資產為本社區發展社區精神的傳承.pptx

資產為本社區發展
Asset Based Community Development (ABCD)
社區精神的傳承
陳國邦

 強項為本 / 強處著眼？(Strength-based / Strength Focused?)
 正向手法？(Positive Approach?)
 社區有教室？(Classroom-in-community?)
 社區(為本)教育 / 教學法？
(Community (-based) Education/ Pedagogy? )
 服務學習？ (Service Learning?)
 Design Thinking? Social Innovation?

Who am I?
 Trained in Social Work and Counselling
 A Registered Social Worker, and thus a “left
plastic”
 Working in an NGO, an experienced Youth Worker
 Born and bred in Hong Kong
 Married with no kids
 Conscious Bourgeois
 Social worker in Kwai Chung more than 20 years

Communitarianism
Two major attacks made against on liberalism:
The premises of individualism, such as the
rational being who choose freely, are wrong and
that the only way to refer to individuals is in
their social context
The premises of individualism give rise to
morally unsatisfactory consequences
(Avineri & De-shelit, 1992)
Gradually emerged in the 1970 to challenge
liberalism.

Communitarians make it clear that:
 Our attachments to communities is not
voluntary
 Social attachments are not normally
chosen ones (e.g. family, nationality, etc.)
 Our upbringing and the values we adopt
and live by are often acquired
involuntarily by being picked up rather
than being a matter of rational choice by
individual
Communitarianism
(Aurthur, 1998)

Community and Identities
“...our deeply felt attachments to a number of communities
constitute our identity. This allows us to experience our life as
bound up with the good of these communities”
“…these “constitutive communities” define the sense of
who we are and provide a largely background way of our
being in the world of thinking, acting and deciding……to
reject them leads to an identity crisis or an acute form of
disorientation which will damage our identity…”
“…we can answer the question of what these “constitutive
communities” are by asking a question of ourselves: “Who
are you?”. The answer will certainly include: family name,
nationality, language, culture and religion – all of which
derive from community”
(Bell, 1996)

如果社區精神的傳承是
重拾一份恆久的親密
The Spirit of Intimacy - Sobonfu Some

"The Spirit of Intimacy“ - Sobonfu Some
 Community is the Spirit, the guiding light of the tribe, whereby
people come together in order to
 fulfill a specific purpose,
 to help others fulfill their purpose,
 and to take care of one another.
 The goal of the community is to make sure that each member of the
community
 is heard
 and is properly giving the gifts he has brought to this world.
 Without this giving, the community dies.

 And without the community, the individual is left
without a place where he can contribute. The
community is that grounding place where people
come and share their gifts and receive from others.
 When you don't have community, you are not listened
to;
 you don't have a place you can go to and feel that
you really belong.
 You don't have people to affirm who you are
 and to support you in bringing forward your gifts.

 This disempowers the psyche, making you
vulnerable to consumerism and all the things that
come along with it.
 Also, it leaves many people who have wonderful
contributions to make holding back their gifts not
knowing where to put them.
 And without the unloading of our gifts we experience a
blockage inside, which affects us spiritually, mentally,
and physically in many different ways.
 We are left without a home to go to when we
need to be seen.

Asset Based Community Development (ABCD)

何謂社區??
地域性 / 功能性 ??
人 / 生活 / 聯繫 ??
歷史 / 文化 ??
認同 / 共同 ??
記憶 / 想像 ??
延續 / 發展 ??

「需要為本」 VS 「資産為本」

以需要為本的盲點
 當社區面對社會及經濟的挑戰時，很多
時社區的成員不其然會想起「需要」、
「問題」、和「不足」----例如缺乏工
作職位、缺乏給青年人的機會、老人/
非生産人口過多、低技術、低學歷、缺
乏投資。
 美國西北大學的Kretzmann與 McKnight
教授則認爲上述看法只是將圖一中的半
杯水說成是半空的。
 以需要為本的角度忽略了在社區早已存
在的「資源」、「技術」及「能力」
這杯水是半滿
還是半空呢?

