With the turf industry increasingly claiming to be becoming more aware of the environmental impact of its actions and awards such as the Claude Crockford Environmental Award being an annual basis to the Australian Golf Course Superintendent exhibiting a high degree of environmental awareness just how many Turf Professionals are actually aware of the impact of commonly used pesticides on what are termed “beneficial organisms”?

1. NON TARGET PESTICIDE IMPACTS
With the turf industry increasingly claiming to be becoming more aware of the environmental impact of its
actions and awards such as the Claude Crockford Environmental Award being an annual basis to the Australian
Golf Course Superintendent exhibiting a high degree of environmental awareness just how many Turf
Professionals are actually aware of the impact of commonly used pesticides on what are termed “beneficial
organisms”?
In reality I would think not many and so I have put together the following as an initial starting point in relation to
this.
Currently there appears to be very little information on the toxicity of insecticides, miticides, and fungicides to
the numerous species of predators and parasitoids that can occur on turf areas. Encouraging natural enemies to
colonize and sustain themselves is an important element of integrated pest management (IPM).
Turf managers have a pretty significant array of pesticide choices available for controlling the various pests and
diseases that may occur on turf areas. These different pesticides can have widely differing impacts on the
beneficial insects ranging from extremely harmful to completely safe.
This was initially begun in 2001 by Sonja Aston from what was then Novartis with a predominantly horticultural
perspective. I have continued with this since then and it has become rather a large file as you can see!! Some of
the chemical actives listed have now been discontinued such as azinphos methyl and some are not turf registered
(Pymetrozine) but I have kept these in for the sake of completeness.
The tables can be a bit confusing but by way of explanation in the case of the examples below methidathion
causes high to very high disruption 24 hours after application () leading to greater than 40% reduction in
population. The figure ‘4’to the right of this equates to the number of trials this is based on.
In another example abamectin leads to less than 10% disruption of ladybirds after spraying.
Beneficial species Common name Helps to control Hazard rating
TEBUFENPYRAD METHIDATHION
Beneficial species Common name Helps to control Hazard rating
Chilocorus spp Ladybirds Scale, mealy bugs ND  4
Beneficial species Common name Helps to control Hazard rating
ABAMECTIN
Beneficial species Common name Helps to control Hazard rating
Coccinellidae Ladybirds Aphids, Mites,
Heliothis, Scales,
Mealybugs


2. As with most things this is far from complete as indicated by the numerous blank spots but if it actually does
anything it shows you that when you spray a pesticide for one issue it can quite often have a detrimental impact
on other organisms that are not actually a problem and in many instances are actually regarded as being
beneficial.

3. Beneficial species Common name Helps to control Hazard rating
PYMETRO-
ZINE
FENOXY-
CARB
EMAMECTIN
BENZOATE
TEBUFENPYRAD METHIDATHION ABAMECTIN
Amblyseius nr.
tetranychivorus
Predatory mite

Amblyseius
andersoni
Predatory mite
 
Aphidius spp. Parasitic wasp Aphids  ND ND ND ND 
Aphidoletes
aphidimyza*
Aphid midge/ Gall-
midge
Aphids
 ND  ND ND ND
Aphytis spp. Parasitoid Red scale ND  ND   4 
Apis mellifera #
Honey bees -      ND
Araneidae Spiders Heliothis  ND  ND  ND
Bombix mori Silkworm - ND ND  ND ND
Bombus terrestris Bumble bee -  ND ND ND ND 
Cales noacki Parasitoid Whitefly ND  ND ND ND ND
Campylomma
liebknechti
Apple dimpling bug Mites
ND ND  ND ND ND
Carabidae Ground beetles Caterpillars,
Cutworms, Snails,
Slugs
 ND  ND  ND
Cermatulus
nasalis
Glossy shield bug Heliothis
ND ND  ND ND ND
Chilocorus spp Ladybirds Scale, mealy bugs ND  4 ND
Coccinellidae Ladybirds Aphids, Mites,
Heliothis, Scales,
Mealybugs
     
