaction to foster trust, reciprocity, tolerance and leadership the ways in which these qualities are developed
within Aboriginal and Non–Aboriginal Communities will vary to other non–Aboriginal

What New Factors Contribute For Prolonging Conflict Dynamics?
What new factors contribute to prolonging conflict dynamics?
Ellsworth (1999) stated that "ethnicity and religious affiliation are the two highest ranked identity makers for a vast majority of Nigerians than other
indices such as state, national, ECOWAS and African identity". His research revealed that "northerners are more inclined towards religious
identification, and southerners are likely to rank ethnicity first, ethnicity was discovered to be the second highest ranked identity country–wide after
religion, with state and national identity coming third and fourth, respectively" (Ellsworth, 1999). This finding introduces a complex dimension to the
Jos crisis since the indigenes are predominantly Christians and the settlers, are mostly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The South African example, has stimulated the idea of a permanent Court of Arbitration in the African region." Adopting such in Jos may be successful.
Actors
Who are the main actors?
In the context of the crisis in Jos, the players and actors vary, the politicization of justice and ethnic bigotry play a part in the consistent crisis. The
local heads in the case of religion–driven violence, are in most cases players, while the youths among them actively participate in violent crimes.
Hagazi states that, "in the rural areas, there has also been widespread violence between Berom farmers and Fulani pastoralists" (Higazi, 2011).
Consequently, community leaders/traditional leaders are also involved. Rival politicians also in their attempt to render rivals incompetent fabricate
chaotic scenarios that opponents have to grapple with. Observers of intractable ethnic disputes like Hall frequently suggest that "group with different
socio–cultural backgrounds, often get into conflict because of the gap created by communication or their ability to effectively communicate" (Hall,
1959). The problems that could exist between settlers/indigenes in Jos could only be aggravated by communication vacuum played up by leaders that
have followership, their manipulations of dialogue thus yielding

Arcata Community Forestry
Managing a forest with and for the people: Community forestry and environmental public participation in the case of Arcata, California
1. Introduction
All across the United States, historical patterns of resource extraction have led to degradation and fragmentation of forest landscapes. When a
community depends on those resources, a local crisis can emerge from this process of degradation. To reverse this scenario, communityforestry
became a popular approach in the 1970s as a modern policy and practice (Baker and Kusel, 2003). This model was based on a simple assumption: as
local people already use and rely on the natural resources of their forests, they are in the best position to conserve them. However, recent literature has
show that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This forest is a great recreational attraction, both for locals and for tourist, due to its extensive trail systems which supports hiking, bicycling, and
horseback riding. The city is also home of the Humboldt State University, and the community forest is a place where students can achieve or expand
their ecological knowledge and awareness. The Arcata Community Forest was dedicated in 1955, being the first municipally–owned forest in
California, with the purpose of being managed to the benefits of all citizens with attention to to watershed, recreation, timber production and other
values (Andre,

Analysis of the European UnionвЂ™s Role as a Model...
Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) are defined by Kegley (2009) as institutions created and joined by states' governments, which give them
authority to make collective decisions to manage particular problems on the global agenda (p. 163). The purpose of IGOs is to solve shared problems
on the basis of involving states' interests. In other words, states utilize community of interest to balance the international situation between
neighborhoods. According to Kegley (2009), a global trend in world politics is the spectacular growth of IGOs. The European Union, as an example of
IGOs, is the globe's best success story among the other regional IGOs playing global roles (Kegley, 2009).
It created by the merger of the European Coal and Steel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, the primal six group members, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and Netherlands, were striving for their financial
development.
According to Guiso and his partners (2004), the financial integration should increase the supply of finance in the less financially developed countries of
the integrating area. So those six countries involving in same financial integration share the same interests and also stimulate each other to enlarge their
markets, at the beginning of three organizations. They assisted each other aiming to manage their financial problems, especially material sharing by the
European Coal and Steel Community. In addition, financial integration is likely to spur the efficiency of the financial intermediaries and markets of
less financially developed countries (Guiso, 2004).
Actually, since the late 1960s, the three original EU institutions have shared a common organization and have enlarged the EU's mission as they came
to be called "the European Community." (Kegley, 2009) Based on this large community, the other more European countries joined in this supranational
organization in order to earn financial development under sharing common interests. From that time, the membership of the European Union grew and
its geographical scope broadened either that it aggrandized more 15 countries by 1997. According to Dunford and Perrons (1994), the mechanisms of

The Collapse Of The European Union Essay
In the wake of two devastating European wars, there was a vague desire across Europe for more unity to hopefully prevent yet another terrible conflict
from breaking out. However, views over the proper scope and implementation of any such unity were often divided between the philosophies of
supranationalism and intergovernmentalism. At different times, both ideas played a part in shaping the future European Union, depending on the moods
of European leaders and their constituents. Throughout the history of postwar Europe, almost every major development toward supranational unity
can be attributed to a handful of powerful people. In fact, the first official institution of postwar European cooperation, the ECSC, was founded by a
few leaders of state. Robert Schuman, the French foreign minister, adopted Jean Monnet's idea of merging French and German coal and steel
production as a peaceful and economically advantageous tool to prevent Germany from once again rising up against France and the rest of Europe.
Once Schuman had the idea, all that was needed to officially found the ECSC was the Schuman Declaration and the consent of Germany's Chancellor
Adenauer. Several years later, the next big step in European integration came from the work of ECSC president Jean Monnet, as well as Paul–Henri
Spaak, who both resolved to create stronger economic ties between the countries in the ECSC. The immediate result was the formation of EURATOM,
a cooperation agreement on the subject of