空虛的社區要依賴外援
 將社區看成是半滿還是半空有很重要的
不同：
 一個鄰舍/社區若只被看成是「有需要」
及「有問題」的，很容易成為一個「空
虛」的社區，那麽這社區便會接受到很
多由外來專家設計及推行的服務。居民
便處於被動、無力、及依賴外在協助及
援助的位置。

以
需
要
為
本
的
地
圖
地理環境
社會環境
個人
失業
綜援
家庭暴力
毒品
賭博
新來港
自殺
貧窮
露宿者
虐兒
精神病
犯罪
單親家庭／家庭解體
高輟學率／雙失青年
沒有希望／前途／方冋
舊樓破落失
修
人口擠迫
環境/設施被破
壞
屋邨環境破舊/老
化
色情
場所/
娼妓
嚴重
居民
冷漠
大型填
海及工
程
海岸線消失嘈音污染
交通
擠塞
缺乏大
型公園
空氣污染
鼠患
清潔
問題
空置店舖
醫療
不足
空置工廠大廈
文康設施分
佈不平均

資產為本社區發展：一個新的角度
 以資産爲本來考察的角度社區，並不是認爲
社區及區內的人再沒有事件或問題，而是打
開了一種新的方向來面對挑戰。
 這表示將同一人或同一事從另一角度來看待：
1)一個失業工友成爲一個有經驗可以貢獻社區的人
2)一個獨居老人成爲一個慈愛及有見地的長者
3)一幢空置的樓宇成爲社區中可能有用的資源
這杯水是
半滿還是
半空呢?

資產為本社區發展的主要信念
 相信由社區及其居民引發的轉變，才是對他們有
意義及可持續的
 關注社區的可用資源及能力，而不是糾纏於社區
的問題與不足。
 徹頭徹尾的樂觀態度：─肯定天生我材必有用、
好的生活取決於「人盡其才」、「物盡其用」
 有力的社區直接取決於區內居民對社區的貢獻及
投入程度。

資源豐富的社區可以回應問題
 當一個社區被描述為資源豐富、得天獨厚的
社區，那麽居民所擁有的技術便更有可能用
來回應社區的議題。
 社區可能仍有需要接受外界的協助或資源，
但要點必須由居民來決定。
 身處在資源豐富的社區，都是有參與的公民，
他們能夠為自己塑造將來。

資産爲本的社區發展
Asset Based Community Development
 Kretzmann與 McKnight 強調，在社區內，所
有人都是得天獨厚、資源豐富及有能力的，
包括社經地位被邊緣化的社群。
 他們計劃將「需要地圖」(need map)- 轉成
爲「資産地圖」(assets map)。

ABCD的三大原則
Kretzmannh與 McKnight指出ABCD的三大原則：
(1) 以資産爲本(Asset Based): 社區發展的策略是
從社區出發—居民及勞動人口的能力、地區組
織及團體；並不是探討社區中缺乏什麽，或是
出現了什麽問題，有什麽需要等等。
‘The root idea of community development is to identify
local capacities and mobilise them, which involves
connecting people with capacities to other people,
associates, institutions and economic resources.’
(Jody Kretzman and John McKnight)

ABCD的三大原則
Kretzmannh與 McKnight指出ABCD的三大原則：
(2)「以內部爲焦點」(internally focused):著重
由居民去發現議題、發掘資源及能力
‘All the historic evidence indicates that significant
community development only takes place when local
community people are committed to investing
themselves and their resources in the effort.
That’s why you can’t develop communities from the
top down, or from the outside in’
(John McKnight, John Kretzmann)

Kretzmannh與 McKnight指出ABCD的三大原則:
(3)「以關係作推動」(relationship driven):
重視建立及延續本地居民、組織及團體之間的關係
Much hard evidence has accumulated that civic
engagement and social connectedness are practical
preconditions for better schools, safer streets and even
healthier and longer lives (Robert Putnam)
‘As a rule of thumb, INVOLVE EVERYONE IN EVERYTHING’
(Tom Peters – writer of In Search of Excellence)

「社區資本」
 物質資本：原料、工具
 人力資本：個人技術與知識
 文化資本：個人及其家庭階級所繼承的
語言和文化能力
 社會資本：人與人的關係
 環境資本：物我平等，人與環境和諧……

社會資本 Social Capital
“the fabric
that holds
the community together”
(Robert Putnam)
 從個人/微觀出發，社會資本是指個人透過與他
人的社會聯繫而獲得的經濟資源、資訊或機會。
 從社會、團體組織/宏觀出發，社會資本指一個
社會或組織透過其規範、網路與信任，來促進集
體行動來實現共同利益

