美國學者西格蒙(Sigmon)曾分析服務與學習的各種
不同關係，將其歸納為四種類型態 ：
servicelearning 服務與學習彼此目標沒有關聯
service-LEARNING 以學習目標為主，服務成果不
是重點
SERVICE-learning 以服務成果為主，學習目標不
是重點
SERVICE-LEARNING 服務與學習目標同等重要，
對所有服務與被服務的人都 能加強其完成目標
Sigmon, R. (1996). The problem of definition in service-learning. In R. Sigmon (ed.), Journey to service
learning: Experiences from independent liberal arts colleges and universities. Washington, DC: Council of
Independent Colleges.
4.
服務學習與其他學習 / 服務計畫的比較
Furco, A. (1996). Service-learning: A balanced approach to experiential education. In
Corporation for National Service (Ed.), Expanding Boundaries: Serving and Learning (pp.
2-6). Columbia, MD: Cooperative Education Association.
社會正義為焦點（Social Justice Focus）
‘Servicelearning should be about social change,
not just filling a gap in services. It should be
about questioning the conditions in society
that create the need for service in the first
place and seeking to alter those conditions’
Wade, R. C. (2000). Beyond charity: Service learning for social justice. Social Studies and the Young
Learner, 12(4), 6–9.
服務學習的特質
服務學習強調：
服務與學習之間相向的連接與貫通 –服務增進和
強化學習，學習增進和強化服務 (The service reinforces
and strengthens the learning, and the learning reinforces and strengthens
the service)
學生與服務使用者平等的交流，彼此一起教導，
兩者互相學習 (Both the server and those served teach, and both
learns)
連接服務經驗於特定學習目標（透過反思、討論，
以及結合課程材料）
滿足社區與服務機構的需要
促進學生與社區之間終生的連系
10.
Service-learning is aneducational method that
entwines the threads of experiential learning and
community service. It meets educational objectives
through real-world experiences, while tapping
youths as resources to benefit their schools and
communities (NYLC, 2004)
“Picking up trash by a riverbank is service.
Studying water samples under a microscope is learning.
When students collect and analyze water samples and
the local pollution control agency uses the findings to
clean up a river … that is service-learning.”
“I unite communities. Serve. Learn. Change the world.”
23.
分組討論
假如你係學生，
你最想參與那一
個？ 為何？
假如你係老師，
你認為那一個最
能發揮服務學習
的教學效果？
優質服務學習特質
• 協同合作（Collaboration)
• 互惠（Reciprocity）
• 多元（Diversity）
• 學習為基礎（Learning-Based）
• 向社區 / 為社區學習 (Learning about
/ for the community)
• 社會正義為焦點（Social Justice Focus）
• 投入社區的學習 (Learning in the
community)
• 從經驗學習及反思
籌備：如何連結服務與學習
Begin witha Powerful Issue
Promote discussion of service events,
activities and experiences
Include Guided Reflection
Base assessment on student’s
demonstrated learning and
application of knowledge to settings
and issues
29.
有力的議題 (Powerful Issue)
is a set of motivational and relevant questions that could
engage students in the learning process
connects students and teachers to larger communities
provides the momentum and tension for the “curriculum
participants” to work together
facilitate students to find answers from the service users
(stakeholders) in the community
motivate students to apply their learning to develop
community services which are relevant to the service
users.
(Chan, 2009)
活動設計小秘技
寶、趣、讚、彈
「最…」、「新…」、「無…」
(The“Super”, The “New”, The “Missing”)
過去、現在、將來
(Far Past, Recent Past, Here-&-Now, R. Future, F. Future)
對比 ( 如: 新/舊、遠/近、多/少)
個人深刻感覺 / 相關經驗
(Personal Feeling and Relevance)
45.
服務：如何連結服務與學習
Begin witha Powerful Issue
Promote discussion of service
events, activities and
experiences
Include Guided Reflection
Base assessment on student’s
demonstrated learning and
application of knowledge to
settings and issues
不同時
段考察
同學參與
設計
多元考
察
46.
觀察法的種類
自然觀察法 vs.實驗觀察法
直接觀察 vs. 間接觀察
結構觀察法 vs. 無架構觀察法
參與觀察法 vs. 非參與觀察法
參考資料 (英文部份)
Apple, M.W.(1990). Ideology and Curriculum London. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Arthur, James (1998). Communitarianism: What are the implications for education? Educational Studies; Nov 1998; 24, 3
Arthur, James. (2000). School and Community: The Communitarian Agenda in Education. London:Routledge.
Barbara A. Lewis (2009). The Kid’s Guide to Service Projects Over 500 Service Ideas for Young People Who Want to Make a Difference.