Cultural Background Of The Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution was greatly influenced by the peasants in the villages. Conditions like haciendas run by Europeans or mestizos lead to
exploitations of peasants and reform laws that lead to the Agrarian Revolution of the peasants. Agrarian Revolt in a Mexican Village focus on the
village of Naranja, through Paul Friedrich historical analysis of this town, we see how the conditions like hacienda led these people to mobilize against
Porfirio Diaz.
The cultural background of Najarana is crucial in understanding the sentiment of the villagers, they spoke Porepicha, and were described as Indian.
These cultural difference had political significance that lead to a peasant uprising. Prior to European intervention, Indian communities participated in
ejidos, communal land that belonged to no one person in particular. This was a tradition that had been in practice for decades prior. Once the
Europeans began to intervene in Indigenous villages, the practice of communal lands began to disappear. This was a result of reform laws passed by
the Porfirian dictatorship, going into practice in the second half of the 1800s. Through these measures the area saw major change, to the Indigenous
population this was not positive change. These laws encouraged Indians to divide land with the intentions to sell it as they wished. Later this laws
changed and allowed private companies to settle public lands, the only issue being that the lands were occupied by Indians. Through this practice many

So the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in...
So the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in 1949,US and twelve Western countries joined it. It was a security pact, in which the states
agreed in case of a military attack to one of more of them to defend each others. The founding members were US,Canada, Britain,Belgium, France,Italy
,Denmark, Luxembourg, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway and Portugal. First NATOGeneral Secretary, Lord Ismay, stated that the organization's aim was
"to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down."
To respond to NATO, in 1955 the Warsaw Pact was established. The pact was a collective defense treaty between the communist states, and as NATO
with UN, was the military counterpart to the COMECON. It rappresented a Soviet reaction to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The solution of the problem came with the Schuman Plan. Presented in1950 by the French Foreign Minister, It was about sharing European resources
in a supranational union. on April 1951 the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was instituted. It combined coal and steel resources of France,
Italy, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands, and it reduced the chance of war betwwen France andWest Germany. During the Paris Treaty,
the six states stateded that this date symbolized the birth of Europe. The ECSC became reality in 1952, and was the first step in relation to European
integration.
After the born of ECSC, others proposals were made to integrate european states. Therefore to better defend the continent from Soviet aggressions, the
United States was demanding to re–arm West Germany, but they found a strong opposition from the most of European countries, which were scared of
a re–establishment of German army. In these circumstnces the French Prime Minister in 1952, proposed to create an integrated European Army. The
result was the European Defence Community, which gathered together the military forces of West Germany, Italy, France and the Benelux cuontries.
This option was prefered more than the idea of Germany joining NATO. In 1952, a treaty was signed by ECSC members but in 1954 the French
National Assembly rejected it. After this, during the Paris Agreement in 1954 the

The United European Economic Community
Throughout time, states cooperate with each other in the fields of military, politics and economy.
However, before we get to these alliances, we should probably take a few steps back and define what we mean by a 'state '. A state is an autonomous
political unit, including many communities within its territories, over which it has legitimate centralized power. Breaking this definition down, a state
is a sovereign entity holding supreme rule over its territory. For this reason, the world 's modern nations fall under the broad umbrella of being states. –
Shared interest
'I think that the Government are right to apply to join the European Economic Community..'
The European Economic Community – later to be called the European Union – was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The resulting commercial liberal explanation of "relative gains–seeking" in foreign economic policy is quite distinct from that of poststructuralism...
Commercial liberalism has important implications for security policy. Governments are aware of the fact that wars, sanctions and other coercive
military policies are far more costly than the transnational exchange of goods and services. Consequently, there is a strong economic incentive within
society for states to behave cooperatively towards other states and forgo aggressive self–help strategies.
Cobden's belief that free trade would create a more peaceful world order is a core idea of nineteenth–century liberalism. Trade brings mutual gains to
all the players, irrespective of their size of the nature of their economies. It is perhaps not surprising that it was in Britain that this argument found its
most vocal supporters.
This idea of a natural harmony of interests in international political and economic relation came under challenge in the early part of the twentieth
century. The fact that Britain and Germany had highly interdependent economies before the Great War (1914
–18) seemed to confirm the fatal flaw in
the association of economic interdependence with peace. From the turn of the century, the contradictions within European civilisation, of progress and
exemplarism on the one hand and the harnessing of industrial power for

My Neighborhood
When I tell other students from New York City that I live in Bensonhurst, they often tell me they have never heard of it. Often, I have never heard of
the neighborhood they live in, even though we all live in the same city. I think we all live in and interact in our respective bubbles, and besides the
periods we spend at work or school, we tend to keep ourselves exclusive to people outside of them. There is nothing wrong with being selective with
who you interact with, but those self–isolating behaviors encourage ignorance, especially during periods of rapid change in the neighborhood.
My neighborhood is actually very aesthetically pleasing. The name of my neighborhood, Bensonhurst, is actually shortened from
"Bensonhurst–by–the–Sea," which is what a developer named the resort neighborhood in order to sell more beachfront property. The aforementioned
sea is the Atlantic Ocean, though the sandy "bay" almost every avenue in the neighborhood has in its street name (e.g. Bay Parkway) has been paved
over to make roads and sidewalks (Frishberg). Still, there are remnants of its coastal–retreat past; there are benches, trees, walkways, and parks right
near the ocean. There are also playgrounds by every elementary school, and a city park or green space if there are no elementary schools right nearby.
Backyards, privately–owned plots of nature, also play an important role in my community. Most families in my neighborhood have backyards, front
yards, or both, and place value in

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