環境資本
 可持續發展(Sustainability Development)
經濟的可行性 ECONOMIC VIABILITY
環境的完整性 ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRITY
社區的福祉 COMMUNITY WELL-BEING
 人地球繁榮 PEOPLE, PLANET AND PROSPERITY

可持續發展教育
「既能滿足我們現今的需求，又不損害子孫後
代能滿足他們的需求的發展模式。」
 需求： overriding priority should be to the needs of the world's poor
 追求環境、社會和經濟三個範疇的平衡發展，保障人類的福祉。
《我們的共同未來》，一九八七年
「讓所有人更了解自身面對的各種世界性問題
如何影響下一代，如貧窮、過度消費、環境破
壞、城市衰落、人口增長、衛生、衝突及人權
等，讓他們知道這些問題的複雜性和關係。」
Extracted from: http://www.edb.gov.hk/tc/curriculum-development/4-key-tasks/moral-civic/Newwebsite/flash/ESD/definition.html
「聯合國可持續發展教育十年」UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development

credit: Azote Images for Stockholm Resilience Centre

蒐集社區資源
社區踏查，建立社區夥伴關係

蒐集社區資源
 人：協助蒐集資源及資訊的關鍵人士
 事：社區的生活事件
 地：社區的自然與文化環境，當中的生活/
活動模式，可以成為議題的場所
 物：社區活動的成果
 時：人、地、事、物在社區的變化與發展

社區踏查，建立社區夥伴關係

建立夥伴資料庫
 社交網站 (Facebook)
 GIS網站(Google Map)
 社交 + GIS網站(OpenRice)
 包括：
 服務機構資料（受資助 / 非受資助）
 政府部門資料
 地區團體 /地區領袖資料
 商界 / 商戶資料
 老師回饋 / 使用者回饋 / 夥伴回饋
 以OLE分類為本 / 服務分類為本的分類搜尋

端午糭子送長者
糭子材料
 健康食譜（長者中心/營養師）
 贊助（商界：煤氣公司）
 贊助（商戶：街市商戶）
預備糭子
 教授（社區長者 / 家長）
 煮（大爐頭 / 器皿: 酒樓 /
安老院）
探訪長者
 名單
老人中心
安老院
房署 / 房協長者屋
區議員
 探訪訓練
老人中心

ABCD策略一:
形塑個人技能和能力
MAPPING INDIVIDUAL SKILLS AND CAPACITIES

形塑個人技能和能力
 技能 Skill information
 社區參與/服務經驗 Community experiences
 工作經驗 Employment/business interests and
experience
 恩賜/本事 Gifts/assets
 夢想 Dreams
 個人資料 Personal information

如何製作「資產為本地圖」
 計劃流程
 成立工作小組
 訂立明確目標
 選擇「地圖」包含的群組
 選擇合適的方法
 設計地圖
 收集資訊
 組織及編制地圖
 運用資訊
 分享資訊
 分配資源、營造資產

以下是有關：俄亥俄州教會的的調查準則
NEW PROSPECT BAPTIST CHURCH
Cincinnati, OH
Survey Guidelines
INTRODUCTION
My name is ___________. What is your name?
Thank you for coming over. Did someone talk to you about what
the ‘Gift Exchange’ is all about? What do you understand it to be?
Basically, we believe that everyone has God-given talents and gifts
that can be used to benefit the community. I’d like to spend a few
minutes talking to you about your gifts and skills.
GIFTS
Gifts are abilities that we are born with. We may develop them,
but no one has to teach them to us.
What positive qualities do people say you have?
Who are the people in your life that you give to? How do you give
to them?
When was the last time you shared with someone else? What was
it?
What do you give that makes you feel good?

以下是有關：俄亥俄州教會的的調查準則(續)
NEW PROSPECT BAPTIST CHURCH
Cincinnati, OH
Survey Guidelines
SKILLS
 Sometimes we have talents that we’ve acquired in everyday life such as cooking and fixing things.
 What do you enjoy doing?
 If you could start a business what would it be?
 What do you like to do that people would pay you to do?
 Have you ever made anything? Have you ever fixed anything?
DREAMS
 Before you go, I want to take a minute and hear about your dreams – those goals you hope to accomplish.
 What are your dreams?
 If you could snap your fingers and be doing anything, what would it be?
CLOSING
 First, I’d like to thank you. We’re talking to as many people as we can and what we’d like to do is begin a
Wall of Fame here in the Soup Kitchen highlighting the gifts, skills and dreams of as many people as possible.
The ultimate goal is to find a way to use those gifts in rebuilding the community. Before you go, can I get
your full name? Address? Age?

