• It is the combination of liquid chromatography and the mass spectrometry.
• Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical chemistry
technique that combines the physical separation capabilities of liquid
chromatography with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry.
• The combination of these two powerful techniques gives the chemical analyst the
ability to analyze virtually any molecular species; including, thermally labile, non
volatile, and high molecular weight species.
• It is the combination of liquid chromatography and the mass spectrometry.
• Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is an analytical chemistry
technique that combines the physical separation capabilities of liquid
chromatography with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry.
• The combination of these two powerful techniques gives the chemical analyst the
ability to analyze virtually any molecular species; including, thermally labile, non
volatile, and high molecular weight species.
The aim of the coupling is to obtain an information-rich detection for both identification and quantification compared to that with a single analytical technique.
fluid chromatography (SFC) can be used on an analytical
scale.
It is a combination of High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
and Gas chromatography (GC).
It can be used with non-volatile and thermally labile analytes.
It can be used with the universal flame ionization detector.
It is important to producing narrower peaks due to rapid diffusion.
It is important for the chiral separations and analysis of high-molecularweight
hydrocarbons.
Supercritical fluids are suitable as a substitute for organic solvents in a
range of industrial and laboratory processes.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY [GC-MS]Shikha Popali
THIS PRESENTATION GIVES A DETAIL ACCOUNT ON THE GC-MS WITH ITS INTRODUCTION, BASIC PRINCIPLE OF BOTH COMBINED AND INDIVIDUALLY WITH ITS INSTRUMENTATION, APPLICATION AND EXAMPLES, MAKES EASY TO COLLECT ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE ACCORDING TO THE M.PHARM SYLLABUS S PER PCI
1. It is one of the type of Hyphenated technique.
2. It is a combination of gas chromatographic technique and spectroscopic technique.
3. It is having a high resolution capacity.
4. It is used has volatile and Non-volatile compounds.
5. It is used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
The aim of the coupling is to obtain an information-rich detection for both identification and quantification compared to that with a single analytical technique.
fluid chromatography (SFC) can be used on an analytical
scale.
It is a combination of High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
and Gas chromatography (GC).
It can be used with non-volatile and thermally labile analytes.
It can be used with the universal flame ionization detector.
It is important to producing narrower peaks due to rapid diffusion.
It is important for the chiral separations and analysis of high-molecularweight
hydrocarbons.
Supercritical fluids are suitable as a substitute for organic solvents in a
range of industrial and laboratory processes.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY [GC-MS]Shikha Popali
THIS PRESENTATION GIVES A DETAIL ACCOUNT ON THE GC-MS WITH ITS INTRODUCTION, BASIC PRINCIPLE OF BOTH COMBINED AND INDIVIDUALLY WITH ITS INSTRUMENTATION, APPLICATION AND EXAMPLES, MAKES EASY TO COLLECT ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE ACCORDING TO THE M.PHARM SYLLABUS S PER PCI
1. It is one of the type of Hyphenated technique.
2. It is a combination of gas chromatographic technique and spectroscopic technique.
3. It is having a high resolution capacity.
4. It is used has volatile and Non-volatile compounds.
5. It is used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
mass spectrometry, also called mass spectroscopy, analytic technique by which chemical substances are identified by the sorting of gaseous ions in electric and magnetic fields according to their mass-to-charge ratios.
GCMS & LCMS
htps://youtube.com/vishalshelke99
https://instagram.com/vishal_stagram
Sub :- Advanced Analytical Techniques
M.Pharmacy Sem1
Savitribai Phule Pune University
Contents :-
GC-MS
Introduction
Principle
Instrumentation
Application
LC-MS
Introduction
Principle
Instrumentation
Application
Introduction to Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy
Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy is one of the so-called hyphenated analytical techniques. It is actually two techniques that are combined to form a single method of analyzing mixtures of chemicals
GC-MS is an instrumental technique, comprising a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer by which complex mixtures of chemicals may be separated, identified & quantified. In order to a compound to be analysed by GC-MS it must be sufficiently volatile & thermally stable.
Principle :-
The Sample solution is injected into the GC inlet where it is vapourized & swept onto a chromatographic column by the carrier gas ( usually helium). The sample flows through the column & compounds comprising the mixture of interest are separated by virtue of their relative interaction with the coating of the column (stationery phase) & the carrier gas (mobile phase). The later part of the column passes through a heated transfer line & ends at the entrance to ion source where compounds eluting from the column are converted to ions
002. Cephalosporins for students 2023 Prof. P. Ravisankar.pdfDr. Ravi Sankar
Cephalosporins, Why Cephalosporins? Advantages of cephalosporins over penicillin, Mechanism of action of cephalosporins, Classification of cephalosporins, Structures of some important cephalosporins and cephamycins, Oximinocephalosporins, SAR of cephalosporins,Hydrolytic reactions, degradation and stability of cephalosporins, Uses of cephalosporins, Comparison between 6-APA and 7-ACA and penam and cepham.