Cotesia spp. Cabbage white
butterfly parasite/
Parasitic wasp
Diamondback
moth, Cabbage
white butterfly,
Cabbage looper
ND ND  ND ND ND
Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri
Lady beetle Mealybugs, soft
scales
ND ND
Diadegma spp. Parasitoid Diamondback
moth
ND ND  ND ND ND
Dicranolaius
bellulus
Red and blue beetle Heliothis
ND ND  ND ND ND
Diglyphus begini Leafminer parasite Leafminer,
Heliothis
ND ND  ND ND ND
Diglyphus isaea* Parasitic wasp Leafminer ND ND  ND ND ND

4. Diptera Flies Caterpillars,
Aphids, Thrips,
Scale
   ND  ND
Encarsia formosa Parasitic wasp whitefly ND ND  0 ND  8  3
Entomopathogeni
c nematodes:
Steinernema
feltiae
Nematodes Fungus gnat
ND ND ND ND  0  ND
Euseuis stipulatus Phytoseiid predator Mites, Citrus
thrips
ND ND ND ND ND 
Formicidae Ants Heliothis ND ND  ND ND 
Predatory
Hemiptera
Various spp. Heliothis, Aphids,
Apple dimpling
bug, Mites, Thrips
     
Galendromus
occidentalis
Predatory mite
 
Harmonia axyridis Ladybird 
Homeopronemat
us anconai
Predatory tydeid
mite
Tomato russet
mite
ND ND ND ND ND 
Leptomastix
dactylopii
Parasitic wasp Mealybug
ND ND ND ND  4 ND
Mallada signata Green lacewing Aphids, mites,
whitefly, scales
and mealybug
ND ND ND ND  3 ND
Metaseiulus
occidentalis*
Western predatory
mite
Two-spotted
mite, Tomato
russet mite
ND ND  ND ND 
Microgaster spp. Parasitoid wasp Codling moth,
Leafrollers
ND ND  ND ND ND
Microhymenopter
a
Various families Heliothis
   ND  
Neuroptera Lacewings Aphids, Mites      ND
Neoseiulus
fallacis
 
Phytoseiulus
persimilis
Predatory mite Spider mites
ND ND  2 ND  3  2
Phytoseiidae Predatory mite Mites, Thrips   ND   
Podisus
maculiventris*
Spined soldier bug Caterpillars,
Beetles
ND ND  ND ND ND
Poecilus cupreus Ground beetle   ND ND  
Pteromalus Cabbage white Cabbage white ND ND  ND ND ND

5. puparus butterfly pupal
parasite
butterfly
Staphylinidae Rove beetles Caterpillars,
Cutworms, Snails,
Slugs
 ND   ND ND
Stratiolaelaps
(Hypoaspis) mites
Predatory mite Fungus gnat
larvae and pupa
of Western
Flower Thrip
ND ND ND ND ND  ND
Stethorus picipes Ladybird 
Tachinidae Parasitic wasp Heliothis, Scales ND  ND ND ND ND
Trichogramma sp. Minute wasp Heliothis ND   ND  3  ND
Typhlodromus
occidentalis
Predatory mite Two spotted mite
ND ND  2 0  1 ND
Verticillium lecanii Parasitic fungus Aphids  ND ND ND ND ND
Note: Predatory Hemiptera consist of Deraeocoris spp., Orius sp., Geocoris sp., Nabis sp., Reduviidae, Cermatulus spp. and Oechelia spp. * Denotes
overseas studies. # Denotes laboratory studies. ND denotes no data available.
DELFIN is a Bt insecticide and therefore is highly selective for Heliothis. Although no specific data exists, DELFIN is believed to cause very low
disruption to all beneficial species.
SUPRACIDE is toxic to all beneficial species, however mobile stages may re-invade treated areas within days after treatment.
Hazard ratings are based on disruption to populations up to 24 hours after application:
 Very low disruption <10% population reduction
 Low disruption 10 – 20 % population reduction
 Moderate disruption 20 – 40% population reduction
 High to very high disruption >40% population reduction