繪製「資產為本的地圖」時，
要珍而重之的是當中所建立的關係，
而非搜集到的資料
‘Perhaps most important in the
whole asset mapping venture is not
the outcome of data within the
mappings but the relationships built in
the process.
Asset mapping is a good
way to rebuild communities one relationship at a
time.’
The Connecticut Assets Network, Summer 1999

ABCD策略二:
共同建構成功的歷史

ABCD策畧二:
建構共同成功的歷史
 欣賞性的訪尋 (Appreciative inquiry)
針對以往成功及令人振奮的經驗，促進機構
和社區的正面轉變
透過訪問及講故事的方法尋找正面的回憶
共同對成功要素進行分析
這分析將為未來行動的起步點
欣賞性的訪尋事實上是尋找改變的動力
回憶及想像是兩大元素

什麼是欣賞性的訪尋？
 欣賞性的訪尋(AI)正好是一種邀請，邀請社
區成員進行集體探索，為社區及每位成員尋
找到最具活力、最有效率的一面，開發及強
化個人及社區的正向優勢 (heighten
positive potential)。
 將這些正向優勢連繫起來，就成了積極的變
革核心（positive change core) ，會為社區帶
驚喜的轉變。

「欣賞性訪尋」的假設……
 AI是要揚棄“查找不足、解決問題”的行徑，強調抱持希望，
持續尋找社區及其成員的活力泉源。
 在每個社會、組織或團隊，一定有某些行得通的運作方法
 我們注意的焦點，會成為我們的實境。
 只要對團體或組織提出問題都會在某個層次上影響這個團體
 我們使用的語言，創造出我們的實境。當人們能夠攜帶他們的
過去（已知）向未來（未知）邁進，它們就會更有信心，也更
自在。
 AI是彰顯未來的可能，而非歸究以往之不足。如果我們要帶著
過去的一部份走向未來，那就應該帶最好的那一部份。
 重視彼此的差異，是非常重要的。
 探詢與行動是不可分割的。
 探詢與改變是合而為一。

以下有兩種不同的提問方法─
(一)
我們的社區有什麼錯誤？
有什麼問題是要解決的？
我們的社區有什麼需要？
破壞了什麼？
或者
(二)
我們的社區有什麼強項？
試分享一段你在社區裡感到最捧的地方？
你認識社區最有價值的地方是什麼？
我們社區有什麼特質令它變得強大及獨特？

ABCD –
青年工作者的任務與角色

Paradigm Change regarding
Adolescents extracted from Bank of I.D.E.A
Problem
Client
Recipient
At risk Population to
be deal with
Tomorrow’s Leaders
Adult in the making
Problem Solver
Change Maker
Co-participant
Leadership asset to be
cultivated
Part of today’s leadership team
A citizen today

促進者 FACILITATION
"To make easy, promote, help forward an action or result,
to remove difficulties,
Promote ease or readiness with aptitude, dexterity or fluency"
(Dictionary definition)
促進者的角色
營造積極樂觀氣氛
打破迷思：令概念、運作及策略變得清晰可行
善用團隊/個人的知識及專長
作為“中間人”，把經驗、方法、網絡、資源傳遞予
有關人士
鼓勵團體和網絡間的協作及努力
Be facilitators

PRINCIPLES TO ENABLE EFFECTIVE
YOUTH PARTICIPATION
enable fun, challenge and excitement;
allow participation by choice;
avoid pigeonholing of young men and women and
generalising about their behaviour, opinions or ideas;
maximise the opportunity of success through adequate
provision of information, training, support, resources,
time and space;
address opportunities, needs and issues that are valued
and respected by young people, their peers and
the community;
start with the talents, capacities, assets and skills of
young people, rather than their problems and deficiencies;
involve young men and women from the start;

create opportunities for young women and men to lead
and teach;
maximise decision making and accountability by young
people;
develop young peoples awareness of the social, political,
economic, cultural and personal aspects of the issues
affecting them;
make sense of, and demystify adult structures and
processes;
build active and supportive working relationships
between young people and other members of the
community;
provide opportunities for training and skill development;
and
encourage opportunities to reflect and analyse their
experiences.
(According to the Bank of I.D.E.A.S)

