HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases. It is spread by contact with certain bodily fluids of a person with HIV, most commonly during unprotected sex (sex without a condom or HIV medicine to prevent or treat HIV), or through sharing injection drug equipment. Seasonal influenza (the flu) is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. It is common in all parts of the world. Most people recover without treatment. Influenza spreads easily between people when they cough or sneeze. Vaccination is the best way to prevent the disease. Symptoms of influenza include acute onset of fever, cough, sore throat, body aches and fatigue. Treatment should aim to relieve symptoms. People with the flu should rest and drink plenty of liquids. Most people will recover on their own within a week. Medical care may be needed in severe cases and for people with risk factors. There are 4 types of influenza viruses, types A, B, C and D. Influenza A and B viruses circulate and cause seasonal epidemics of disease. Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes according to the combinations of the proteins on the surface of the virus. Currently circulating in humans are subtype A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) influenza viruses. The A(H1N1) is also written as A(H1N1)pdm09 as it caused the pandemic in 2009 and replaced the previous A(H1N1) virus which had circulated prior to 2009. Only influenza type A viruses are known to have caused pandemics. Influenza B viruses are not classified into subtypes but can be broken down into lineages. Influenza type B viruses belong to either B/Yamagata or B/Victoria lineage. Influenza C virus is detected less frequently and usually causes mild infections, thus does not present public health importance. Influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people.

1. HIV & Influenza Virus
Microbiology Assignment
Submitted by :
ABHISHEK SONI
B.Sc. 1st Sem Microbiology
Submitted to :
Dr .KAVITA SINGH CHAUDHARY
Head of deparment of Microbiology
Govt. P.G. College Noida
GOVT. P.G. GOLLEGE NOIDA

2. WHAT ARE HIV & AIDS ?
Human Immunodeficiency virus
 H = Human ( Infects in Human Only)
 I = Immunodeficiency virus ( Weakens the immune system )
 V = Virus (That attacks the body and eventually overcomes the body’s immune
System .
 AIDS - ( Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
 A = Acquired
 I = Immune
 D = Deficiency
 S= Syndrome
 AIDS is not a single disease but a group of diseases and that's why it is called a
syndrome.
 Final Stage of HIV is called AIDS .
 No CURE AND THIS Disease limits the body’s ability to fight infection.

3. HIV: Introduction
 HIV Belongs to a Special Class of viruses called Retroviruses Within
this class, HIV Is Placed in the subgroup of lentivirus
 All Viruses Except Retroviruses contain DNA
 Other Lentiviruses include SIV , FIV VISNA And CAEV , Which
Cause disease in monkey Cats, Sheep Goats

4.  Origin HIV: most researchers feel the virus originated in west
Africa, somewhere
 between 40 and 100 years ago. This infection was contained in a
area, probably
 remote, until the 1950’s and 1960’s. Both social and political
Africa as well
 as the development of rapid and wide spread travel contributed to
spread. (this is
 theoretical – an emerging disease – contained for long time and
spread)

5. STRUCTURE OF HIV
 HIV has a bar shaped (type D) Surrounded by an envelope containing virus
specific glycoproteins (gp120 and gp4)
 The genome of HIV consist of two identical molecules of single –stranded
RNA and is said to be diploid.
 In addition to three typical retroviral genes gag, pol and env which
encode structural proteins, genome RNA has Six Regulatory.
 Two of these genes tat and rev are required for r and replication other four
nef, vif, vpu are accessory genes.

7. Three Phases of HIV

8. Phase 1- Asymptomatic Stage
 Short, flu-like illness, swollen glands, fatigue,
diarrhea, weight loss, or fevers - occurs one to six
weeks after infection
 no symptoms at all
 Infected person can infect other people
 Lasts for an average of ten years
 HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood

9. Phase 2 - Symptomatic
 The symptoms worsen
 Mental changes, forgetfulness & abnormal thinking patterns

10. Phase 3 - HIV  AIDS
Immune system
weakens
Emergence of
opportunistic
infections and
cancers
The illnesses
become more severe
leading to an AIDS
diagnosis

11. ETIOLOGY
 The World First Became aware in the Early 1980’s.
 Researches aren’t sure exactly when & how HIV developed.
 The most likely theories assume that HIV – 1 Was transmitted to
human from Chimpanzees sometime in early 20th century.
 the etiological Agents of AIDS Belongs to lentivirus subgroup of
retroviridae family – This Family of virus known for latency, persistent
Viremia, Infection of the nervous system & Weak Host Immune
responses.

12. PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTION
 HIV can Infect many tissues. There are 2 major target of HIV
infection:
 1. The Immune System
 2. Central Nervous System.
 HIV Possesses the enzyme reverse transcriptase and consist of
lipid bilayer membrane surrounding the capsid.
 it’s surface glycoprotein molecule has strong affinity for CD4
receptor protein found in helper –T cells.

13. Conti…..

14. Cont…
 HIV enters the body attaches to CD4 Receptors and co-
receptors such as CCR-5 or CXCR-4 and Membrane Fusion
also Occur.
 after penetrating the host cell, Virus shed its outer coat and
release its genetic material and 3 Replication enzyme.
1. Integrace
2. Reverse transcriptase
3. Protase.

15. Modes of HIV/AIDS
Transmission

16. Through Body Fluids
 Blood products
 Semen
 Vaginal fluids
 Breast Milk

17. Through IV Drug Use
Sharing Needles
Without sterilization
Increases the chances of contracting HIV

18. Through Sex
 Intercourse (penile penetration into the vagina)
 Oral
 Anal
 Digital Sex

19. Mother-to-Baby
 Before Birth
 During Birth
 Postpartum
 After the birth

20. Cont---
 Universal Precautions- set of procedures used to
avoid contact with body fluids & to reduce the
risk of spreading HIV & other diseases
 HIV-antibody test- detects HIV antibodies to
determine if a person has been infected with HIV
 HIV Positive- person who tests positive in 2
different HIV tests
 Drug Combination Therapy- AIDS treatment
program in which patients regularly take more
than one drug

21. Testing Options for
HIV

22. Anonymous Testing
 No name is used
 Unique identifying number
 Results issued only to test recipient
23659874515
Anonymous

23. Confidential Testing
 Person’s name is recorded along with HIV results
 Name and positive results are reported to the State
Department and the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
 Results issued only to test recipient

24. Oral Testing
 Orasure
 The only FDA approved HIV antibody.
 As accurate as blood testing
 Draws blood-derived fluids from the gum
tissue.
 NOT A SALIVA TEST!

25. T cell count test
 Shows the strength of a patient’s immune system
 This test can also tell whether a person has developed AIDS

26. Viral load test
 Measures of the number of viruses in the blood
 The higher the viral load, the more infectious the person’s
body fluids are likely to be and the closer that person is to
having AIDS

27. Treatment Options

28. Three ways to protect yourself?
Practice abstinence
Avoid multiple partners- Monogamous
Relationship
Don’t share needles, syringes, drug injection
equipment, or any item that may put a person
in contact with blood

29. Abstinence
 It is the only 100 % effective method of not acquiring HIV/AIDS.
 Refraining from sexual contact: oral, anal, or vaginal.
 Refraining from intravenous drug use

30. Protected Sex
 Use condoms (female or male) every time you have sex (vaginal or anal)
 Always use latex or polyurethane condom (not a natural skin condom)
 Always use a latex barrier during oral sex

31. When Using A Condom
Remember To:
 Make sure the package is not expired
 Make sure to check the package for damages
 Do not open the package with your teeth for risk of tearing
 Never use the condom more than once

32. HIV/ AIDS drugs
 Side effects include kidney & liver damage
 30% of people who start taking some of these drugs
become so sick they have to stop taking them

33. THANK YOU !!!

34. INFLUENZA :
 INTRODUCTION
 SYMPTOMS

 CAUSES

 TREATEMENT

 PREVENTION

43. THANK YOU !!!