6. Beneficial species Common name Helps to
control
Hazard rating
METALAXYL ACEPHATE B. THURINGIENSIS
BERLINER SSP. KURSTAKI
AZINPHOS
METHYL
BIFENTHRIN CARBARYL
Amblyseius nr.
tetranychivorus
Predatory mite
Amblyseius andersoni Predatory mite
Aphidius spp. Parasitic wasp Aphids ND ND
Aphidoletes
aphidimyza*
Aphid midge/
Gall-midge
Aphids
ND
Aphytis spp. Parasitoid Red scale ND 1 ND  0  4 ND  4
Apis mellifera #
Honey bees - ND
Araneidae Spiders Heliothis ND
Bombix mori Silkworm - ND
Bombus terrestris Bumble bee - ND
Cales noacki Parasitoid Whitefly ND
Campylomma
liebknechti
Apple dimpling
bug
Mites
ND
arabidae Ground
beetles
Caterpillars,
Cutworms, Snails,
Slugs
ND
Cermatulus nasalis Glossy shield bug Heliothis
ND
Chilocorus spp Ladybirds Scale,
mealy
bugs
ND ND  0  3 ND  4
Coccinellidae Ladybirds Aphids, Mites,
Heliothis,
Scales,
Mealybugs
ND
Cotesia spp.
(several studies, some
field, some laboratory)
Cabbage white
butterfly
parasite/
Parasitic wasp
Diamondb
ack moth,
Cabbage
white
butterfly,
Cabbage
looper
ND
Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri
Lady beetle Mealybugs
, soft
scales
ND ND  0  3 ND  4
Diadegma spp. Parasitoid Diamondb ND

7. ack moth
Dicranolaius bellulus Red and blue
beetle
Heliothis
ND
Diglyphus begini Leafminer
parasite
Leafminer,
Heliothis
ND
Diglyphus isaea* Parasitic wasp Leafminer ND
Diptera Flies Caterpillars, Aphids,
Thrips, Scale
ND
Encarsia formosa Parasitic wasp whitefly
 0 
1
2
 0  4  12  4
Entomopathogenic
nematodes:
Steinernema feltiae
Nematodes Fungus gnat
 0  0  0  0  0  0
Euseuis stipulatus Phytoseiid
predator
Mites, Citrus
thrips
ND
Formicidae Ants Heliothis ND
Predatory Hemiptera Various
spp.
Heliothis, Aphids,
Apple dimpling
bug, Mites, Thrips
ND
Galendromus
occidentalis
Predatory
mite
Harmonia axyridis Ladybird  
Homeopronematus
anconai
Predatory tydeid
mite
Tomato
russet mite
ND
Leptomastix dactylopii Parasitic wasp Mealybug ND
 0  4 ND  4
Mallada signata Green
lacewing
Aphids, mites,
whitefly, scales
and mealybug
 1 ND  0  2 ND  2
Metaseiulus
occidentalis*
Western
predatory
mite
Two-spotted
mite, Tomato
russet mite
ND