1. Always start with the gifts, talents, knowledge and skills of
young people – never with their needs and problems.
2. Always lift up the unique individual, never the category to
which the young person belongs. It is “Frank” who sings so
well, or Maria the great soccer; never the “at-risk youth” or
the “pregnant teen”.
3. Share the conviction that: (a) Every community is filled with
useful opportunities for young people to contribute to the
community; and (b) there is no community institution or
association that can’t find a useful role for young people.
4. Try to distinguish between real community building work, and
games or fakes – because young people know the difference.
5. Fight – in every way you can – age segregation. Work to
overcome the isolation of young people.
Ten Commandments For Involving Young People In
Community Building

6. Start to get away from the principal of aggregation of people by
their emptiness. Don’t put everyone who can’t read together in
the same room. It makes no sense.
7. Move as quickly as possible beyond youth “advisory boards” or
councils, especially those boards with only one young person on
them.
8. Cultivate many opportunities for young people to teach and to lead.
9. Reward and celebrate every creative effort, every contribution
made by young people. Young people can help take the lead here.
10.In every way possible, amplify this message to young people: “We
need you! Our community cannot be strong and complete without
you”.
(According to Jody Kretzmann, Institute for Asset Based Community
Development)

With
5O THINGS ADULTS CAN DO FOR YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN
1. Have a real conversation with a group of young people. Ask young people what they want
to do and how you can assist to make that happen.
2. Support community organizations that involve young people in meaningful roles.
3. Start a resource library of videos, photographic and printed materials on youth
involvement in your community.
4. Financially and personally support organizations that train young people and adults to
work together.
5. Develop a mutual mentorship program between adults and young people.
6. Co-create or support along with young people a community centre or place for young
people and adults to gather and do constructive things together.
7. Listen to young people express their concerns and perspectives about community issues
and opportunities and help them take action.
8. Be an advocate for young men and women by making sure they’re at the table when you
are discussing them.
9. Highlight in the local newspapers the positive contribution of young men and women.
10. Introduce the 'Youth at the Centre' tools as a way of helping young people study and
audit their opportunities and challenges of the community, and then to plan and implement
projects that will enhance the community.
11. Write a letter to a newspaper editor about youth issues with a young person.

12. Respect young people as you would a peer, and talk to them as you would talk to an adult.
13. Work with young people to plan a community focussed project.
14. Hold a breakfast and invite young people to come and discuss their community, and what
they would like to see happen.
15. In planning youth development activities, start with the talents, assets and skills of young
people, rather than their problems and deficiencies.
16. Involve interested young people as consultants, interns, apprentices, and staff.
17. Be consistent and clear about your expectations of young people and adults in your home.
18. Team up with young men and women and youth-led groups to have a town meeting on a vision
for young people in your community.
19. Identify and network with young people in your community who are interested in youth and
community issues.
20. Network and connect with other adult committed to genuine youth participation principles.
21. Provide transportation to young people who would not otherwise be able to participate in
community activities.
22. Team up with young people to support political candidates at local, state, and national levels
who make listening to, and working with young people a priority!
23. Help arrange for a radio station to sponsor a call-in show led by young people that allows
them to talk about their ideas.
24. Help arrange for young people to have a regular audience with the mayor and local council
to highlight their ideas for improving social and social opportunities.

25. Work with young people to establish a Youth Council within the community.
26. Insist that any development committees operating within the community must reserve
several committee places for young people.
27. Only go to meetings where youth are invited or you can bring young people with you.
28. Create opportunities for young women and men to lead, teach and mentor.
29. Advocate for youth-led experiences in the schools so students can learn through hands-on
experience.
30. Make your home a comfortable, safe, and affirming place where young people are welcome.
31. Help young people create a newsletter for your community on youth issues and perspectives.
32. Help young people compile a list of all opportunities for youth involvement in your
community. Post it in your local library and schools. Have estate agents give it to new families in
town.
33. Involve young people as mentors to community and business members in the use of the
Internet and E commerce opportunities.
34. Email editions of community newspapers to all local young people studying away from the
town.
35. Maintain a data base of all ex students from the community and communicate each year
about the community and its opportunities and solicit development ideas.
36. Raise funds for a youth-led organization.
37. Avoid pigeon holing of young women and men and generalising about their behaviour, opinions
or ideas.