1a. Prof. P. Ravisankar, Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, Guntur, AP., Ind...Dr. Ravi Sankar
Antibiotics, characteristics of an antibiotic, Brief historical background of antibiotics, Modern History of antibiotics, Classification of antibiotics, four groups of beta-lactam antibiotics, Classification of Penicillins, Penicillinase resistant Penicillins, Narrow spectrum anti-staphylococcal Penicillins, Amino Penicillins, Nomenclature of Penicillins, Stereochemistry of Penicillins, Hydrolysis of Penicillins, SAR of Penicillins, Mechanism of Penicillins, Beta-lactamase inhibitors, Therapeutic uses of Penicillins, Penicillin advantages, and disadvantages, Hypersensitivity or allergic reactions of Penicillins.
Tetracyclines are Octahydro napthacene derivatives which are bacteriostatic potent broad spectrum antibiotics and are the most widely prescribed form of antibiotic after penicillins.
TETRA means = four
CYCL means = hydrocarbon rings
INE means = derivation.
Tetracyclines are introduced 50 years ago as potent broad spectrum antibiotics.
They are biosynthesized form acetic acid and propionic acid units in microorganisms.
Finally, one of the best ways of reducing cancer is …..
Cancer prevention is an essential component of all cancer control plans because about 40 % of cancers are preventable.
Firstly…Public education campaigns are important in highlighting the dangers of smoking because possibly as many as 22 % (in the UK 30%) of cancers are caused by smoking.
Secondly, another 30% of cancers are diet-related. Decades of research have clearly shown that by living a healthy life, people can reduce the risk of developing the disease.
Screening tests help in finding Cancer earlier before developing any symptoms.
The benefits of eating high-fiber foods, fruit, and vegetables.
Epigallocatechin gallate, an antioxidant present in green tea, is another potential protective agent.
Finally, The new research funded by the UK and USA which aims to show the number of cancer cases could be prevented by known lifestyle and environmental factors,
like being a non-smoker, keeping a healthy weight, drinking less alcohol, eating a healthy balanced diet, and avoiding being exposed to certain infections or radiation.
Every country, regardless of resource level, can take steps to curb the cancer epidemic, save lives and prevent unnecessary suffering.
Finally, cancer prevention efforts should be preceded by a systematic planning process on cancer control.
Antibiotics definition, Early and modern history, classification of antibiotics, Mechanism of antibacterial action, bacterial cell and drug targets, penicillins nomenclature, degradation reactions of penicillins, medical classification of penicillins, SAR of penicillins, Mechanism of penicillins, Betalactamase inhibitors, Therapeutic uses of penicillins, toxicity of penicillins, Side effects of penicillins.
NOVEL SEPARATION AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF LEVOFLOXACIN, PRULIFLOXACI...Dr. Ravi Sankar
The core AIM of the present study is to develop a novel, rapid, precise and accurate RP-HPLC method for simultaneous separation and quantification of six fluoroquinolones OF LEVOFLOXACIN (LEVO), PRULIFLOXACIN (PRFX), GATIFLOXACIN (GATI), SPARFLOXACIN (SPAR), MOXIFLOXAXIN (MOXI) AND BALOFLOXACIN (BALO) for the the day to day analysis.
The author felt that a novel single method for separation and quantification of all the above said drugs on single chromatographic system without any minor changes in detection wavelength and mobile phase composition.
To develop rapid, sensitive and economical analytical method based on HPLC for separation and estimation of six fluoroquinolones pharmaceutical dosage forms.
To develop method with shorter run time and better sensitivity.
Reducing the solvent consumption to make it more eco-friendly.
Avoid the column damage by minimizing the buffer strength and pH of mobile phase than reported methods.
To validate the method for different parameters like Accuracy, Precision, Linearity, specificity, Robustness International Conference on Harmonization ICH Q2(R1) guidelines..
To apply the developed RP-HPLC method in the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations.