8. Microgaster spp. Parasitoi
d wasp
Codling moth,
Leafrollers
ND
Microhymenoptera Various
families
Heliothis
ND
Neuroptera Lacewings Aphids,
Mites
ND
Phytoseiulus persimilis Predatory mite Spider
mites
ND  4  0  2  12  0
Phytoseiidae Predatory mite Mites,
Thrips
 1
Podisus maculiventris* Spined soldier
bug
Caterpillars
, Beetles
ND
Poecilus cupreus Ground beetle ND
Pteromalus
puparus
Cabbage white butterfly
pupal parasite
Cabbage
white
butterfly
ND
Staphylinidae Rove beetles Caterpillars,
Cutworms,
Snails, Slugs
ND
Stethorus picipes Ladybird 
Stratiolaelaps
(Hypoaspis) mites
Predatory
mite
Fungus gnat
larvae and pupa
of Western
Flower Thrip
 0  0  0  0  0  0
Tachinidae Parasitic wasp Heliothis,
Scales
ND
Trichogramma sp. Minute wasp Heliothis  1  4  0  2  12  2
Typhlodromus
occidentalis
Predatory
mite
Two spotted
mite
 1 ND  0  0 ND  2
Verticillium lecanii Parasitic fungus Aphids ND
Note: Predatory Hemiptera consist of Deraeocoris spp., Orius sp., Geocoris sp., Nabis sp., Reduviidae, Cermatulus spp. and Oechelia spp. * Denotes
overseas studies. # Denotes laboratory studies. ND denotes no data available.
DELFIN is a Bt insecticide and therefore is highly selective for Heliothis. Although no specific data exists, DELFIN is believed to cause very low
disruption to all beneficial species.
SUPRACIDE is toxic to all beneficial species, however mobile stages may re-invade treated areas within days after treatment.
Hazard ratings are based on disruption to populations up to 24 hours after application:
 Very low disruption <10% population reduction

9.  Low disruption 10 – 20 % population reduction
 Moderate disruption 20 – 40% population reduction
 High to very high disruption >40% population reduction
Beneficial
species
Common name Helps to
control
Hazard rating
CYFLUTHRIN DIMETHOATE FENTHION IMIDACLOPRID MALDISON NATURAL
PYRETHRUM
Aphidius spp. Parasitic wasp Aphids ND
Aphidoletes
aphidimyza*
Aphid midge/
Gall-midge
Aphids
Aphytis spp. Parasitoid Red scale ND  4  4 ND  3  2
Apis mellifera #
Honey bees -
Araneidae Spiders Heliothis
Bombix mori Silkworm -
Bombus
terrestris
Bumble bee -
Cales noacki Parasitoid Whitefly
Campylomma
liebknechti
Apple dimpling
bug
Mites

10. Carabidae Ground beetles Caterpillars,
Cutworms,
Snails, Slugs
Cermatulus
nasalis
Glossy shield
bug
Heliothis
Chilocorus spp Ladybirds Scale, mealy
bugs
ND  4  4 ND  4  1
Coccinellidae Ladybirds Aphids, Mites,
Heliothis,
Scales,
Mealybugs
Cotesia spp.
(several studies,
some field,
some
laboratory)
Cabbage white
butterfly
parasite/
Parasitic wasp
Diamondback
moth, Cabbage
white butterfly,
Cabbage looper
Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri
Lady beetle Mealybugs, soft
scales
ND  4  4 ND  4  1
Diadegma spp. Parasitoid Diamondback
moth
Dicranolaius
bellulus
Red and blue
beetle
Heliothis
Diglyphus begini Leafminer
parasite
Leafminer,
Heliothis
Diglyphus
isaea*
Parasitic wasp Leafminer

11. Diptera Flies Caterpillars,
Aphids, Thrips,
Scale
Encarsia
formosa
Parasitic wasp whitefly
 12  8  4  2  8  1
Entomopathoge
nic nematodes:
Steinernema
feltiae
Nematodes Fungus gnat
 ND  0 ND ND  0 ND
Euseuis
stipulatus
Phytoseiid
predator
Mites, Citrus
thrips
Formicidae Ants Heliothis
Predatory
Hemiptera
Various spp. Heliothis,
Aphids, Apple
dimpling bug,
Mites, Thrips
Harmonia
axyridis
Ladybird
 
Homeopronema
tus anconai
Predatory
tydeid mite
Tomato russet
mite
Leptomastix
dactylopii
Parasitic wasp Mealybug
ND  4  4 ND  3  3
Mallada signata Green lacewing Aphids, mites,
whitefly, scales
and mealybug
ND  2  2  4  1  1
Metaseiulus
occidentalis*
Western
predatory mite
Two-spotted
mite, Tomato
russet mite
Microgaster
spp.
Parasitoid wasp Codling moth,
Leafrollers
Microhymenopt
era
Various families Heliothis
Neuroptera Lacewings Aphids, Mites
Neoseiulus
fallacis
Phytoseiulus
persimilis
Predatory mite Spider mites
 12  8  3  0  2  1
Phytoseiidae Predatory mite Mites, Thrips
Podisus
maculiventris*
Spined soldier
bug
Caterpillars,
Beetles
Poecilus cupreus Ground beetle