38. Join (or form) with young people a community task force to develop ideas and implement actions
to improve community opportunities.
39. Support young people in an audit of local businesses in terms of their youth friendliness.
40. Cancel a meeting or engagement so you can spend time with a young person in your family or
community.
41. Confide in a young person. Ask their advice on issues that you’re struggling with.
42. Be an advocate for youth/adult partnerships in your workplace.
43. Maximise the opportunity for success by youth led projects by ensuring adequate provision of
information, training, support, resources, time and space.
44. Value young people’s work and pay them for their work. Don’t assume that just because someone
is young they are a volunteer.
45. Write notes of appreciation for young people who contribute to the community or achieve in the
arts, sports and service.
46. Attend events in the area where young people are actively engaged.
47. Monitor regional, state and national youth leadership development experiences, and promote
participation by local young people.
48. Advocate the local community commit resources for local youth leadership development
experiences.
49. Avoid interrupting young people.
50. DO involve young people in all states of planning, managing and evaluating youth related events
and projects.
(Compiled by the Bank of I.D.E.A.S. Adapted from similar lists by the Innovation Center for Community and
Youth Development of the National 4H Council and Search Institute, USA)

以社區作教室及在地實踐

環顧社區的教育
 Education about the community
關注社區的教育
 Education for the community
投入社區的教育
 Education in / through the community

 環顧社區的教育(Education about the community) ：即經驗學習的開
展，讓師生認識社區，培養社區意識。老師對學校附近的社區作初步探索，
瞭解社區需要。透過課堂，老師把社區議題及情況向學生提出，藉以引發
學生的探究動機，然後帶領學生從社區發掘不同需要及作出對話，是一次
深刻的學習體驗。
 關注社區的教育(Education for the community) ：建立社區夥伴關係，
鼓勵社區夥伴參與學與教。所謂關注社區的教育，是引導並鼓勵學生探索
與社區相關的種種議題。社區夥伴瞭解特定社群的需要，能促進有效的服
務學習。
 投入社區的教育(Education in the community) ：構思關注社區的服務，
鼓勵學生/社區夥伴共同構思服務意義。所謂投入社區的教育，是讓學生
透過社區探索，從新對社區進行審視。根據學習所得，構思切合社區需要
的服務，構思和推行有助改善社區的行動。服務的物件除了人，也可以是
針對社區環境與設施的社區改善，或針對政策及制度的社區行動等。
余安邦等著（2002）. 社區有教室

環顧社區關注社區
投入社區
社區教育的學習循環
社區
關懷
行動
經驗
系統整合
在地整合
(余安邦，2002)

黃幹知、陳國邦、吳思朗(2018)。《活用Apps探全球：18區考察路線》。
考察三寶/五感：設計社區觀察
• 眼、耳、口、鼻、手
睇
• 點算
• 統計
數
• 訪談
問
• Assimilation &
Accommodation (Piaget)
• Association and Making
Contrast

觀察法的種類
自然觀察法 vs. 實驗觀察法
直接觀察 vs. 間接觀察
結構觀察法 vs. 無架構觀察法
參與觀察法 vs. 非參與觀察法不同時
段考察
同學參與
設計
多元考
察

活動設計小秘技
 寶、趣、讚、彈
 「最…」、「新…」、「無…」
(The “Super”, The “New”, The “Missing”)
 過去、現在、將來
(Far Past, Recent Past, Here-&-Now, R. Future, F
.
Future)
 對比 ( 如: 新/舊、遠/近、多/少)
 個人深刻感覺 / 相關經驗
(Personal Feeling and Relevance)

批判性實踐（Critical Praxis）

Critical Praxis of Communitarian
ideas to Education?
The key task for education is to teach young people
to respect worthy traditional values, whilst enabling
them to develop their critical capacity so that they
can through democratic deliberations with others
identify and strip away the prejudices which
undermine doctrines of the past.
(Tam,1996)