Analytical method development and validation of novel Levofloxacin, Pruliflox...Dr. Ravi Sankar
For the first time simple, selective, sensitive RP-HPLC method was developed for the separation and quantitative development of LEVO, PRFX, GATI, SPAR, MOXI and BALO relating to fluoroquinolone anti bacterials in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The most important advantage of developed method was that the 6 separate drugs can be determined on a single chromatographic system without modifications in detection wavelength and mobile phase by RP-HPLC. The chromatographic separation of the selected drugs was carried out on Welchrom C18 column consisting of 250 mm X 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size utilizing mixture of 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.1): Acetonitrile in the ratio of 70:30,v/v as mobile phase at the flow rate of 1mL/min with detection wave length at 293 nm by using UV spectrophotometric detector with total run time of 10 minutes and 3.613, 4.230, 4.707, 5.497, 5.880 and 6.253 minutes of retention time obtained for LEVO, PRFX, GATI, SPAR, MOXI and BALO respectively. All calibration curves for six drugs showed indicated linearity over a concentration range of 2-10 µg/mL. The results regarding to limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for LEVO, PRFX, GATI, SPAR, MOXI and BALO were found to be 0.116 µg/mL and 0.348 µg/mL; 0.152 µg/mL and 0.460 µg/mL; 0.084 µg/mL and 0.255 µg/mL; 0.186 µg/mL and 0.558 µg/mL, 0.162 and 0.493, 0.112 and 0.390 respectively. These results clearly show low values of LOD and LOQ. The said developed method was ultimately utilized for quantification of marketed formulation.
NOVEL SIMULTANEOUS SEPARATION AND QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF FOUR SARTANS...Dr. Ravi Sankar
The core AIM of the present study is to develop a novel, rapid, precise and accurate RP-HPLC method for simultaneous separation and quantification of Hydrochlorothiazide along with four sartans Telmisartan(TELM), Losartan(LOSA), Olmesartan(OLME) and Valsartan(VALS).
To develop Novel methods for separation and quantification of all the above said drugs on single chromatographic system without any minor changes in detection wavelength and mobile phase composition.
Total quality management (TQM), and current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP...Dr. Ravi Sankar
TQM, cGMP, Introduction, Definition, Importance, TQM frame work, Key concepts (Principles) of TQM, specific steps in the cycle, Benefits of TQM, cGMP, principles of GMP, Improtance of GMP, why GMP established?, difference between GMP and cGMP, GMP and cGMP regulations, code of federal regulations.
Tetracyclines BY Dr. P. Ravisankar M. Pharm., Ph.D.Dr. Ravi Sankar
Tetracyclines by Dr. P. Ravisankar M. Pharm., Ph.D.
Definition
Introduction
Classification
Historical background
Sources
Chemistry
SAR of tetracyclines
Mechanism of action of tetracyclines
Spectrum of activity
Uses of tetracyclines
Side effects of tetracyclines
Dr. P. Ravisankar M. Pharm., Ph.D.
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Definition
Introduction
Classification
Structures,Functions,Deficiency,Diseases,Toxicity and uses.
Introduction to diuretics.
Therapeutic approaches.
Normal physiology of urine formation.
Classification of drugs .
Mechanism of action of Acetazolamide.
Mechanism of action of Thiazides.
Mechanism of action of Loop diuretics.
Mechanism of action of potassium sparing diuretics &aldosterone antagonists.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Liquid chromatography–mass
spectrometry
• Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
(LC-MS, or alternatively HPLC-MS) is an
analytical chemistry technique that combines
the physical separation capabilities of liquid
chromatography (or HPLC) with the mass
analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry.
3. Spectral resolution is possible
Compound identification from spectral data
High degree of specificity
4. Mass spectrometers work by ionising the
molecules and identifying the ions according to
their mass-to-charge(m/z) ratios.
Two key components in this process are the
ion source,which generates the ions,and the
mass analyser which sorts the ions.
The basic LC/MS system consists of a HPLC
pump,an injector,and a column mated to a mass
spectrometer through an evaporative/ionising
interface.
5.
6. MOBILE PHASE :-
The mobile phase is the solvent that moves the
solute through out column.
General requirements:-
(1)low cost, uv transperancy,high purity.
(2)low viscosity, low toxicity, non flammability.
(3)non corrosive to LC system component.
7.
8. COLUMN :-
The use of di-functional or tri-functional silanes
to create bonded groups with two or three
attachment points leading to phases with higher
stability.
Most widely used columns for LCMS are:-
(1) fast LC column- short column(15-50mm)
(2)Micro LC column-large column( 20-
150mm)
9. Sample preparation:-
Sample preparation generally consists of concentrating
the analyte and removing compounds that can cause
background ions or suppress ionization.
Example of sample preparation include:-
(1) on –column concentration to increase analyte
concentration.
(2) desalting to reduce the sodium and potassium adduct
formation that commonly occurs in electro spray
(3) filtration to separate a low molecular-weight drug
from proteins in plasma, milk, or tissue.