12. Pteromalus
puparus
Cabbage white
butterfly pupal
parasite
Cabbage white
butterfly
Staphylinidae Rove beetles Caterpillars,
Cutworms,
Snails, Slugs
Stratiolaelaps
(Hypoaspis)
mites
Predatory mite Fungus gnat
larvae and pupa
of Western
Flower Thrip
 0  0 ND  2  0 ND
Stethorus
picipes
Ladybird

Tachinidae Parasitic wasp Heliothis,
Scales
Trichogramma
sp.
Minute wasp Heliothis
 12  2  2  2  1  1
Typhlodromus
occidentalis
Predatory mite Two spotted
mite
ND  1  3  0  0  1
Verticillium
lecanii
Parasitic fungus Aphids
Note: Predatory Hemiptera consist of Deraeocoris spp., Orius sp., Geocoris sp., Nabis sp., Reduviidae, Cermatulus spp. and Oechelia spp. * Denotes
overseas studies. # Denotes laboratory studies. ND denotes no data available.
DELFIN is a Bt insecticide and therefore is highly selective for Heliothis. Although no specific data exists, DELFIN is believed to cause very low
disruption to all beneficial species.
SUPRACIDE is toxic to all beneficial species, however mobile stages may re-invade treated areas within days after treatment.
Hazard ratings are based on disruption to populations up to 24 hours after application:
 Very low disruption <10% population reduction
 Low disruption 10 – 20 % population reduction
 Moderate disruption 20 – 40% population reduction
 High to very high disruption >40% population reduction

13. Beneficial
species
Common name Helps to
control
Hazard rating
SOAP
SPRAYS
SPRAY
OILS
SYNTHETIC
PYRETHROIDS
TAU-
FLUVALINATE
CLOFENTEZIN
E
DICOFOL
Aphidius spp. Parasitic wasp Aphids
Aphidoletes
aphidimyza*
Aphid midge/
Gall-midge
Aphids
Aphytis spp. Parasitoid Red scale  1  1  4 ND ND  1
Apis mellifera #
Honey bees -
Araneidae Spiders Heliothis
Bombix mori Silkworm -
Bombus terrestris Bumble bee -
Cales noacki Parasitoid Whitefly
Campylomma
liebknechti
Apple dimpling
bug
Mites

14. Carabidae Ground beetles Caterpillar
s,
Cutworms
, Snails,
Slugs
Cermatulus
nasalis
Glossy shield
bug
Heliothis
Chilocorus spp Ladybirds Scale,
mealy
bugs
 0  0  4 ND ND 1  1
Coccinellidae Ladybirds Aphids,
Mites,
Heliothis,
Scales,
Mealybug
s
Cotesia spp.
(several studies,
some field, some
laboratory)
Cabbage white
butterfly
parasite/
Parasitic wasp
Diamondb
ack moth,
Cabbage
white
butterfly,
Cabbage
looper
Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri
Lady beetle Mealybug
s, soft
scales
 0  0  4  ND ND 1  2
Diadegma spp. Parasitoid Diamondb
ack moth
Dicranolaius
bellulus
Red and blue
beetle
Heliothis
Diglyphus begini Leafminer
parasite
Leafminer
, Heliothis
Diglyphus isaea* Parasitic wasp Leafminer