Free Spirit Pub
Bringle R.G.., Phillips, M.A., and Hudson, M. (2003) The Measure of Service Learning. Research Scales to Assess Student Experiences.
Washington DC:APA
Chan, Kwok-bong (2009). Classroom in community: Serving the Elderly People, Learning from Senior Citizens. A community-based
Service Learning for Secondary School students in Hong Kong. New Horizons in Education, 57, (3), 82-96 . HK: HKTA
Codispoti, F. (2004). A justification of the Communitarian Model. Service-Learning History, Theory, and Issues.CA: Praeger Publishers
Furco, A. (1996). Service-learning: A balanced approach to experiential education. In Corporation for National Service (Ed.),
Expanding Boundaries: Serving and Learning (pp. 2-6). Columbia, MD: Cooperative Education Association.
Furco, P. Muller, and M. S. Ammon (1998). The Civic Responsibility Surveys. Service-Learning Research & Development Center,
University of California, Berkeley
Halpin, Mikki (2004). It’s your world – if you don’t like it, change it. Activism for Teenagers. NY: Simon Pulse
Hargreaves, D.H. (1982). The Challenge for the Comprehensive School: Culture, Curriculum and Community. London: Routledge and
Kegan Paul.
Hargreaves D.H. (1994) The Mosaic of Learning - schools and teachers for the next millennium. Demos, Londo
Innovation Centre for Community and Youth Development. (2004). Creating Change: How organizations connect with youth, building
communities and strengthen themselves. Washington: Innovation Centre for Community and Youth Development
Jacoby, Barbara(1996). Service-learning in higher education: concepts and practices. JosseyBass
James C. Kielsmeier (2002) “Recasting the Role of Youth in the 21st Century: Active Learning and Civic Engagement” Paper presented
in the National Service-Learning Conference 2002: National Youth Council.
74.
Kertzman, J., &McKnight, J. (1993). Building Community from the inside out: A path toward finding and mobilizing a community’s assets.
Chicago: ACTA Publications.
Leung, Y.W. (2003). Citizenship education through service learning: from charity to social justice. Educational Journal, 31 (1), 95- 117.
Lynn Montrose (2001). “Building Community & World-Ready Youth” Paper Presented in the National Service-Learning Conference 2001: National
Youth Council
McCarthy, Florence (2003). Service Learning Triangle: Key Concepts, Partners, Relationships
Ogden, C., & Claus, J.(1999) An Empowering, Transformative Approach to Service. Service Learning for Youth Empowerment and Social Change.
NY: Peter Lang Publishing Group
Pfeiffer and Jones (1974) Handbook of Structured Experiences
The PRIME II Project (2002) Transfer of Learning--A Guide for Strengthening the Performance of Health Care Workers
Rahima C. Wade (1997) Community service-learning : a guide to including service in the public school curriculum. Albany : State University of
New York Press.
Robert E. Haskell (2000) Transfer of Learning: Cognition and Instruction
Sigmon, R. (1996). The problem of definition in service-learning. In R. Sigmon (ed.), Journey to service learning: Experiences from
independent liberal arts colleges and universities. Washington, DC: Council of Independent Colleges.
Sobofu Some (2000). The Spirit of Intimacy: Ancient Teachings In The Ways Of Relationships. HarperCollins
Tam H. (1998) Communitarianism: A New Agenda for Politics and Citizenship. Macmillan, London
Ward, K. & Wolf-Wendel, L. (2000). Community-Centered Service Learning: Moving from Doing For to Doing With. American Behavioral Scientist,
43: 767-780.
Werner, Voce, Openshaw & Simons (2002). Designing service-learning to empower students and community: Jackson elementary builds a nature
study center. Journal of social issues, 58, n3: 557-579.
75.
Bank ofI.D.E.A.S.: http://bankofideas.com.au/resources/
Community Tool Box: http://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents
The citizen’s Handbook: http://www.citizenshandbook.org/
The community planning website:
http://www.communityplanning.net/index.php
Appreciative Inquiry common : https://appreciativeinquiry.case.edu/
Roger Greenaway. Active Reviewing Website http://www.reviewing.co.uk.
小童群益會@教育局 生活與社會課程 (中一至中三)教學資源及參考資
料
http://www.edb.gov.hk/tc/curriculum-development/kla/pshe/references-
and-resources/life-and-society/seed-plan-2011-2012.html
http://www.edb.gov.hk/tc/curriculum-development/kla/pshe/references-
and-resources/life-and-society/professional-development-program-and-
related-reference-materials-2013-2014.html
http://www.edb.gov.hk/tc/curriculum-development/kla/pshe/references-
and-resources/life-and-society/professional-development-program-and-
related-reference-materials-2012-2013.html
參考資料