10. Common ionisation techniques are :
Electrospray ionisation(ESI)
Atmospheric pressure chemical
ionisation(APCI)
Atmospheric pressure photoionisation(APPI)
Matrix assisted laser desorption with time of
flight(MALDI-TOF)
Particle beam
11. Which is best?
•It depends on the exact application.
•Increasing polarity and molecular weight and
thermal instability favors electrospray.
•Most drugs of abuse are highly polar and are
easily analyzed using electrospray.
•High molecular weight proteins also require
electrospray
•Lower polarity and molecular weight favors APCI or
APPI.
•compounds must be more thermally stable.
12. Electrospray ionization:
(ESI) is a technique used in mass spectrometry to produce ions. It is
especially useful in producing ions from macromolecules because it
overcomes the propensity of these molecules to fragment when ionized.
The liquid containing the analyte(s) of interest is dispersed by
electrospray into a fine aerosol.
Because the ion formation involves extensive solvent evaporation, the
typical solvents for electrospray ionization are prepared by mixing water
with volatile organic compounds (e.g. methanol, acetonitrile)
To decrease the initial droplet size, compounds that increase the
conductivity (e.g. acetic acid) are customarily added to the solution.
Large-flow electrosprays can benefit from additional nebulization by
an inert gas such as nitrogen.
The aerosol is sampled into the first vacuum stage of a mass
spectrometer through a capillary, which can be heated to aid further
solvent evaporation from the charged droplets.
13. The solvent evaporates from a charged droplet until it becomes unstable
upon reaching its Rayleigh limit.
At this point, the droplet deforms and emits charged jets in a process
known as Coulomb fission.
During the fission, the droplet loses a small percentage of its mass (1.0-
2.3%) along with a relatively large percentage of charge (10-18%).
14. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
• In APCI,the eluent is sprayed through a
heated vaporizer at atmospheric
pressure.The heat vaporises the liquid.
• The resulting gas-phase solvent molecules
are ionised by electrons discharged from a
corona needle.
• The solvent ions then transfer charge to
the analyte molecules through chemical
reactions.
• The analyte ions pass through a capillary
sampling orifice into the mass analyzer.
15. Atmospheric pressure photoionization
• As in APCI,a vaporizer converts the LC eluent to
the gas phase.
• A discharge lamp generates photons in a narrow
range of ionisation energies.
• The range of energies is carefully chosen to
ionize as many analyte molecules as possible
while minimising the ionisation of solvent
molecules.
• The resulting ions pass through a capillary
sampling orifice into the mass analyser.
17. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
(MALDI)
The MALDI is a two step process.
First, desorption is triggered by a UV laser beam.
Matrix material heavily absorbs UV laser light, leading to the ablation of upper
layer (~micron) of the matrix material.
A hot plume produced during the ablation contains many species: neutral and
ionized matrix molecules, protonated and deprotonated matrix molecules,
matrix clusters and nanodroplets.
The second step is ionization (more accurately protonation or deprotonation).
Protonation (deprotonation) of analyte molecules takes place in the hot plume.
Some of the ablated species participate in protonation (deprotonation) of
analyte molecules.
19. •Useful interface which is applicable to a wide range of
molecules.
•The heavier sample molecules enter the MS and can be ionised.
20. •They deflects ions down a curved tubes in a magnetic
fields based on their kinetic energy determined by the
mass, charge and velocity.
• The magnetic field is scanned to measure different
ions.
Four types of mass analysers commonly used are :
•Quadrupole
•Time-of –flight
•Ion trap
•Fourier transform-ion cyclotron reasonance(FT-ICR)
21. Ions entering the chamber are trapped in the circular orbits by
powerful electrical and magnetic fields.
When excited by a radio frequency electrical field,the ions
generate a time-dependent current.
This current is converted into orbital frequencies of the ions
which correspond to their mass-to-charge ratios.
22. Quadrupole
The quadrupole consists of four parallel metal rods.
Each opposing rod pair is connected together electrically, and a
radio frequency (RF) voltage is applied between one pair of rods
and the other.
A direct current voltage is then superimposed on the RF
voltage. Ions travel down the quadrupole between the rods.
Only ions of a certain mass-to-charge ratio m/z will reach the
detector for a given ratio of voltages: other ions have unstable
trajectories and will collide with the rods.
This permits selection of an ion with a particular m/z or allows
the operator to scan for a range of m/z-values by continuously
varying the applied voltage.
25. In full scan mode:
-Ions fill and are trapped in space then masses are scanned out
of the trap sequentially.