15. Diptera Flies Caterpillar
s, Aphids,
Thrips,
Scale
Encarsia formosa Parasitic wasp whitefly  1  1  4  ND  1  2
Entomopathogeni
c nematodes:
Steinernema
feltiae
Nematodes Fungus
gnat
Euseuis stipulatus Phytoseiid
predator
Mites,
Citrus
thrips
Formicidae Ants Heliothis
Predatory
Hemiptera
Various spp. Heliothis,
Aphids,
Apple
dimpling
bug,
Mites,
Thrips
Harmonia axyridis 
Homeopronematu
s anconai
Predatory tydeid
mite
Tomato
russet
mite
Leptomastix
dactylopii
Parasitic wasp Mealybug  0  0  4 ND ND  1
Mallada signata Green lacewing Aphids,
mites,
whitefly,
scales
and
mealybug
 0  0  4 ND  1  1
Metaseiulus
occidentalis*
Western
predatory mite
Two-
spotted
mite,
Tomato
russet
mite

16. Microgaster spp. Parasitoid wasp Codling
moth,
Leafroller
s
Microhymenoptera Various families Heliothis
Neuroptera Lacewings Aphids,
Mites
Phytoseiulus
persimilis
Predatory mite Spider
mites
 0  1  4  6  0  6
Phytoseiidae Predatory mite Mites,
Thrips
Podisus
maculiventris*
Spined soldier
bug
Caterpillar
s, Beetles
Poecilus cupreus Ground beetle
Pteromalus
puparus
Cabbage white
butterfly pupal
parasite
Cabbage
white
butterfly
Staphylinidae Rove beetles Caterpillar
s,
Cutworms
, Snails,
Slugs
Stratiolaelaps
(Hypoaspis) mites
Predatory mite Fungus
gnat
larvae
and pupa
of
Western
Flower
Thrip
 0 ND ND  ND  0  0
Tachinidae Parasitic wasp Heliothis,
Scales
Trichogramma sp. Minute wasp Heliothis  0  0  4  6  1  1
Typhlodromus
occidentalis
Predatory mite Two
spotted
mite
 0  1  4 ND  0  1
Verticillium lecanii Parasitic fungus Aphids
Note: Predatory Hemiptera consist of Deraeocoris spp., Orius sp., Geocoris sp., Nabis sp., Reduviidae, Cermatulus spp. and Oechelia spp. * Denotes
overseas studies. # Denotes laboratory studies. ND denotes no data available.

17. DELFIN is a Bt insecticide and therefore is highly selective for Heliothis. Although no specific data exists, DELFIN is believed to cause very low
disruption to all beneficial species.
SUPRACIDE is toxic to all beneficial species, however mobile stages may re-invade treated areas within days after treatment.
Hazard ratings are based on disruption to populations up to 24 hours after application:
 Very low disruption <10% population reduction
 Low disruption 10 – 20 % population reduction
 Moderate disruption 20 – 40% population reduction
 High to very high disruption >40% population reduction

18. Beneficial species Common name Helps to
control
Hazard rating
FENBUTATIN
OXIDE
PROPARGITE BENOMYL CARBENDAZIM IPRODIONE MANCOZEB
Aphidius spp. Parasitic wasp Aphids
Aphidoletes
aphidimyza*
Aphid midge/
Gall-midge
Aphids
Aphytis spp. Parasitoid Red scale  1  1  1 ND 1 ND  1
Apis mellifera #
Honey bees -
Araneidae Spiders Heliothis
Bombix mori Silkworm -
Bombus terrestris Bumble bee -
Cales noacki Parasitoid Whitefly
Campylomma
liebknechti
Apple dimpling
bug
Mites
Carabidae Ground
beetles
Caterpillars,
Cutworms, Snails,
Slugs
Cermatulus nasalis Glossy shield bug Heliothis
Chilocorus spp Ladybirds Scale,
mealy
bugs
 1  1  1 ND ND  1
Coccinellidae Ladybirds Aphids,
Mites,
Heliothis,
Scales,
Mealybugs
Cotesia spp.
(several studies,
some field, some
laboratory)
Cabbage white
butterfly
parasite/
Parasitic wasp
Diamondb
ack moth,
Cabbage
white
butterfly,
Cabbage
looper
Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri
Lady beetle Mealybugs
, soft
scales
 1  1  1 ND  0  0
Diadegma spp. Parasitoid Diamondb
ack moth
Dicranolaius
bellulus
Red and blue
beetle
Heliothis