批判性實踐（Critical Praxis）的向度
 批判性實踐 vs. 複製性實踐 / 工具性實踐
 社會脈絡、解霸權、實踐與反省
 提問式教育 vs. 囤積式教育
Problem-posing education vs. Banking Model of Education
 辯證性對話
 問題陳顯 vs. 問題解決
Problem-posing vs. Problem-solving
 意識化（conscentization）與意向性（intentionality）
 知識主體的特殊性；將人導向對象、導向行動

Be Community Learners in community
Learning in community is a continuous lesson.
Teachers as community learners implies teachers are
moving from “teaching knowledge for” the community
to “realizing knowledge with” the community. This is
a “know-how” to “know-why” shift.
In this move, teachers engage continuously in the
collective inquiries with community members, which in
turn facilitates teachers to generate meaningful and
contextual questions for student learning in the course
of CIC.
Chan, Kwok-bong (2009). “Classroom in community: Serving the Elderly People, Learning
from Senior Citizens. A community-based Service Learning for Secondary School students in
Hong Kong.” New Horizons in Education, 57, No.3

Be Problem-posers in education
…as “men and women develop their power to
perceive critically the way they exist in the
world which and in which they find
themselves; they come to see the world not
as a static reality but as a reality in the
process of transformation” (Macedo, 1993.
Introduction. Pedagogy of the oppressed. )

The aim of Problem-posing is to
demythologize;
“we need to place the knowledge that we
teach, the social relations that dominate
classrooms, the school as a mechanism of
cultural and economic preservation and
distribution, and finally, ourselves as people
who work in these institutions, back into the
context in which they all reside.” (Apple,
1990. Ideology and Curriculum)

1. 老人與椅子 – 向社區學習與
學習服務社區

2. 火雞三文治抑或低糖紅豆
糕 – 問題陳顯的批判教學法

3. 長者校園 – 課程資本與社區資
本的互動、營造與凝聚

樂活LOVERS網上烹飪比賽

服務學習10個成功要訣
(1) 熱愛社區，服務社區
(2) 社區精神：人人為我，我為人人
服務學習的社區精神
，為社區、為人民。
(3) 因為難，所以好玩
(4) 獨樂樂，不如眾樂樂
服務要有挑戰性，而
服務策劃並不非一言
堂，與學生/夥伴一起
構思更見趣味。
(5) 欣賞學生，別把他們分類
(6) 把握機遇，讓學生教授和領導
(7) 歌頌學生貢獻，慶賀學生成就
給予學生自主機
會，發揮潛能。
(8) 邊做邊學，分工合作，常懷幽默
(9) 營造資本，資源分享，永續發展
(10) 開發！開發！再開發！謝絕套餐
，減少賣買
與社區夥伴進行有效
的協作，能為服務帶
來意想不到的效果。

ABCD，我們的小錦囊：
 熱愛社區，把緊機遇，創建未來
 社區精神：人人為我，我為人人
 諦造社區回憶，分享參與成果
 以故事夢想，感召群眾
 踢走專家，重現智慧
 開放組織，編織網絡
 因為難，所以好玩
 獨樂樂，不如眾樂樂
 邊做邊學，常懷幽默
 古道熱腸，謙卑服侍
 營造資產，永續發展

“There are only two lasting bequests
we can hope to give our young
people – one of these is roots, the other
is wings”
‘只有兩種永恆的遺產是可以給孩子的：
其一是根源，其二是翅膀’
(Hodding Carter)

It needs a village to raise a child,
- African proverb
and one child only could
change a village.

Circle of Friendship. Picasso, 1959

Future is
“Future is the embodiment of the
synthesis and hybridization of the old
and the emerging new.”
“ The Best Way to predict the future is
to create it”
Ellyard, Peter (1998). Ideas for the New Millennium.

 Bank of I.D.E.A.S.: http://bankofideas.com.au/resources/
 Community Tool Box: http://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents
 The citizen’s Handbook: http://www.citizenshandbook.org/
 The community planning website: http://www.communityplanning.net/index.php
 Appreciative Inquiry common : https://appreciativeinquiry.case.edu/
 中華民國社區營造學會: www.peopo.org/cesroc/
 教育局社區學習資源系列：https://www.edb.gov.hk/tc/curriculum-
development/kla/pshe/references-and-resources/life-and-society/life-wide.html
 教育局發展學生的公民能力 – 服務學習：https://www.edb.gov.hk/tc/curriculum-
development/kla/pshe/references-and-resources/life-and-society/seed-plan-2011-
2012.html
Web Resources