-Ions are not lost, so full scan sensitivity is better, but filling/closing
cycles make them poorer at quantitation.
Mass resolution is controlled by the “speed” at which masses
are scanned out of the trap.
slower scanning = better mass resolution.
In MS/MS mode:
-Ions trapped,fragmentation occurs when the selected ion is
excited by a voltage and collides with bath gas (He).
-This process can occur recursively thus MS/MS/MS/MS….
26. •LC/MS is suitable for many applications,from
pharmaceutical development to environmental
analysis.
•It ability to detect a wide range of compounds
with great sensitivity and specificity has made it
popular in a variety of fields,
27. Molecular weight determination e.g differentiation of
similar octapeptides,determinig the molecular weight of
green fluorescent protein.
Structural determination e.g. structural determination of
ginsenoside.
Pharmaceutical application e.g. rapid chromatography of
benzodiazepines,identification of bile acid metabolites.
Clinical application e.g. high sensitivity detection of
trimipramine and thioridazine.
Food application e.g. identification of aflatoxin in food,
determination of vitamin D 3 in poultry feed supplement
using MS 3
Environmental application e.g. detection of phenyl urea
herbicides, detection of low level of carbaryl in food.
28. One fundamental application of LC/MS is the determination
of molecular weights.This information is key information to
determining identity.
Determination of similar octapeptides:
Figure 1 shows the spectra of two peptides whose mass-
to-charge ratio differs by only 1 m/z .The smaller fragments
are identical in the two spectras ,indicating that large
portions of the two peptides are very similar.The larger
fragments contain the differentiating peptides.
30. Structural determination of ginsenosides using MS
analysis:
•Ginseng root,a traditional chinese herbal
remedy,contains more than a dozen biologically active
saponins called ginsenosides.
•Since ginsenosides contain multiple oligosaccharide
chains at different positions in the molecule,stuctural
elucidation of these components can be quite
complicated.
•MSn analysis in an ion trap mass spectrometer permits
multiple stages of precursor ion isolation and
fragmentation.this stepwise fragmentation permits
individual fragmentation pathways to be followed and
provides a great deal of structural information.
31. Rapid chromatography of benzodiazepines:
•The information available in a mass spectrum
allows some compounds to be separated even
though they are unresolved.
•In this example , a series of benzodiazepines was
analysed using both UV and MS detectors.
•The UV trace could not be used for
quantitation,but the extracted ion chromatograms
from MS could be used.
33. High sensitivity detection of trimipramine and
thioridazine:
•Trimipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant with
sedative properties.
•Thioridazine is a tranquiliser.
•Figure 4 shows these compounds in urine extract at a
low level that could not be detected by UV.
•To get the maximum sensitivity from a MS,the analysis
was done by selected ion monitoring.
35. Identification of aflatoxins in food:
•Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced in foods by
certain fungi.
•Figure 3 shows the total ion chromatogram from a
mixture of four aflatoxins.
•Even though they are structurally similar,each
aflatoxin can be uniquely identified by its mass
spectrum.
37. Detection of phenyl urea herbicides:
•Many of the phenyl urea herbicides are very similar and
difficult to distinguish with a UV detector.
•Monuron and diuron have one benzene ring and differ
by a single chlorine.Chloroxuron has two chlorines and a
second benzene ring attached to the first by an oxygen.
•The UV spectra are similar for monuron and diuron but
different for chloroxuron.
•When analysed using LC/MS system,each compound
has a uniquely identifiable mass spectrum.
39. Pharmacokinetics
LC-MS is very commonly used in pharmacokinetic
studies of pharmaceuticals and is thus the most
frequently used technique in the field of bioanalysis.
These studies give information about how quickly a
drug will be cleared from the hepatic blood flow, and
organs of the body.
40. •LC-MS is the method of choice for the study of
drug metabolism because of its sensitivity and
specificity.
•The metabolism of droloxifene,an analogue of
anti-breast cancer drug tamoxifen,by human
liver microsomes is an example .
41. Drug development
LC-MS is frequently used in drug development
at many different stages including Peptide
Mapping, Glycoprotein Mapping, Natural
Products Dereplication, Bioaffinity Screening, In
Vivo Drug Screening, Metabolic Stability
Screening, Metabolite Identification, Impurity
Identification, Degradant Identification,
Quantitative Bioanalysis, and Quality Control.
42. •LC-MS has proved to be an extremely
sensitive and specific technique for the
analysis of pharmaceuticals.
•It plays important roles in the studies of
drug metabolism,discovery of new drug
candidates and the analysis,identification
and characterisation of impurities and
degradants in drug substances and
products.