Nationalism in Europe

1. Bhavesh A. Khadgi
Class X. B
Roll no. -- 3819

2. SUBJECT :: -- SOCIAL SCIENCE
Topic ::-- MAKE A PPT ON FOLLOWING TOPIC OF RISE OF NATIONALISM IN
EUROPE AND SUBMIT ITS HARD COPIES.

4. 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒 .ೃ
1. Unification process of germany
2. Treaty of Constantinople
3. Unification of Italy
4. Nationalism and imperialism

5. 𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔣𝔦𝔠𝔞𝔱𝔦𝔬𝔫 𝔭𝔯𝔬𝔠𝔢𝔰𝔰 𝔬𝔣 𝔊𝔢𝔯𝔪𝔞𝔫𝔶 ••.••.••
The power of nationalism arose to promote the welfare of people and
achieve domination over Europe. The middle-class people tried their
best to unite the people of different religions and raise their issues but
they were always suppressed by the large landowners.
The process of unification succeeded when Prussia defeated Austria,
Denmark, and France in a war. This war of seven years ended up with
the victory of Prussia. Later the Prussian king William I became the
emperor. The efforts were made towards the modernization of the
currency, banking, and judicial systems of Germany…….

9. Treaty of Constantinople
• The Great Powers ratified the terms of the Constantinople Arrangement in connection with the
border between Greece and the Ottoman Empire in the London Protocol of 30 August 1832,
which marked the end of the Greek War of Independence and established modern Greece as an
independent state free of the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Constantinople was the product of
the London Conference of 1832 which opened in February 1832 with the participation of the
Great Powers (Britain, France and Russia) on the one hand and the Ottoman Empire on the
other. The factors which shaped the treaty included the refusal of Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
to assume the Greek throne. He was not at all satisfied with the Aspropotamos–Spercheios line,
which replaced the more favorable Arta–Volos line considered by the Great Powers earlier.[1]

10. The withdrawal of Leopold as a candidate for the throne of Greece, and the July
Revolution in France, delayed the final settlement of the frontiers of the new kingdom
until a new government was formed in London. Lord Palmerston, who took over as
British Foreign Secretary, agreed to the Arta-Volos borderline. However, the secret
note on Crete, which the Bavarian plenipotentiary communicated to the Courts of
Britain, France and Russia, bore no fruit.
Under the protocol signed on 7 May 1832 between Bavaria and the protecting Powers,
and basically dealing with the way in which the Regency was to be managed
until Otto reached his majority (while also concluding the second Greek loan, for a
sum of £2,400,000 sterling

11. • Greece was defined as an independent kingdom, with the Arta-Volos
line as its northern frontier. The Ottoman Empire was indemnified in
the sum of 40,000,000 piastres for the loss of the territory. The
borders of the Kingdom were reiterated in the London Protocol of 30
August 1832 signed by the Great Powers, which ratified the terms of
the Constantinople Arrangement in connection with the border
between Greece and the Ottoman Empire and marked the end of
the Greek War of Independence creating modern Greece as an
independent state free of the Ottoman Empire

17. 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑰𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒚➣➢
The unification of Italy (Italian: Unità d’Italia also known as the
Risorgimento , Italian: was the 19th-century political and social
movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the
Italian Peninsula into a single state in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy.
Inspired by the rebellions in the 1820s and 1830s against the outcome of
the Congress of Vienna, the unification process was precipitated by the
Revolutions of 1848, and reached completion in 1871 after the Capture of
Rome and its designation as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.[

18. • Some of the states that had been targeted for unification (terre
irredente) did not join the Kingdom of Italy until 1918 after Italy
defeated Austria-Hungary in the First World War. For this reason,
historians sometimes describe the unification period as continuing past
1871, including activities during the late 19th century and the First World
War (1915–1918), and reaching completion only with the Armistice of
Villa Giusti on 4 November 1918. This more expansive definition of the
unification period is the one presented at the Central Museum of the
Risorgimento at the Vittoriano.

20. ➥ ℕ𝕒𝕥𝕚𝕠𝕟𝕒𝕝𝕚𝕤𝕞 ➦
• Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be
congruent with the state. As a movement, it tends to promote the interests of
a particular nation (as in a group of people),especially with the aim of
gaining and maintaining the nation’s sovereignty (self-governance) over its
homeland to create a nation-state. It holds that each nation should govern
itself, free from outside interference (self-determination), that a nation is a
natural and ideal basis for a polity,and that the nation is the only rightful
source of political power. It further aims to build and maintain a single
national identity, based on a combination of shared social characteristics
such as culture

21. • Ethnicity, geographic location, language, politics (or the government),
religion, traditions and belief in a shared singular history,and to promote
national unity or solidarity. Nationalism, therefore, seeks to preserve and
foster a nation’s traditional culture.There are various definitions of a
“nation”, which leads to different types of nationalism. The two main
divergent forms are ethnic nationalism and civic nationalism.
•
• Nationalism developed at the end of the 18th century, particularly with the
French Revolution and the spread of the principle of popular sovereignty

22. • Three main theories have been used to explain the emergence of
nationalism. Primordialism (perennialism) developed alongside nationalism
during the romantic era and held that there have always been nations. This
view has since been rejected by most scholars, and nations are now viewed
as socially constructed and historically contingent.Modernization theory,
currently the most commonly accepted theory of nationalism,adopts a
constructivist approach and proposes that nationalism emerged due to
processes of modernization, such as industrialization, urbanization, and
mass education, which made national consciousness possible.

23. • Proponents of this theory describe nations as “imagined
communities” and nationalism as an “invented tradition” in which
shared sentiment provides a form of collective identity and binds
individuals together in political solidarity.[11][14][15] A third theory,
ethnosymbolism explains nationalism as a product of symbols, myths,
and traditions, and is associated with the work of Anthony D.
Smith.[9] Additionally, the spread of nationalist movements during
decolonization has led many theorists to examine the role of elites in
mobilizing communities in order to maintain their power

24. IMPERIALISM ~~°
• Imperialism is the practice, theory or attitude of maintaining or extending
power over foreign nations, particularly through expansionism, employing
not only hard power (economic and military power), but also soft power
(cultural and diplomatic power). Imperialism focuses on establishing or
maintaining hegemony and a more or less formal empire.