Book Resources
 陳國邦等編/著（2011）. 小學常識科服務學習資源冊. 香港教育出版社
 香港特區政府教育局（2009）「社會服務」小錦囊：從經歷到學習 .
http://cd1.edb.hkedcity.net/cd/lwl/ole/article/CS_navigator.pdf
 黃幹知、陳國邦、吳思朗(2017)。《活用Apps帶討論：反思活動40個》。策馬
 黃幹知、陳國邦、吳思朗(2018a)。《活用Apps探全球：18區考察路線》。策馬
 黃幹知、陳國邦、吳思朗(2018b)。《活用VR探全球虛疑實境X社區考察》。策馬
 黃幹知 (2014). 一呼百應（第二版）－－200個訓練活動帶領技巧. 策馬
 葉素惠(2000). 兒童社區探險隊. 遠流.
 鄭晃二 (2004).社區動力遊戲. 遠流.
 鄭晃二 (2004). 和生活做朋友：社區空間學習手冊. 天衛文化. https://www.tienwei.com.tw/product/detail383
 鄭晃二 (2003) . 攜手造家園-社區+學習手冊.秋雨文化
 Barbara A. Lewis (2009). The Kid’s Guide to Service Projects Over 500 Service Ideas for Young People Who
Want to Make a Difference. Free Spirit Pub
https://webcat.hkpl.gov.hk/search/query?term_1=The+Kid%E2%80%99s+Guide+to+Service+Projects&theme=WEB
https://books.google.vg/books?id=u3L1A8hC9rMC&printsec=copyright#v=onepage&q&f=false
 Barbara A. Lewis (1998). The kid's guide to social action : how to solve the social problems you choose--
and turn creative thinking into positive action
https://webcat.hkpl.gov.hk/search/query?term_1=The+Kid%E2%80%99s+Guide+to+social+action&theme=WEB
 Halpin, Mikki (2004). It’s your world – if you don’t like it, change it. Activism for Teenagers. NY: Simon
Pulse
https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=uJyBYpoK9csC&pg=PA11&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false

Apple, M.W. (1990). Ideology and Curriculum London. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Bell D.A. (1993). Communitarianism and its Critics. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Chan, Kwok-bong (2009). Classroom in community: Serving the Elderly People, Learning from Senior Citizens. A community-based
Service Learning for Secondary School students in Hong Kong. New Horizons in Education, 57, No.3 (Special Issue), Dec
2009,n15:82-96 . HK: Hong Kong Teachers Association
Ellyard, Peter (1998). Ideas for the New Millennium. Melbourne University Press.
Eyllard, Peter (2008) Designing 2050 Pathways to Sustainable Prosperity on Spaceship Earth. Port Campbell Press
Hargreaves, D.H. (1982). The Challenge for the Comprehensive School: Culture, Curriculum and Community. London: Routledge and
Kegan Paul.
Hargreaves D.H. (1994) The Mosaic of Learning - schools and teachers for the next millennium. Demos, London
Keeble, R. (1981) Community and Education. Some relationships and some issues, Leicester: National Youth Bureau.
Kertzman, J., & McKnight, J. (1993). Building Community from the inside out: A path toward finding and mobilizing a community’s
assets. Chicago: ACTA Publications.
Macedo, D. P. (1993). Introduction. Pedagogy of the oppressed .London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R. & Nanetti, R. Y. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. NJ:Princeton University
Press.
Tam H. (1996) ‘Education and the Communitarian Movement’, Pastoral Care in Education. 14 (3) pp. 28-31.
Tam H. (1998) Communitarianism: A New Agenda for Politics and Citizenship. Macmillan Press, London
余安邦等著（2002）. 社區有教室：學校課程與社區總體營造的遭逢與對話遠流. 台灣
余安邦等著（2005）. 社區有教室的批判性實踐遠流. 台灣
余安邦等著(2008).社區有教室的在地轉化打造有文化品味的課程與教學. 五南
黃洪博士(2006) ： “資產為本社區發展與青年” 小童群益會荃葵區同工訓練會議簡報
陳麗華等著(2005).課程發展與設計社會行動取向. 五南
蘇．安妮斯．哈蒙 ( 2006 ):團隊成功的yes基因－肯定式探詢一點就通 (譯者：陳淑婷、許逸臻)
參考資料

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