19. Diglyphus begini Leafminer
parasite
Leafminer,
Heliothis
Diglyphus isaea* Parasitic wasp Leafminer
Diptera Flies Caterpillar
s, Aphids,
Thrips,
Scale
Encarsia formosa Parasitic wasp whitefly  0  1  0  0  0  0
Entomopathogenic
nematodes:
Steinernema feltiae
Nematodes Fungus
gnat
Euseuis stipulatus Phytoseiid
predator
Mites,
Citrus
thrips
Formicidae Ants Heliothis
Predatory
Hemiptera
Various spp. Heliothis,
Aphids,
Apple
dimpling
bug, Mites,
Thrips
Galendromus
occidentalis
Predatory mite
Harmonia axyridis Ladybird 
Homeopronematus
anconai
Predatory tydeid
mite
Tomato
russet mite
Leptomastix
dactylopii
Parasitic wasp Mealybug  1  1  1  ND ND  1
Mallada signata Green lacewing Aphids,
mites,
whitefly,
scales and
mealybug
 0  1  1 ND ND  1
Metaseiulus
occidentalis*
Western
predatory mite
Two-
spotted
mite,
Tomato
russet mite

20. Microgaster spp. Parasitoid wasp Codling
moth,
Leafrollers
Microhymenoptera Various families Heliothis
Neuroptera Lacewings Aphids,
Mites
Phytoseiulus
persimilis
Predatory mite Spider
mites
 0  1  4  1  0  0
Phytoseiidae Predatory mite Mites,
Thrips
Podisus
maculiventris*
Spined soldier
bug
Caterpillar
s, Beetles
Poecilus cupreus Ground beetle
Pteromalus
puparus
Cabbage white
butterfly pupal
parasite
Cabbage
white
butterfly
Staphylinidae Rove beetles Caterpillars,
Cutworms,
Snails, Slugs
Stethorus picipes Ladybird 
Stratiolaelaps
(Hypoaspis) mites
Predatory
mite
Fungus gnat
larvae and pupa
of Western
Flower Thrip
 0  0  0  0  0  0
Tachinidae Parasitic wasp Heliothis,
Scales
Trichogramma sp. Minute wasp Heliothis  0  1  1  ND  0  1
Typhlodromus
occidentalis
Predatory mite Two
spotted
mite
 0  0  2  1 ND  1
Verticillium lecanii Parasitic fungus Aphids
Note: Predatory Hemiptera consist of Deraeocoris spp., Orius sp., Geocoris sp., Nabis sp., Reduviidae, Cermatulus spp. and Oechelia
spp. * Denotes overseas studies. # Denotes laboratory studies. ND denotes no data available.

21. DELFIN is a Bt insecticide and therefore is highly selective for Heliothis. Although no specific data exists, DELFIN is believed to cause
very low disruption to all beneficial species.
SUPRACIDE is toxic to all beneficial species, however mobile stages may re-invade treated areas within days after treatment.
Hazard ratings are based on disruption to populations up to 24 hours after application:
 Very low disruption <10% population reduction
 Low disruption 10 – 20 % population reduction
 Moderate disruption 20 – 40% population reduction
 High to very high disruption >40% population reduction

22. Beneficial species Common name Helps to control Hazard rating
THIAMETHO
XAM
Amblyseius nr.
tetranychivorus
Predatory mite
Amblyseius
andersoni
Predatory mite
Aphidius spp. Parasitic wasp Aphids
Aphidoletes
aphidimyza*
Aphid midge/ Gall-
midge
Aphids
Aphytis spp. Parasitoid Red scale
Apis mellifera #
Honey bees -
Araneidae Spiders Heliothis
Bombix mori Silkworm -
Bombus terrestris Bumble bee -
Cales noacki Parasitoid Whitefly
Campylomma
liebknechti
Apple dimpling bug Mites
Carabidae Ground beetles Caterpillars,
Cutworms, Snails,
Slugs
Cermatulus
nasalis
Glossy shield bug Heliothis
Chilocorus spp Ladybirds Scale, mealy bugs
Coccinellidae Ladybirds Aphids, Mites,
Heliothis, Scales,
Mealybugs
Cotesia spp. Cabbage white
butterfly parasite/
Parasitic wasp
Diamondback
moth, Cabbage
white butterfly,
Cabbage looper
Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri
Lady beetle Mealybugs, soft
scales
Diadegma spp. Parasitoid Diamondback
moth
Dicranolaius
bellulus
Red and blue beetle Heliothis
Diglyphus begini Leafminer parasite Leafminer,
Heliothis
Diglyphus isaea* Parasitic wasp Leafminer

23. Diptera Flies Caterpillars,
Aphids, Thrips,
Scale
Encarsia formosa Parasitic wasp whitefly
Entomopathogeni
c nematodes:
Steinernema
feltiae
Nematodes Fungus gnat
Euseuis stipulatus Phytoseiid predator Mites, Citrus
thrips
Formicidae Ants Heliothis
Predatory
Hemiptera
Various spp. Heliothis, Aphids,
Apple dimpling
bug, Mites, Thrips
Galendromus
occidentalis
Predatory mite
Harmonia axyridis Ladybird 
Homeopronemat
us anconai
Predatory tydeid
mite
Tomato russet
mite
Leptomastix
dactylopii
Parasitic wasp Mealybug
Mallada signata Green lacewing Aphids, mites,
whitefly, scales
and mealybug
Metaseiulus
occidentalis*
Western predatory
mite
Two-spotted
mite, Tomato
russet mite
Microgaster spp. Parasitoid wasp Codling moth,
Leafrollers
Microhymenopter
a
Various families Heliothis
Neuroptera Lacewings Aphids, Mites
Neoseiulus
fallacis
Phytoseiulus
persimilis
Predatory mite Spider mites
Phytoseiidae Predatory mite Mites, Thrips
Podisus
maculiventris*
Spined soldier bug Caterpillars,
Beetles
Poecilus cupreus Ground beetle
Pteromalus Cabbage white Cabbage white

24. puparus butterfly pupal
parasite
butterfly
Staphylinidae Rove beetles Caterpillars,
Cutworms, Snails,
Slugs
Stratiolaelaps
(Hypoaspis) mites
Predatory mite Fungus gnat
larvae and pupa
of Western
Flower Thrip
Stethorus picipes Ladybird 
Tachinidae Parasitic wasp Heliothis, Scales
Trichogramma sp. Minute wasp Heliothis
Typhlodromus
occidentalis
Predatory mite Two spotted mite
Verticillium lecanii Parasitic fungus Aphids
Note: Predatory Hemiptera consist of Deraeocoris spp., Orius sp., Geocoris sp., Nabis sp., Reduviidae, Cermatulus spp. and Oechelia
spp. * Denotes overseas studies. # Denotes laboratory studies. ND denotes no data available.
DELFIN is a Bt insecticide and therefore is highly selective for Heliothis. Although no specific data exists, DELFIN is believed to cause
very low disruption to all beneficial species.
SUPRACIDE is toxic to all beneficial species, however mobile stages may re-invade treated areas within days after treatment.
Hazard ratings are based on disruption to populations up to 24 hours after application:
 Very low disruption <10% population reduction
 Low disruption 10 – 20 % population reduction
 Moderate disruption 20 – 40% population reduction
 High to very high disruption >40% population reduction

25. References
With great thanks to Dr. Stephen Goodwin, “Integrated pest management in ornamentals: Information Guide”, NSW Agriculture,
March 2001
Ian Hendry and Martin Dargan, Syngenta Chemicals
Which Pesticides Are Safe to Beneficial Insects and Mites?
Dr. David G. James, Entomologist, and Jennifer L. Coyle, Research Technician, WSU